Behavioral Statistics Lecture

L1

What is statistics – refers to the collection of numerical fads an observations organized into numerical
form. Its concerned is to understand and summarized the numerical collections.

Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics

Descriptive – for descriptive only and not for making predictions. Its for presenting, organizing and
summarizing the data

EDA – Exploratory Data Analysis (used in descriptive)

- Tables and Graphs – frequency table, histograms

- Numerical –
Central tendency – mean, median, mode
Variability – range, standard deviation, quartiles (deciles, percentiles)
Numerical – Skewness (perfectly normal distribution will have skewness statistics of zero) , (if
negative then its skewed to left and right if its positive skewed) Kurtosis (a bell curve is either fall
too fast or slow)

Inferential – uses data in order to draw inferences (derive conclusions) it uses data to make predictions
through (hypothesis testing, estimation)

CDA – Confirmatory Data Analysis

What is hypothesis? Hypothesis is a prediction about a population about the relationship between two
or more population

Hypothesis testing – this is the procedure in which sampled ata are used to evaluate the hypothesis

Research hypothesis – this is the general statement of what researchers want to predict in their study

Estimation – estimating the value of a parameter from the computed value

Interval Estimation – computing a range of values in which the researcher can state whether they weill
get the high degree of confidence

EXAMPLE!!

In inferential if you are estimating (you will estimate the average IQ of Filipinos) or (what percent of the
population would vote for LENI)

Meanwhile in Hypothesis testing or estimation the example here is ( you want to know the significance
test that provides information with a respect to that population parameter)
In inferential statistics there are two types of test (Parametric and Non Parametric)

Parametrics - parametric test relies on statistical distributions

Example of this: t-test, z test, correlation, progression, one way ANOVA, and etc.

Non Parametrics - Non-parametric does not make any assumptions and measures the central tendency
with the median value.

Example of this: chi- square, and non-parametric equivalents of parametrics statistics.

L2

Scores are your results from the variables, while the result from the particular measurement for each of
variable is your data.

There are two types of variable: (Independent and dependent)

Independent

- CAUSE
- Predictor variable it is the one being controlled
- Denote as a variable that the experimenter has manipulated

Dependent

- OUTCOME, sometimes shows the effect of changes made to the independent variable
- Tend to be the one being tested and measured

Characteristics of data?

1. Continuous –any value within a given range, measurable

Example: Measurement of height and weight of a student, Daily temperature measurement of a
place, Wind speed measured daily, etc.
2. Discrete – can take on only certain discrete values, countable
Example: he number of students in a class, the number of chocolates in a bag, the number of
strings on the guitar, the number of fishes in the aquarium, etc.
3. Categorical – simply allocate variable into categories or groups
Example: Sex, Religion, etc.

Levels of Measurement?

Nominal – categories are not ordered in any particular way (categories)

Ordinal – some sort of orders (ranks)

Interval – do not have an absolute zero (scale)

Ratio – with adjacent scores on the scale and on absolute zero (spaces)

L3

Sampling Errors, Measurement Errors, Validity and Reliablity.

- What is sampling errors? It is the inconsistency between sample statistics and population
parameters.

While measurement errors are the inconsistency between variables actual value. Sometimes it happens
to the measure of blood pressure, height, weight, volume of gas, pain, attitude, and etc.

Validity vs Reliability

VALIDITY – refers to whether an instrument actually measures what it is designed to measure. In short,
validity is about the accuracy of your measures.

RELIABILITY – refers to the consistency of the measures, test and re-test reliability

In describing a data there are different ways.

1. Distribution – this is the set of test scores arrayed for recording or study
2. Raw score - a straightforward, unmodified accounting
3. Frequency distribution – all scores are listed alongside the number of times each score occurred.
This is an organized tabulation of the numbers.

In describing the data we used central tendency, because it is a statistical measure that determines a
single value that accurately describes the center of the distribution and represents the entire
distribution of scores.

Central tendency goal is to identify the single value that is the best representative for the entire set of
data. It also serves as descriptive statistics because it present data in simplifies form.

Mean – reliable measure

Median – midmost, in the middle score.

Mode- Most frequent number in the data set