Water Absorption 1

Accepted Manuscript
Water absorption and electrical resistivity of concrete with recycled concrete

aggregates and fly ash
Rawaz Kurda, Jorge de Brito, José D. Silvestre
PII: S0958-9465(18)30836-9
DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.004
Reference: CECO 3153
To appear in: Cement and Concrete Composites
Received Date: 16 August 2018

Revised Date: 2 October 2018
Accepted Date: 9 October 2018
Please cite this article as: R. Kurda, J. de Brito, José.D. Silvestre, Water absorption and electrical
resistivity of concrete with recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash, Cement and Concrete Composites
(2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.004.
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to
our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo
copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please
note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all
legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1 Water absorption and electrical resistivity of concrete with recycled concrete aggregates
2 and fly ash
3 Rawaz Kurda1, Jorge de Brito2*, José D. Silvestre3
4 CERIS, DECivil, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; e-mail: 1
1 2 3
5 Postdoctoral researcher (rawaz.saleem@gmail.com); Full Professor (jb@civil.ist.utl.pt), Assistant Professor (jo-
6
PT
se.silvestre@ist.utl.pt). *Corresponding author
7 Abstract:
RI
8 This paper presents a literature review and experimental results on the effect of high incorporation
9 levels of fly ash (FA) and recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), individually and jointly, on the pore sys-
SC
10 tem of concrete that remarkably influences its durability. For that purpose, apart from an extensive
11 literature review, three tests were performed, including electrical resistivity (ER) test, which indirectly
12 measures the interconnected porosity of concrete, and water absorption (WA) by capillarity and im-
13
U
mersion tests that both depend on the pores number and size but in a different way. A comparison
AN
14 between the experimental results and the literature is also presented to show the main findings and the
15 research needs. The results show that WA increases and ER decreases with increasing incorporation
M
16 level of RCA, and the opposite occurs with the addition of FA for both tests. The reduction percentage
17 of WA was higher in mixes with both RCA and FA when compared to the sum of reductions in mixes
D
18 with only RCA or FA. Thus, it is advisable to produce concrete with both mentioned non-traditional ma-
19 terials in terms of WA and ER of concrete. In addition, the benefit of incorporating of FA and RCA in
TE
20 concrete increased even more when superplasticizers was used.
21
EP
22 Keywords: fly ash, concrete, durability, water absorption by immersion and capillarity actions, elec-
23 trical resistivity, recycled aggregates.
C
24
AC
25 Acronyms list: FA - fly ash; NA - natural aggregates; w/b - water to binder ratio; RCA - recycled concrete
26 aggregate; SP - superplasticizers; SSD - saturated surface dry; ER - electrical resistivity; OPC - Ordinary
27 Portland cement; Dnssm - non-steady state chloride migration coefficient of diffusion; WA - water absorp-
28 tion.
29
1
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
30 1 Introduction
31 The consumption of energy and natural resources has exponentially increased in the construction
32 sector due to the significant increment of the human population and demand. As a result, the vol-
33 ume of waste has swiftly increased worldwide. To overcome this situation and as a step towards
34 environmental sustainability in the construction sector, one vital step is to use by-products such as
35 supplementary cementitious materials and recycling aggregates simultaneously.
PT
36 Based on Freedonia group [1], fifty two billion metric tonnes of aggregates will be consumed in 2019
37 worldwide. However, globally, only 3% of the consumed aggregates are recycled aggregates [2].
RI
38 Furthermore, the production of cement was four thousand and one hundred million metric tonnes in
39 2017 worldwide [3]. Furthermore, a significant amount of by-product materials such as fly ash (FA) is
SC
40 obtained annually from pulverise coal at electrical thermal power plant (3769 million metric tonnes
41 of coal was consumed in 2017 [4]). As mentioned before, one alternative to decrease the consump-
U
42 tion of natural resources is to introduce high volume of by-product (e.g. FA) and recycling aggregates
AN
43 (e.g. recycled concrete aggregates “RCA”) in concrete instead to sending them to landfill.
44 According to the standards [5, 6], FA can be classified based on its CaO content, namely class F (low
45 CaO content) and class C (high SiO2). However, the most common FA type globally produced in thermal
M
46 power plants is class F. Therefore, this study focuses on the mentioned type. Moreover, the quantity of
47 Ca(OH)2 in RCA can be high due to the attached mortars [7]. However, the quantity depends on several
D
48 factors, e.g. the age of the source concrete when it is crushed, water to binder ratio (w/b) and size of
TE
49 the aggregates. The variation of the major chemical composition in each of the mentioned products
50 (RCA and FA) motivates their joint incorporation to produce a concrete with sufficient durability, due
EP
51 to pozzolanic reaction that may happen between SiO2 of FA (§3.1) (§3.1) and CaO of RCA [7].
52 Since there is a strong relationship between the service life (measured by durability characteristics)
C
53 and environmental impact of concrete, previous studies have focused on the durability of concrete
54 made with FA [8-13] or RCA [14-20], and both FA and RCA [21-24]. However, the number of the stud-
AC
55 ies regarding the influence of high incorporation of both FA and RCA on durability of concrete are
56 very scarce [25-27]. In addition, there are tests performed to identify the same durability concept
57 (e.g. water absorption (WA) by immersion and capillarity) of concrete, but they are quite different
58 regarding their influence on concrete. For example, the WA by immersion mainly depends on the
59 total porosity of concrete, while the capillary absorption is affected by the diameter of the pores,
60 their connectivity and their tortuosity. Therefore, it is worthwhile to simultaneously consider most of
61 the factors that explain the pore system of concrete that is neglected in most of the previous stud-
2
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
62 ies, namely the WA by immersion and capillarity, and also electrical resistivity (ER) of concrete. Also,
63 the relationship between the mentioned characteristics is presented with other concrete character-
64 istics (saturated surface dry (SSD) density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and chloride ion penetra-
65 tion resistance) that were obtained for the same concrete mixes to understand the global influence
66 of incorporation of FA and RCA on most of the concrete durability characteristics.
67 Additionally, the first part of this study is dedicated to the expected trends (literature review) by
PT
68 considering the results of the previous studies [8, 14-17, 20-22, 28-51], and then the results of this
69 study (experimental work) are shown, namely those which are not expected or not given by the pre-
RI
70 vious studies. With this presenting structure, the readers can easily see what can be expected from
71 durability of concrete by incorporating FA and RCA, and also what innovative trends this study
SC
72 shows.
73 According to previous studies [52, 53], it is demonstrated that the sum of the decrements in mechani-
U
74 cal performance of concrete due to the individual effects of incorporating FA and RCA are higher than
75 that of concrete produced with both FA and RCA. Apart from the fact that some authors believe this
AN
76 may be related to the pozzolanic reaction between FA and RCA [54], this still may not be the only fac-
77 tor. For example, for high-strength concrete (e.g. made only with Ordinary Portland cement “OPC”) the
M
78 incorporation of RCA significantly decreases the mechanical strength of concrete because the ultimate
79 strength depends on the strength of aggregates, but for low-strength concrete (e.g. made with OPC
D
80 and FA), the strength of concrete may not significantly decrease by incorporating RCA because for low-
81 strength concrete the ultimate strength depends on the strength of paste rather than the strength of
TE
82 aggregates. Since the RCA and FA affect the durability of concrete in different phenomena, the trends
83 mentioned for the mechanical performance of concrete may not necessarily apply to the durability of
EP
84 high- and low-strength concrete made with FA and RCA, especially when joint and individual effects
85 are compared.
C
86 2 Methodology and experimental program

AC
87 As mentioned before, to present the effects of the incorporation of FA and RCA on the durability of
88 concrete mixes, the results are divided into two main aspects. First, the expected trends are shown
89 by considering the results of the previous studies (section 3). Then, the missing information and the
90 non-expected results from the previous studies are shown in sections 4, 5 and 6 in terms of WA by
91 immersion and capillarity, and ER, respectively.
92 Regarding the experimental program, OPC (CEM I 42.5 R) and FA (type F) were used as binder. The
93 coarse and fine natural aggregates’ (NA) geological nature are crushed limestone and natural silica,
3
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
94 respectively. The fine (WA of 8%) and coarse (WA of 5%) RCA were made from uncontaminated con-
95 crete with compressive strength of 24 MPa (further details regarding the source concrete were
96 shown in a previous study [52]). The binder content (OPC and/or FA) of the concrete mixes was kept
97 constant at 350 kg/m3. Furthermore, the target workability (S2) was obtained by maintaining the
98 effective w/b. The w/b of the conventional concrete without (M) and with (Msp) superplasticizers
99 “SP” (1% of cement’s mass) were 0.53 and 0.40, respectively. Additionally, twenty eight mixes were
PT
100 obtained with various incorporation ratios of FA (0-60%) and RCA (0-100%) (Table 1). To understand
101 the effect of w/b on the pore system of concrete containing FA and/or RCA, half of the concrete
102 mixes were repeated by using SP. Further information regarding the methodology and experimental
RI
103 program of this study (e.g. material properties, experimental design, mixing procedures and curing
104 methods) can be found in the previous studies made by the same authors [52, 55].
SC
105 Table 1 - Mix proportions of the concrete mixes
U
AN
106
107 The procedure used in the WA by immersion test complied with the provisions of specification LNEC
M
108 E394 [56]. In this study, three 100 mm cubical specimens per mix were tested at 28, 90, 180 and 365
109 days. Regarding the WA by capillarity, the test was performed according to the methodology indi-
D
110 cated in specification LNEC E393 [56]. For each concrete composition, three cylinders per mix with
TE
111 150 mm diameter and 100 mm height were tested, at 28, 90, 180 and 365 days. For the ER test, cyl-
112 inders with Ø100x50 cm were used in accordance with the proposed European standard presented
113 by the ChlorTest group [57] , as well as the DURAR manual [58] and technical recommendation TC
EP
114 154 RILEM [59]. For each of these tests further information is provided in Supplementary file I.
115 3 Expected trends

C
116 In this section, the effect of incorporation of FA and/or RCA on the WA by immersion and capillarity
AC
117 and ER of concrete is presented based on the results of the previous studies [8, 14-17, 20-22, 28-51].
118 3.1 Effect of incorporating FA according to previous studies
119 FA is considered a by-product material and it is mostly sourced from electrical thermal power generation
120 plants. Its particles are usually spherical in shape and very small in size [60]. These two physical properties
121 increase the density of concrete because the smaller particles of FA fill the voids between particles of the
122 other materials used, and due to their spherical shape less water is required to obtain the target worka-
4
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
123 bility. According to the results of previous studies [12, 13, 30, 61-72], the major element of FA is SiO2,
124 followed distantly by Al2O3, Fe2O3 and CaO, and for OPC it is CaO, followed distantly by SiO2, Al2O3
125 and Fe2O3 (Figure 1). Apart from the fact that it is expected to decrease the WA, FA may also decrease
126 the ion penetration due to its chemical composition, e.g. its richness in Al2O3 (Figure 1).
127 Some studies [73-76] investigated the sorptivity of concrete mixes made with high contents of FA
128 (50-70% of cement’s mass), and the results show a sorptivity decrease of 13-54%. In all studies, the
PT
129 sorptivity of FA concrete significantly deceased over time. On the contrary, other studies [28-30]
130 using similar content of FA (60% of cement’s mass) found sorptivity increase of 27-61%. This incon-
RI
131 sistency (FA increasing sorptivity) may be due to the short curing period of the specimens [8, 77].
132 Another explanation for this inconsistency may be related with the size of the pores, where water
SC
133 cannot go through either because they are very small or too wide.
U
AN
M
D
TE
EP
134
135 Figure 1 - The main components of OPC and FA. Y±Y’ value is the average content and standard deviation of the elements in FA
C
136 It is well-known that the WA by immersion of concrete decreases with the incorporation of low volume
137 of FA due to the mentioned factors above, namely the size and shape of FA particles. However, there are
AC
138 no adequate evidences regarding the effect of high volume of FA on the WA by immersion of concrete.
139 As for the total porosity of concrete, some studies [29, 31, 32] incorporated 50-60% of FA and found in-
140 creases of 33-38%. Apart from this fact, the mentioned information may not be reliable because the total
141 porosity results cannot be compared with the WA by immersion values, due to the fact that the WA test
142 only measures the volume of the accessible pores and does not represent total volume of the voids [78].
143 There is still a lack of research related to the effect of high incorporation ratios of FA on the ER of
144 concrete. However, according to some of the studies [31, 33], it can be concluded that a high incor-
5
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
145 poration level of FA increases the ER about 5 times. Moreover, other studies [8, 34] showed that the
146 ER was not significantly changed by the incorporation of FA. This may be explained by the same fact
147 referred to for WA by capillarity, namely short curing time.
148 3.2 Effect of incorporating RCA according to previous studies
149 The density, WA, particle shape and chemical composition of RCA differ from NA due to the attached
150 mortar. The mentioned factors considerably affect the durability behaviour of concrete, due to the
PT
151 angular shape and higher WA of RCA compared to NA. Figure 2 presents the correlation between
152 density and WA of RCA [7, 16, 17, 37, 44, 54, 79-115]. The results show that the WA of fine and
RI
153 coarse RCA is higher than that of the fine (≈ 1%) [48] and coarse (0.3-1.67%) NA, and the WA of
154 coarse RCA is lower than that of the fine RCA. Additionally, the average flakiness index and shape
SC
155 index of RCA are 8% and 18%, and of the NA are 12% and 13%, respectively [97, 99, 103, 107, 108,
156 112, 116].
U
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
157
AC
158 Figure 2 - Relationship between WA and particle oven-dried density of (a) fine and (b) coarse RCA
159 Previous studies show that the WA by capillarity [14, 15, 17, 35] and immersion [14-17, 36] increased
160 by up to 3 and 1.6 times, respectively, as the incorporation level of fine RCA increased, due to the
161 higher w/b of the concrete mixes. In addition, concrete mixes made with fine RCA of higher WA seem
162 to absorb more water by capillarity than mixes with fine RCA of lower WA. Similar trends can be seen
163 in concrete mixes made with coarse RCA, leading to an increase of WA by capillarity [37, 38] and im-
6
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
164 mersion [36, 38-42], by up to 1.48 and 1.33 times, respectively. In addition, the capillary absorption of
165 concrete mixes with fine RCA was higher than that of those made with coarse RCA due to the differ-
166 ence between their WA (Figure 2). Opposite to the WA tests of RCA concrete, studies regarding the ER
167 of RCA concrete are still scarce. Apart from the w/b [20], the ER may also depend on the aggregate
168 content, binder type, humidity, and temperature [43]. A few studies obtained the ER for fine [44] and
169 coarse [45, 46] RCA concrete, and they show that it decreases with incorporation of RCA.
PT
170 3.3 Effect of incorporating both FA and RCA according to previous studies
171 As confirmed by other recent review studies [47, 48], opposite to the individual effect of FA and RCA
RI
172 on the WA by immersion and capillarity, and ER of concrete, studies regarding the combined effect of a
173 high volume of the mentioned non-traditional materials are still very scarce. A study [21] shows that
SC
174 the WA by immersion of fine RCA concrete can be equivalent to that of conventional concrete by in-
175 corporating 30-40% of FA, after 28 days. Similar trends can be seen for the porosity of RCA concrete
U
176 containing FA [23]. However, other studies [22, 49] found an opposite behaviour. As mentioned above,
177 this inconsistency in FA concrete may be related to the curing process and delayed binding action of
AN
178 FA. Additionally, some studies [50, 51] show that the sorptivity of RCA concrete can be offset by incor-
179 porating FA.
M
180 From the above literature review, it can be concluded that there is lack of research related to the
181 effect of high incorporation ratios of FA and RCA on the ER and WA of concrete made with low and
D
182 high w/b ratio (with or without SP). Therefore, the following sections mainly focus on this gap.
TE
183 4 Water absorption by immersion
184 WA is a relevant test in terms of concrete durability, since it is an indirect measurement of the water
EP
185 accessible porosity [117, 118]. The WA by immersion test shows the difference between the mass of SSD
186 sample and its mass in the dry state. The WA by immersion of concrete mixes is mainly affected by the
C
187 factors that control the concrete porosity, namely w/b [117].
AC
188 In this study, the WA by immersion of the concrete mixes was determined at 28, 90, 180 and 365
189 days (Table 2). Regarding the individual effects, in summary, the results show that the WA by im-
190 mersion increased linearly with increasing incorporation level of RCA. The WA of coarse RCA con-
191 crete was lower than that of fine RCA concrete. Further details were shown in Supplementary file II.
192 The mentioned facts agree with the conclusions obtained by the previous studies (§3.2).
193 Contrary to the RCA effect, WA by immersion decreased when the incorporation level of FA increased.
194 As mentioned above, the number of evidences regarding this test is very few, but the results agree
7
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
195 with the previous study (§3.1) where the porosity of concrete was obtained. The results show that the
196 WA by immersion decreased 3% and 15% with incorporation of 30% and 60% of FA at 28 days. This is
197 because FA decreases the water content that is required to achieve the target workability. As a conse-
198 quence, the density of the cementitious paste increased. Another possible explanation for this is the
199 texture and size of the FA particles, since they fill the voids between particles of the other materials
200 used [119].
PT
201 For longer ages, the WA significantly decreased with growing incorporation levels of FA, e.g. the WA
202 decreased by about 27-31% and 38-44% when OPC was replaced with 30% and 60% of FA, respec-
RI
203 tively, at ages from 90 to 365 days (Figure 3). The observed increase in pozzolanic activity of FA, es-
204 pecially at longer ages, can explain the mentioned decrement in WA of the FA concrete because FA
SC
205 decreases the interconnectivity of the pore structure since it consumes Ca(OH)2 from the cement
206 paste and causes secondary calcium silicate to hydrate. However, the incorporation of FA may in-
207 crease the total porosity of concrete but it reduces the pore refinement/“pore size” [31].
208
U
Table 2 -WA by immersion of the concrete mixes (%)
AN
Mixes M1 M1sp M2 M3 M3sp M4 M5 M5sp M6 M7 M7sp M8 M9 M9sp
28 days 12.99 8.21 16.34 17.50 14.51 12.66 13.89 8.60 15.29 11.00 6.43 11.72 14.50 11.18
90 days 12.57 8.13 15.78 16.80 14.33 9.24 10.12 7.31 11.11 7.81 4.82 8.30 10.22 8.21
M
180 days 12.44 8.04 15.59 16.58 14.16 8.78 9.59 6.36 10.52 7.26 4.58 7.68 9.43 7.79
365 days 12.32 8.00 15.41 16.37 14.08 8.51 9.27 6.26 10.17 6.90 4.40 7.27 8.91 7.38
28 days 15.90 10.20 19.69 21.25 18.02 15.21 16.24 11.70 19.91 13.00 7.90 14.10 16.90 13.10
D
90 days 15.34 10.05 18.98 20.36 17.71 11.07 11.77 9.83 14.33 9.18 5.85 9.93 11.85 9.56
180 days 15.14 9.94 18.69 20.01 17.45 10.49 11.11 8.50 13.47 8.49 5.55 9.15 10.90 9.02
365 days 14.98 9.89 18.47 19.75 17.33 10.15 10.71 8.37 12.95 8.05 5.27 8.62 10.25 8.97
TE
209
14
13
WA by immersion (%)
EP
12
11
10 28 days
C
9 90 days
8 180 days
AC
7 365 days
6
0 20 40 60
FA incorporation level (%)
210
211 Figure 3 - Effect of the incorporation of FA on the WA by immersion of concrete over time
212 Regarding the combined influence of RCA and FA, Figure 4 shows that the WA by immersion in most
213 of the RCA concrete mixes containing FA was higher than that of traditional concrete, at 28 days.
214 However, the opposite can be seen at later ages. These results are likely to be related with the poz-
8
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
215 zolanic reaction of FA and RCA [54]. As mentioned in another study [55], due to better compactness,
216 the air content of the fresh concrete decreased when FA and RCA were incorporated in the same
217 mixes. This secondary factor may also change the WA by immersion of concrete.
20 20
28 days 90 days
18 180 days 365 days 18
Ref. at 28 days Ref. at 365 days
16 16
WA by immersion (%)
WA by immersion (%)
PT
14 14
12 12
10 10
RI
28 days 90 days
8 8 180 days 365 days
6 6
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
SC
(a) (b)
Fine RCA incorporation level (%) Fine RCA incorporation level (%)
218
20 28 days 90 days
20 28 days 90 days
180 days 365 days
18 180 days 365 days 18 Ref. at 28 days Ref. at 365 days
U
16 16
WA by immersion (%)
WA by immersion (%)
AN
14 14
12 12
10 10
M
8 8
6 6
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
D
(c) (d)
219 Fine RCA incorporation level (%) Fine RCA incorporation level (%)
TE
220 Figure 4 - Effect of the incorporation of FA and fine RCA on concrete’s WA by immersion with (a) 0% and 30%, (b) 100% and
221 30%, (c) 100% and 60%, and (d) 100% and 60% of coarse RCA and FA, respectively
222 Table 3 shows the combined and individual effect of RCA and FA on the WA by immersion of the
EP
223 mixes.
C
AC
9
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
224 Table 3 - Comparison between the individual and combined effects of RCA and FA on the WA by immersion of concrete
Mixes Fine FA Coarse SP WA of concrete mixes relative to the reference concrete a

RCA (%) (%) RCA (%) (%) 28 days 365 days
RCA FA Expected Experimental RCA FA Expected Experimen
(∑FA+RCA) (∑FA+RCA) tal
M5 50 30 0 0 26 -3 23 7 25 -31 -6 -25
M6 100 30 0 0 35 -3 32 18 33 -31 2 -17
M8 50 60 0 0 26 -15 10 -10 25 -44 -19 -41
M9 100 60 0 0 35 -15 19 12 33 -44 -11 -28
M13 0 30 100 0 22 -3 20 17 22 -31 -9 -18
M14 50 30 100 0 52 -3 49 25 50 -31 19 -13
PT
M15 100 30 100 0 64 -3 61 53 60 -31 29 5
M16 0 60 100 0 22 -15 7 0 22 -44 -22 -35
M17 50 60 100 0 52 -15 36 9 50 -44 6 -30
M18 100 60 100 0 64 -15 48 30 60 -44 16 -17
RI
M9sp 100 60 0 1 77 -22 55 36 76 -45 31 -8
M16sp 0 60 100 1 24 -22 3 -4 24 -45 -22 -34
M18sp 100 60 100 1 120 -22 98 60 116 -45 71 12
225
SC
a
226 Positive means the WA by immersion increased and negative means the opposite.
227 If the actual results (experimental) are compared with the expected results (summing the individual
228 effects of introducing of RCA and FA), it is clear that the experimental WA by immersion of concrete
U
229 mixes containing both FA and RCA was significantly lower than the one expected by summing the
AN
230 individual effects of FA and RCA. The mentioned facts can be clearly seen for concrete made with
231 fine RCA and FA, because fine RCA contains higher old cement content than coarse RCA [120], and
232 helps the SiO2 of FA consume further Ca(OH)2 and consequently produce hydration products. Fur-
M
233 thermore, the best concrete mix in terms of the combined effect was the one with high incorpora-
234 tion level of FA and 100% RCA with SP. The use of SP is advisable for mixes containing RCA and FA
D
235 because it causes better dispersion of their particles and makes them react [121], and decreases the
TE
236 pore size as a result.
237 Concerning the influence of w/b on the WA by immersion of concrete mixes, Figure 5 presents the
EP
238 WA by immersion of mixes without SP versus the corresponding mixes with SP.
C
AC
10
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
25 1.0 25 1.0
0.88 0.88
0.83 0.85 0.86
0.83
0.77 0.78 0.78
WA mix with SP/ mix without SP
WA mix with SP/ mix without SP

20 0.72 0.8 20 0.8
0.64 0.68 0.66
0.63 0.62 0.65 0.64 0.65
0.61
0.58
15 0.6 15 0.6
WA (%)
WA (%)
10 0.4 10 0.4
PT
5 0.2 5 0.2
0 0.0 0 0.0
RI
M1 M3 M5 M7 M9 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18 M1 M3 M5 M7 M9 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18
WA (without SP) WA (without SP)

WA (with SP) WA (with SP)
239
SC
Mixes with SP / mixes without SP Mixes with SP / mixes without SP
240 Figure 5 - Effect of the incorporation of SP on the WA by immersion of the concrete mixes at (a) 28 and (b) 365 days
U
241 Similarly to the mechanical strength of the same concrete mixes [52], the SP efficiency is more sensi-
242 tive (its advantage decreases) to the incorporation of fine RCA regarding WA because the specific sur-
AN
243 face of fine RCA is very high. However, the incorporation of coarse RCA seems not to affect the effi-
244 ciency of SP because their surface area is much lower than that of the fine RCA. Furthermore, there is a
M
245 significant effect of SP on the WA of some concrete mixes, namely those containing FA. In other words,
246 a better performance was found by using SP in FA concrete because it significantly decreases the water
D
247 content (major contributor to the porosity of concrete) required to obtain the target workability, and it
248 also helps the particles of the FA to disperse in the whole system and fill the voids as a result. This is
TE
249 due to the abovementioned factor, namely the dispersion of FA particles. Moreover, relative to the
250 traditional concrete mixes (Mx), the performance of most of the mixes (Mxsp) with SP decreased over
EP
251 time. This is because SP disperses the particles of FA and RCA, which is the main reason to accelerate
252 the hydration process and decrease the pore size at early age compared with the corresponding con-
253 crete without SP. This is clearly shown in mixes containing both FA and RCA, e.g. M18, because it pro-
C
254 motes the dispersion of the particles of FA and absorbs more Ca(OH)2 from the RCA and cement parti-
AC
255 cles.
256 Figure 6 presents the relationship between the WA by immersion (current study) and SSD density [122]
257 and UPV [123] of concrete between 28 and 365 days that was obtained for the same concrete mixes.
11
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
PT
RI
SC
258
259 Figure 6 - Relationship between WA by immersion and (a) SSD density, and (b) UPV of the concrete mixes at 28-365 days.
U
260 The results show a power relationship between WA by immersion and SSD density with a coefficient of
AN
261 determination of 0.61-0.78, and a power relationship between WA by immersion and UPV with a coeffi-
262 cient of determination of 0.72-0.79, between 28 and 365 days (Figure 6). Furthermore, the coefficient of
263 determination of the relationship between WA by immersion and SSD density significantly decreased
M
264 when FA was incorporated because of the reaction between FA and RCA at longer ages. As a result, the
265 density (total mass) of concrete mixes may not increase over time but the size of pores may significantly
D
266 decrease over time due to the hydration products. Hence, both properties may not increase proportion-
TE
267 ately with time. Since UPV and WA by immersion of concrete both depend on the total porosity (e.g.
268 paste microstructure [124]) and both properties change proportionally over time, the coefficient of de-
269 termination slightly decreased when FA was used.
EP
270 5 Water absorption by capillarity

C
271 WA by capillarity is one of the most relevant factors to understand the durability performance of con-
272 crete, since it is subjected to many aggressive environments that may affect its components due to the
AC
273 penetrability of the pore system that absorbs water or other liquids by ascending capillarity. The concept
274 of WA by capillarity is the penetration of a liquid into a porous solid due to the surface stress of the capil-
275 laries [125]. The WA by capillarity test of concrete allows measuring its capacity to absorb water through
276 the capillaries because of the pressure difference between the water surface inside the capillaries and the
277 air.
278 In this study, apart from the fact that WA by capillarity obtained for the concrete mixes at various
12
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
279 period of times (10 min to 72 hours) (Figure 7), the evolution over time of the WA by capillarity was
280 obtained by the adjustment function given by Halls [126] model (Eq. 1), in order to obtain a coeffi-
281 cient that gives a general idea of the WA rate in each mix. According to Evangelista and de Brito [15]
282 and Cartuxo et al. [14], the WA by capillarity perfectly adapts to the Hall’s formula. Figure 7 shows
283 the capillary WA over time of the reference concrete and the adjustment function given by Hall at
284 ages between 28 and 365 days. The same graph is drawn for all mixes in Supplementary file III in
PT
285 order to find the sorptivity of each concrete mix (Table 4).
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
286
EP
287 Figure 7 - WA by capillarity of the reference concrete between 28 and 365 days
= + ∙ 0.5
− ∙ (1)
288
C
289 Where, - capillary WA (g/mm2); S - sorptivity (mm/hour0.5); t - time (hour); and A and C are con-
AC
290 stants.
291 As expected from §3.2, the reduction of capillary absorption (e.g. WA by capillarity at 72 hours and
292 sorptivity) of concrete increased over time as the RCA content increased. This is associated with the
293 factor mentioned for WA by immersion (§4), namely the size of pores starts to decrease over time
294 due to the increased formation of hydration products because of the old mortar attached in RCA. As
295 for the WA by immersion, after 28 days, the reduction of the capillary absorption of fine RCA con-
296 crete was higher than that of coarse RCA concrete. Furthermore, the sum of the individual influences
13
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
297 of fine and coarse RCA on the capillary WA of concrete was similar to the influence found in the mix-
298 es with both fine and coarse RCA when only OPC is used as a binder. Broadly speaking, these results
299 agree with the ones reached for WA by immersion.
300 The type of binder significantly affected capillary WA. The capillary absorption of concrete decreased
301 when cement was replaced with FA either at early or later ages (Table 4). At early ages, this can be asso-
302 ciated with the lower amount of water required to obtain the target slump, resulting in denser concrete
PT
303 [73] and, because of its size, FA works as filler and reduces the pore sizes and microcracking in the ITZ
304 [127]. At longer ages, FA decreases the interconnectivity of the pore structure [31] due to the fact that it
RI
305 consumes Ca(OH)2 from the cement and causes secondary calcium silicate hydrate. Moreover, the results
306 show that the sorptivity of concrete mixes decreased as the FA content increased. However, the findings
SC
307 of the current study are not supported by some of the previous studies, since there are contradictory
308 conclusions concerning the influence of high incorporation ratios of FA on the sorptivity. For example,
309 some studies [73-77] agreed with the findings of this study, while others [28, 29, 128] argue that the
310
U
sorptivity of concrete increased with high volume of FA content. However, it is difficult to make a com-
AN
311 parison and draw conclusions based on those results, especially when two of the most important factors
312 (concrete moisture content and room temperature) that affect water absorption results are not given by
313 the mentioned studies.
M
314 Regarding the combined effects of FA and RCA on capillary absorption of concrete, Figure 8 shows that
D
315 the sorptivity of fine RCA concrete made with 30-60% of FA is higher (up to 11%) than that of the refer-
316 ence concrete up to 28 days, after that (at or after 90 days) it remarkably decreases. Furthermore, the
TE
317 difference between the sorptivity of the traditional concrete and of FA concrete mixes produced with
318 100% coarse was not significant at early ages. For later ages, relative to traditional concrete, the sorptivity
EP
319 decreased up to 27%. Additionally, for concrete mixes made with 100% coarse RCA and various incorpo-
320 ration ratios of fine RCA and FA, the sorptivity decreased at 28 days. After that, the results depended on
C
321 the incorporation level of RCA and FA. However, after one year, the sorptivity of all mixes decreased up
322 to 22%. In addition, the results show that, as the capillary absorption (at 72 hours) increased, the sorptiv-
AC
323 ity of concrete also increased (Table 1). As for the WA by immersion, the difference between the actual
324 effects of both FA and RCA in the same concrete and the sum of the positive effect of FA and negative
325 effect of RCA on the capillary WA were significant. In other words, the incorporation of FA that exceed
326 the standard limit (higher than 55% of cement’s mass) in RCA concrete is advisable because, apart from
327 the fact that the particles of FA work as a filler (fine aggregates) and also decrease the required water
328 needed to obtain the target workability (further details regarding these two mentioned factors were
329 shown in a previous study [55] including the proportions and the properties of the ingredients of the
14
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
330 concrete mixes), many of the particles may work as a pozzolanic binder due to high amount of the
331 Ca(OH)2 in RCA.
332 Table 4 - Capillary WA, sorptivity, and adjustment parameters of the Hall's capillarity model for each concrete mix
Age Mix a A S “sorptivity” C R2 WA at 72 Mix a A S “sorptivity” C R2 WA at 72
(day) x10-7 (x10-3 x10- h (x10-3 x10-7 (x10-3 x10-5 h (x10-3
mm/hour0.5) 5
g/mm2) mm/hour0.5) g/mm2)
28 M1 0.4 1.37 2.6 0.99 9.7 M10 1.5 1.60 2.7 0.99 11.6
90 F0 0.3 1.29 3.0 0.97 8.8 F0 0.1 1.50 3.4 0.98 10.3
180 C0 -0.4 1.25 2.9 0.98 8.5 C100 2.3 1.46 3.4 0.98 9.9
PT
365 FA0 -0.3 1.24 3.4 0.97 8.1 FA0 3.6 1.44 3.9 0.98 9.4
28 M2 0.6 2.02 3.3 0.98 14.7 M11 1.0 2.25 3.0 0.98 16.9
90 F50 7.8 1.87 3.6 0.98 13.2 F50 1.9 2.10 4.2 0.98 14.8
180 C0 0.3 1.80 3.3 0.98 12.9 C100 2.6 2.01 3.7 0.98 14.4
365 FA0 24.0 1.77 4.1 0.97 12.1 FA0 3.5 1.97 4.5 0.98 13.5
RI
28 M3 28.0 2.15 3.1 0.96 16.0 M12 2.7 2.47 4.0 0.98 18.1
90 F100 4.4 2.00 4.3 0.97 13.9 F100 5.8 2.30 5.4 0.98 15.6
180 C0 -4.9 1.92 3.9 0.97 13.5 C100 4.9 2.21 5.2 0.99 15.0
365 FA30 -7.5 1.89 4.6 0.96 12.7 FA30 -1.3 2.16 5.9 0.99 14.1
SC
28 M4 29.0 1.24 4.3 0.97 7.4 M13 4.4 1.39 3.3 0.99 9.4
90 F0 3.5 1.08 5.0 0.98 5.6 F0 0.6 1.20 4.6 0.98 6.9
180 C0 9.3 0.97 4.3 0.99 5.2 C100 4.0 1.07 3.9 0.99 6.3
365 FA30 -4.2 0.92 4.4 0.99 4.7 FA30 -1.0 1.01 4.1 0.98 5.6
28 M5 -6.0 1.40 0.8 0.99 11.3 M14 1.2 1.55 2.0 0.99 11.7
U
90 F50 -3.8 1.20 2.5 0.98 8.4 F50 2.6 1.33 3.9 0.98 8.5
180 C0 4.8 1.07 1.8 0.98 7.7 C100 4.8 1.18 3.4 0.98 7.6
365 FA30 4.6 1.01 2.3 0.98 6.9 FA30 -0.3 1.10 3.5 0.98 6.8
AN
28 M6 2.1 1.52 1.4 0.98 11.9 M15 0.2 1.72 1.0 0.98 13.9
90 F100 2.3 1.30 3.4 0.98 8.6 F100 4.5 1.46 3.3 0.98 10.0
180 C0 4.8 1.16 2.7 0.98 7.9 C100 5.9 1.29 2.8 0.98 8.9
365 FA30 -0.2 1.10 3.3 0.98 7.0 FA30 3.8 1.20 3.1 0.98 7.9
28 M7 7.0 1.22 4.6 0.98 7.0 M16 -1.3 1.35 3.7 0.98 8.8
M
90 F0 -7.5 1.03 5.1 0.98 5.1 F0 4.9 1.18 5.3 0.98 6.2
180 C0 -0.5 0.88 3.8 0.98 4.7 C100 6.6 1.00 4.2 0.98 5.5
365 FA60 4.4 0.81 4.0 0.98 4.0 FA60 0.1 0.90 4.5 0.98 4.4
28 M8 8.6 1.36 4.4 0.98 8.3 M17 -0.3 1.52 3.3 0.98 10.5
90 F50 1.6 1.14 5.4 0.98 5.8 F50 2.4 1.28 4.8 0.99 7.4
D
180 C0 5.1 0.96 4.0 0.99 5.3 C100 5.4 1.08 3.6 0.99 6.6
365 FA60 6.9 0.87 4.1 0.99 4.5 FA60 4.8 0.97 4.2 0.99 5.2
28 M9 9.3 1.47 3.1 0.99 10.2 M18 2.5 1.68 1.5 0.99 13.2
TE
90 F100 2.7 1.23 4.6 0.98 7.1 F100 -0.8 1.39 3.8 0.98 9.0
180 C0 3.5 1.03 3.4 0.98 6.3 C100 -3.3 1.16 2.5 0.98 8.0
365 FA60 0.6 0.93 3.7 0.98 5.2 FA60 5.6 1.03 3.3 0.98 6.3
28 M1sp -3.5 0.75 1.4 0.97 5.3 M10sp 3.0 0.98 0.5 0.97 8.0
90 F0 4.6 0.69 1.1 0.97 5.1 F0 3.4 0.86 -0.3 0.99 7.5
EP
180 C0 0.6 0.68 1.1 0.97 5.0 C100 -4.1 0.84 -0.2 0.98 7.2
365 FA0 1.1 0.67 1.1 0.98 4.9 FA0 1.5 0.82 -0.1 0.97 7.0
28 M3sp 4.1 1.40 4.1 0.98 8.9 M12sp 2.7 1.72 1.5 0.98 13.5
90 F100 3.7 1.27 3.2 0.98 8.4 F100 2.4 1.56 1.0 0.99 12.5
180 C0 0.6 1.23 3.0 0.97 8.3 C100 2.1 1.52 1.2 0.96 12.0
C
365 FA60 0.3 1.21 3.0 0.98 8.1 FA60 3.7 1.49 1.2 0.98 11.7
28 M5sp -2.3 1.00 4.8 0.97 5.1 M14sp 5.3 1.30 4.0 0.98 8.1
90 F100 4.8 0.80 3.1 0.99 4.5 F100 1.6 1.00 1.7 0.98 7.3
AC
180 C0 1.8 0.74 2.8 0.97 4.2 C100 2.3 0.91 1.7 0.98 6.5
365 FA30 -1.2 0.70 2.7 0.97 4.0 FA30 1.9 0.85 1.5 0.98 6.1
28 M7sp 0.4 0.75 3.8 0.97 3.7 M16sp 2.4 0.99 5.0 0.98 4.8
90 F0 3.0 0.50 1.4 0.98 3.2 F0 1.3 0.58 1.0 0.98 4.2
180 C0 1.7 0.45 1.2 0.98 3.0 C100 -1.1 0.52 1.0 0.98 3.7
365 FA60 1.9 0.41 1.1 0.98 2.7 FA60 0.7 0.48 0.9 0.97 3.4
28 M9sp 3.2 1.12 5.4 0.97 5.6 M18sp -0.1 1.44 6.4 0.98 7.6
90 F100 4.7 0.62 0.5 0.98 4.9 F100 -3.1 0.70 -0.8 0.99 6.5
180 C0 5.5 0.54 0.4 0.98 4.3 C100 5.4 0.61 -0.7 0.98 5.7
365 FA60 -2.5 0.49 0.4 0.98 3.9 FA60 -4.5 0.54 -0.7 0.98 5.1
333
a
334
335
336 2.30.986.90
-3
F - fine RCA%, C - coarse RCA%, FA - fly ash% and SP - superplastisizer.
0.974.30.995.24.01.073.90.996.33654
-2
. 0.924.40.994.71
-0
. 1.014.10.985.628M5F50C0FA30-60
. 1.400.80.9911.3M14F50C100FA301.21.552.00.9911.790-3.81.202.50.988.42.61.333.90.988.51804.81.071.80.987.74.81.183.40.987.63654.61.012.30.986.9-0.31.103.50.986.828M6F100C0FA302.11.521.40.9811.9M15F100C100FA300.21.721.00.9813.9902.31.303.40.988.64.51.463.30.9810.01804.81.162.70.987.95.91.292.80.988.93650
-2
. 1.103.30.987.03.81.203.10.987.928M7F0C0FA607.01.224.60.987.0M16F0C100FA601 -3. 1.353.70.988.890-7.51.035.10.985.14.91.185.30.986.21800
-5
Age(day)MixaAx10-7S“sorptivtiy”(x10-3mm/hour0.5)Cx10-5R2WAat72h(x10-3g/mm2)MixaAx10-7S“sorptivti-y”(x10-3mm/hour0.5)Cx10-5R2WAat72h(x10-3g/mm2)28M1F0C0FA00.41.372.60.999.7M10F0C100FA01.51.602.70.9911.6900.31.293.00.978.80.11.503.40.9810.3180-0.41.252.90.988.52.31.463.40.989.9365-0.31.243.40.978.13.61.443.90.989.428M2F50C0FA00.62.023.30.9814.7M11F50C100FA01.02.253.00.9816.9907.81.873.60.9813.21.92.104.20.9814.81800.31.803.30.9812.92.62.013.70.9814.436524.01.774.10.9712.13.51.974.50.9813.528M3F10C0FA3028.02.153.10.9616.0M12F100C100FA302.72.474.00.9818.1904.42.004.30.9713.95.82.305.40.9815.61804
. 0.883.80.984.76.61.004.20.985.53654.40.814.00.984.00.10.904.50.984.428M8F50C0FA608.61.364.40.988.3M17F50C100FA60-0.31.523.30.9810.5901.61.145.40.985.82.41.284.80.997.41805.10.964.00.995.35.41.083.60.996.63656.90.874.10.994.54Age(day)MixaAx10-7S“sorptivity”(x10-3mm/hour0.5)Cx10-5R2WAat72h(x10-3g/mm2)MixaAx10-7S“sorptiv-ity”(x10-3mm/hour0.5)Cx10-5R2WAat72h(x10-3g/mm2)28M1F0C0FA00.41.372.60.999.7M10F0C100FA01.51.602.70.9911.6900.31.293.00.978.80.11.503.40.9810.31800
. 1.103.50.986.828M6F100C0FA302.11.521.40.9811.9M15F100C100FA300.21.721.00.9813.9902.31.303.40.988.64.51.463.30.9810.01804.81.162.70.987.95.91.292.80.988.9365-0.21.103.30.987.03.81.203.10.987.928M7F0C0FA607.01.224.60.987.0M16F0C100FA60-1.31.353.70.988.890-7.51.035.10.985.14.91.185.30.986.2180-0.50.883.80.984.76.61.004.20.985.53654.40.814.00.984.00.10.904.50.984.428M8F50C0FA608.61.364.40.988.3M17F50C100FA60-0.31.523.30.9810.5901.61.145.40.985.82.41.284.80.997.41805.10.964.00.995.35.41.083.60.996.63656.90.874.10.994.54.80.974.20.995.228M9F100C0FA609.31.473.10.9910.2M18F100C100FA602.51.681.50.9913.2902.71.234.60.987.1-0.81.393.80.989.01803.51.033.40.986.33 -3
. 1.162.50.988.03650.60.933.70.985.25..80.974.20.995.228M9F100C0FA609.31.473.10.9910.2M18F100C100FA602.51.681.50.9913.2902.71.234.60.987.1-0.81.393.80.989.01803.51.033.40.986.33-3. 1.162.50.988.03650.60.933.70.985.25.
-4
. 1.252.90.988.52.31.463.40.989.9365-0.31.243.40.978.13.61.443.90.989.428M2F50C0FA00.62.023.30.9814.7M11F50C100FA01.02.253.00.9816.9907.81.873.60.9813.21.92.104.20.9814.81800.31.803.30.9812.92.62.013.70.9814.436524.01.774.10.9712.13.51.974.50.9813.528M3F10C0FA3028.02.153.10.9616.0M12F100C100FA302.72.474.00.9818.1904.42.004.30.9713.95.82.305.40.9815.6180-4.91.923.90.9713.54.92.215.20.9915.03657
-5
. 1.894.60.9612.7-1.321
. 65.90.9914.128M4F0C0FA3029.01.244.30.9774
-9
. 1.923.90.9713.54.92.215.20.9915.03657
-5
. 1.894.60.9612.7-1.32.165.90.9914.128M4F0C0FA3029.01.244.30.977.4M13F0C100FA304.41.393.30.999.4903.51.085.00.985.60.61.204.60.986.91809.3
. M13F0C100FA304.41.393.30.999.4903.51.085.00.985.60.61.204.60.986.91809.30.974.30.995.24.01.073.90.996.3365-4.20.924.40.994.7-1.01.014.10.985.628M5F50C0FA306
-0
. 1.400.80.9911.3M14F50C100FA301.21.552.00.9911.7903
-8
. 1.202.50.988.42.61.333.90.988.51804.81.071.80.987.74.81.183.40.987.63654.61.01
15
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
PT
(b)
RI
(a)
337
U SC
AN
M
(c) (d)
338
D
339 Figure 8 - Relative sorptivity of concrete mixes (a) with and (b) without 100% of coarse RCA at 28 days, and (c)
340 with and (d) without 100% of coarse RCA at 365 days
TE
341 Figure 9 presents the level between the capillary WA of concrete mixes with SP and that of the corre-
342 sponding mixes without SP. Broadly speaking, the WA by capillarity of concrete decreases with the use
EP
343 of SP because less water content is needed to obtain the target workability and resulting decrease of
344 porosity. In other words, the same factors that affect the WA by immersion “§4” and UPV [123] of the
345 concrete mixes containing SP can be invoked concerning the WA by capillary. As expected from other
C
346 properties of concrete (e.g. WA by immersion “§4” and compressive strength [52] and UPV [123]), the
AC
347 mixes incorporating SP were more sensitive when NA were replaced with RCA because of the particles’
348 distribution change caused by the use of SP, as referred by Mehta and Monteiro [127], which enhance
349 the inter-connectivity of the capillaries [92]. Since SP disperses the particles of FA and causes the parti-
350 cles to pack competently and effectively fill the voids between the other particles of the materials used
351 [121], in most FA concrete mixes the use of SP was found to improve the performance. However, the
352 use of SP is more effective in concrete with low volume FA (M5) compared to those with high volume
353 (e.g. M7, M16). Although in concrete mixes with high incorporation level of FA the SP disperses their
16
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
354 particles, due to the high number of the FA particles, the distance between cement particles will be
355 significant and the total voids between the particles will increase. In other words, high incorporation
356 level of FA decreases the size of the voids but it also increases the number of voids. Further evidences
357 regarding these phenomena were shown for the same mixes in a study of Kurda et al. [123].
358 In terms of the combined effect of FA and RCA in mixes with SP, the findings of this investigation com-
359 plement those of previous properties, namely WA by immersion, i.e. the use of SP in concrete mixes with
PT
360 FA and RCA is an added value because it disperses the FA particles in the mix and they reach more
361 Ca(OH)2 from the RCA’s particle and therefore further pozzolanic reactions develop at early ages. In addi-
RI
362 tion, for some types of SP, the use of high contents may increase the total air content of concrete [129]
363 and, consequently the WA of concrete mixes may be slightly higher than expected due to the air bubbles.
SC
364 However, in this study, the use of SP did not affect the total air content in most of the concrete mixes
365 [55].
U
AN
M
D
TE
EP
366
C
367 Figure 9 - Effect of the incorporation of SP on the capillary WA of concrete mixes

AC
368 Figure 10 presents the relationship between the WA by capillarity (Table 4) and by immersion (Table
369 2) between 28 and 365 days. It shows a linear correlation between them with a high coefficient of
370 determination between 0.87 and 0.92.
371 6 Electrical resistivity
372 Electrical resistance is defined as the ratio between the applied voltage and the electrical current that
373 flows through a sample. It may also be defined as the resistance of materials to the electrical current
17
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
374 passage. It is important to know how concrete opposes the flow of electrical current because it can
375 help to determine the corrosion risk of the reinforcement. Alonso et al. [130] and report COST-509
376 [131] grouped the value of conventional concrete resistivity in four broad types: < 100, 100-500, 500-
377 1000 and > 1000 Ω.m, for which the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement is high, moderate, low and
378 negligible, respectively. Apart from the w/b [20], the ER may also depend on the aggregates content,
379 binder type, humidity, and temperature [43], the method of measuring the resistivity whether AC or
PT
380 DC [132], frequency [133] and curing age [132, 134]. In this study, the ER of the concrete specimens
381 was obtained by considering the “bulk electrical resistivity”. The “surface electrical resistivity” was not
382 used to measure the ER because some of the specimens contained FA and their surface layer may be
RI
383 fully carbonated and densified as a result. Therefore, the specimens may have a higher resistivity than
384 the “bulk electrical resistivity” [59]. Thus, the samples cannot be compared with those without FA.
SC
385 However, it should be kept in mind that the application of the “bulk electrical resistivity” is limited for
386 field evaluation because electrodes access to opposite sides of the concrete element is not possible all
U
387 the time [135].
AN
M
D
TE
EP
388
389 Figure 10 - Relationship between WA by capillarity and immersion of the concrete mixes between 28 and 365 days
C
390 As shown in §3, the number of studies regarding the ER of concrete mixes containing FA and/or RCA
391 is still limited. Therefore, the effect of the incorporation of each mentioned non-traditional material
AC
392 on the ER of concrete is presented next. The average ER of the concrete mixes at 28, 90, 180 and 365
393 days is presented in Table 5. Generally, the results show that RCA decreased the ER of concrete and
394 the opposite occurred for FA.
395 Similarly to the evidences mentioned for chloride ion penetration resistance [136] and other con-
396 crete properties, namely porosity of concrete [45] that was obtained for the same concrete mixes,
397 the ER of the concrete mixes decreased as the replacement level of NA with RCA increased. As for
18
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
398 the chloride ion penetration resistance [136], the ER of concrete mixes with fine RCA was lower than
399 that of those made with coarse RCA (Figure 11). This variability was found to be mainly due to the
400 fact that coarse RCA (5%) normally exhibited lower WA than fine RCA (8%) due to higher porosity of
401 the mortar attached to the fine RCA. Similar results can be seen in Levy and Helene [44] for fine RCA
402 concrete and Andreu and Mire [45] for coarse RCA concrete.
403 Table 5 - ER of the concrete mixes at 28, 90, 180 and 365 days (Ω.m)
PT
28 days 98 220 80 72 142 197 155 381 145 230 633 194 170 460
90 days 147 238 120 110 155 417 330 516 310 490 960 450 421 760
RI
180 days 162 250 134 124 165 521 413 610 400 809 1296 748 715 1050
365 days 170 256 142 132 170 586 465 666 462 1040 1523 970 930 1250
SC
28 days 88 195 73 66 134 183 145 340 135 210 570 180 165 430
90 days 140 212 112 101 146 390 310 462 290 455 870 435 415 680
180 days 155 225 126 115 156 500 410 580 382 755 1195 725 710 990
365 days 164 232 134 123 161 571 480 654 447 975 1418 940 925 1219
U
180 180 180
160 160 160

AN
140 140 140
ER (Ω.M)
ER (Ω.m)
ER (Ω.M)
120 120 120
100 100 100

M
80 80 80
60 60 60 28 days
28 days 90 days
D
40 40 28 days 90 days
90 days 40 180 days
180 days 365 days
20 20 180 days 365 days 20 Ref. at 28 days
365 days
TE
Ref. at 365 days

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
(a) (b) (c) Fine RCA incorporation level (%)
Fine RCA incorporation level (%) Coarse RCA incorporation level (%)
404
EP
405 Figure 11 - Effect of incorporation of (a) fine RCA, (b) coarse RCA, and (c) fine RCA plus 100% coarse RCA on the ER of the
406 concrete mixes between 28 to 365 days
407 The current study found that, after 28 days, the difference between ER of reference concrete and RCA
C
408 concrete decreased over time. This is because the size of pores starts to decrease over time due to the
AC
409 hydration products that increase owing to the old mortar attached in RCA. The hydration product, and
410 also further pozzolanic capability may be considered as the main reasons for the increment of the ER
411 over time (Figures 11 and 12), since they affect the porosity, pore solution chemistry and tortuosity of
412 the pore network [133, 137]. Furthermore, the sum of the individual influences of fine and coarse RCA
413 on the ER of concrete was similar to the influence found in the mixes with both fine and coarse RCA
414 when only OPC was used as a binder (Figure 11). Furthermore, the ER of RCA concrete increased up to
415 122% and 45% with the use of SP (1% of cement’s weight) at 28 and 365 days, respectively. However,
416 the risk of corrosion of reinforcement in the OPC concrete mixes (with or without RCA) still remains in
19
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
417 the same classification group (risk of corrosion of the reinforcement: high, moderate, low and negligi-
418 ble) mentioned before according to the study of Alonso et al. [130] and report COST-509 [131].
419 Figure 12 shows that the ER of concrete significantly increased for greater incorporation ratios of FA. This
420 can be explained by the same factors invoked for chloride ion penetration resistance [136]. The ER in-
421 creased about 1, 1.8, 2.2 and 2.4 times when incorporating 30% of FA, and 1.4, 2.3, 4.0 and 5.1 times
422 when incorporating 60% of FA at 28, 90, 180 and 365 days, respectively (Figure 12). Due to the chemical
PT
423 composition of FA (high amount of SO2 and Al2O3, and low CaO content - Figure 1), the long-term kinetic
424 reaction of FA alters the original microstructure formed by cement during the initial stages. FA particles
RI
425 fill the pores and increase the tortuosity of the capillary network, resulting in longer paths and smaller
426 pore diameters [138]. The pore diameter reduction intensifies the interaction between the soluble ions,
SC
427 the particles, and the hydrates. As a consequence, the ionic mobility in electrolytic solutions decreases
428 [139].
U
1200 28 days
AN 90 days 180 days 365 days
1000
800
ER (Ω.m)
600
M
400
D
200
TE
0
0 20 40 60
429 FA incorporation level (%)
430 Figure 12 - ER of concrete containing FA at 28-365 days

EP
431 Figure 13 shows the ER of concrete mixes with various incorporation ratios of fine RCA (100%, 50% and
432 0%), coarse RCA (100% and 0%) and FA (60%, 30% and 0%) either with or without SP. At 28 days, the
C
433 corrosion risk of most RCA concrete mixes was high when only OPC was used and it was moderate
434 when 30-60% of FA was incorporated in the mix, either with or without SP. For later ages (90-365
AC
435 days), the corrosion risk of RCA concrete can be considered moderate when only OPC was used, either
436 with or without SP. For fine RCA concrete mixes containing 30% of FA, the corrosion risk was moderate
437 without SP and low with SP. Moreover, for mixes with 100% of coarse RCA and 30% of FA, the risk was
438 low after 180 days. For RCA concrete mixes containing 60% of FA, the risk was mostly either low or
439 negligible. Therefore, the use of FA is notoriously favourable to the increase of RCA concrete’s ER.
440 As stated before, the main use of the ER test is to understand the corrosion risk of concrete. Moreover, a
20
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
441 power regression function was considered for the relationship between ER (Table 5) and non-steady
442 state chloride migration coefficient of diffusion ”Dnssm” [136] that was obtained for the same concrete
443 mixes, with a high coefficient of determination from 0.80 to 0.88 for mixes with high and low incorpora-
444 tion levels of FA regardless of the type of aggregates (Figure 14).
PT
RI
U SC
AN
445
446 Figure 13 - Effect of the incorporation level of FA and fine RCA (0%, 50% or 100%, and/or coarse RCA 0 or 100%) on con-
447 crete’s ER with and without SP at (a) 28 days and (b) 90-365 days
M
D
TE
C EP
448
449 Figure 14 - Relationship between ER and chloride ion penetration resistance with increasing incorporation levels of FA and
AC
450 RCA, either with or without SP, at 28-365 days
451 7 Conclusion
452 As mentioned above, one of the objectives of this study is to show a literature review and experi-
453 mental results on the effect of incorporating fly ash (FA) and/or recycled concrete aggregates (RCA),
454 on the water absorption (WA) and electrical resistivity (ER) of concrete. The results of this experi-
455 mental study are compared with those of the literature to highlight the main findings and innovation
456 of this study and identify research needs, as shown below.
21
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
457 • Water absorption by immersion
458 - After 28 days, the actual reduction percentage of WA when FA is incorporated in RCA concrete
459 is bigger than the sum of the reduction percentages for FA concrete and RCA concrete. Thus, it
460 is worthwhile in terms of WA to produce concrete with both non-traditional materials;
461 - At early ages, namely 28 days, the WA by immersion of most of the RCA concrete mixes made
462 with either low or high incorporation ratios of FA was higher than that of the reference con-
PT
463 crete. For longer ages, namely after 90 days, the opposite occurs in most of the mixes;
RI
464 - The best concrete mix in terms of the combined effect was the one with high incorporation level
465 of FA and RCA with SP. The use of SP is recommended for mixes containing RCA and FA because
SC
466 it causes better dispersion of their particles and makes them react, decreasing the pore size as a
467 result. However, further research is required to conclude this, namely microstructural analysis;
468 - Similarly to other concrete properties, the SP efficiency regarding WA is more sensitive (its ad-
469
U
vantage decreases) to the incorporation of fine RCA. However, this phenomena cannot be
AN
470 seen for coarse RCA. Contrary to fine RCA concrete, a better SP efficiency was found in FA
471 concrete;
M
472 - Good correlations were found between WA by immersion and each related property, namely
473 SSD density and UPV of concrete. However, the coefficient of determination of the relationship
D
474 between WA by immersion and SSD density significantly decreased when FA was incorporated.
TE
475 • Water absorption by capillarity and sorptivity
476 - Regarding the individual effects of FA and RCA, generally, the results of WA by capillarity (sorptivity)
EP
477 agree with the ones of WA by immersion. Concerning the combined effects, the difference between
478 the sorptivity of traditional concrete and of FA concrete mixes produced with 100% coarse RCA was
C
479 not significant at early ages. However, it decreased at later ages. Additionally, for coarse RCA con-
480 crete mixes containing various incorporation levels of fine RCA and FA, the sorptivity decreased at
AC
481 early ages. After that, the results depended on the incorporation level of RCA and FA. However, after
482 one year, the sorptivity of all mixes decreased up to 22% relative to traditional concrete;
483 - As for the WA by immersion, the difference between the actual effects of both FA and RCA in
484 the same concrete and the sum of their effects (positive of FA and negative of RCA) on capillary
485 WA was significant. In other words, the incorporation of FA that exceeds the standard limit
486 (higher than 55% of cement’s mass) in RCA concrete is still advisable, especially when the SP us-
487 es;
22
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
488 • Electrical resistivity
489 - At 28 days, the corrosion risks of most RCA concrete mixes was high when only OPC was used
490 and it was moderate when 30-60% FA was incorporated, either with or without SP. For later ages
491 (90-365 days), the corrosion risks of RCA concrete can be considered moderate when only OPC
492 was used, either with or without SP. For fine RCA concrete mixes containing 30% FA, the corro-
493 sion risks was moderate without SP, and low with SP. Moreover, for mixes with 100% of coarse
PT
494 RCA and 30% FA, the risk was low after 180 days. For RCA concrete mixes containing 60% FA, the
495 risk was mostly either low or negligible. Therefore, the use of FA is notoriously favourable to the
RI
496 increase in RCA concrete’s ER. In addition, a power regression function was considered for the
497 relationship between ER and Dnssm, with a high coefficient of determination for all concrete mix-
SC
498 es.
499 8 Acknowledgments
U
500 The authors thank CERIS research unit from IST/University of Lisboa and the Portuguese Foundation
AN
501 for Science and Technology.
502 9 References
M
503 [1] Freedonia, World construction aggregates - demand and sales forecasts, market share, market size, market leaders, Industry study No. 3389,
504 Cleveland, Ohio, USA: the Freedonia group, 2016, p. 390.
505 [2] R. Dhir, K. Paine, N. Ho, C. Poon, M. Etxeberria, J. de Brito, V. Tam, Use of recycled and secondary aggregates in concrete: an overview, UKIERI
506
D
Congress: Concrete for 21st century construction, New Delhi, India, 2011.
507 [3] USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries (Commodity statistics and information). United States Geological Survey (USGS). Mineral Yearbooks.
508 United States, 2018.
TE
509 [4] BP, Full report - Statistical review of world energy. 67th edition. www.bp.com, 2018, p. 53.
510 [5] CSA-A23, Concrete materials and methods of concrete construction/test methods and standard practices for concrete, Canadian Standards
511 Association (CSA), Canada, 1982.
512 [6] ASTM C618-02, Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete, American Society of Testing and
EP
513 Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005, p. 3.

514 [7] L. Evangelista, M. Guedes, J. de Brito, A.C. Ferro, M.F. Pereira, Physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of fine recycled aggregates made
515 from concrete waste, Construction and Building Materials 86 (2015) 178-188.
516 [8] S. Real, J.A. Bogas, J. Pontes, Chloride migration in structural lightweight aggregate concrete produced with different binders, Construction and
C
517 Building Materials 98 (2015) 425-436.

518 [9] F. Pacheco Torgal, A. Shasavandi, S. Jalali, Using metakaolin to improve the compressive strength and the durability of fly ash based concrete,
519 INVACO2: International seminar, innovation and valorization in Civil Engineering and Construction Materials, Rabat Morocco, 23-25 November,
AC
520 Rabat Morocco, 2011.

521 [10] H.Y. Leung, J. Kim, A. Nadeem, J. Jaganathan, M.P. Anwar, Sorptivity of self-compacting concrete containing fly ash and silica fume, Construc-
522 tion and Building Materials 113 (2016) 369-375.
523 [11] P. Nath, P. Sarker, Effect of fly ash on the durability properties of high strength concrete, Procedia Engineering 14 (2011) 1149-1156.
524 [12] F. Faleschini, M. Zanini, K. Brunelli, C. Pellegrino, Valorization of co-combustion fly ash in concrete production, Materials and Design 85(15)
525 (2015) 687-694.
526 [13] M. Jalal, A. Pouladkhan, O.F. Harandi, D. Jafari, Comparative study on effects of Class F fly ash, nano silica and silica fume on properties of high
527 performance self compacting concrete, Construction and Building Materials 94 (2015) 90-104.
528 [14] F. Cartuxo, J. de Brito, L. Evangelista, J.R. Jiménez, E.F. Ledesma, Increased durability of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates
529 using superplasticizers, Materials 9(2) (2016) 98.
530 [15] L. Evangelista, J. de Brito, Durability performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates, Cement and Concrete Composites
531 32(1) (2010) 9-14.
532 [16] H. Yaprak, H. Aruntas, I. Demir, O. Simsek, G. Durmus, Effects of the fine recycled concrete aggregates on the concrete properties, International
23
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
533 Journal of the Physical Sciences 6(10) (2011) 2455-2461.
534 [17] J. Zega, A. Di Maio, Use of recycled fine aggregate in concretes with durable requirements, Waste management 31(11) (2011) 2336-40.
535 [18] P. Ghods, M. Hoseini, M. Chini, R. Alizadeh, Evaluating the chloride diffusion of concrete by measuring electrical resistivity, Young Researchers'
536 Forum, pp. 191-199.
537 [19] O. Sengul, E. Gjorv, Electrical resistivity measurements for quality control during concrete construction, ACI Materials Journal 105(6) (2008)
538 541-547.
539 [20] J. Cortês, Resistance to chloride-ion penetration of lightweight aggregate structural concrete (in Portuguese), Civil Engineering, Universidade de
540 Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal, 2014, p. 89.
541 [21] S. Ahmed, Properties of concrete containing recycled fine aggregate and fly ash. Concrete, Concrete 2011 Conference, Perth, WA, Australia,
542 2011.
543 [22] T. Uygunoğlu, I. Topcu, O. Gencel, W. Brostow, The effect of fly ash content and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-fabricated con-
PT
544 crete interlocking blocks (PCIBs), Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012) 180-187.
545 [23] S. Arredondo-Rea, R. Corral-Higuera, J. Gómez-Soberón, J. Castorena-González, V. Orozco-Carmona, J. Almaral-Sánchez, Carbonation rate and
546 reinforcing steel corrosion of concretes with recycled concrete aggregates and supplementary cementing materials, International Journal of Elec-
547 trochemical Science 7 (2012) 1602-1610.
RI
548 [24] P. Saravanakumar, G. Dhinakaran, Strength characteristics of high-volume fly ash–based recycled aggregate concrete, Journal of Materials in
549 Civil Engineering 25(8) (2013) 1127-1133.
550 [25] P. Nuaklong, V. Sata, A. Wongsa, K. Srinavin, P. Chindaprasirt, Recycled aggregate high calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete with inclusion of
SC
551 OPC and nano-SiO2, Construction and Building Materials 174 (2018) 244-252.
552 [26] D. Pedro, J. de Brito, L. Evangelista, Durability performance of high-performance concrete made with recycled aggregates, fly ash and densified
553 silica fume, Cement and Concrete Composites 93 (2018) 63-74.
U
554 [27] P. Nuaklong, V. Sata, P. Chindaprasirt, Properties of metakaolin-high calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete containing recycled aggregate from
555 crushed concrete specimens, Construction and Building Materials 161 (2018) 365-373.
AN
556 [28] Z. Zhang, S. Qian, H. Ma, Investigating mechanical properties and self-healing behavior of micro-cracked ECC with different volume of fly ash,
557 Construction and Building Materials 52 (2014) 17-23.
558 [29] A. Mardani-Aghabaglou, Ö. Andiç-Çakir, K. Ramyar, Freeze–thaw resistance and transport properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted
559 concrete designed by maximum density method, Cement and Concrete Composites 37 (2013) 259-266..
M
560 [30] F. Shaikh, S. Supit, Compressive strength and durability properties of high volume fly ash (HVFA) concretes containing ultrafine fly ash (UFFA),
562 [31] J.H. Filho, M.H.F. Medeiros, E. Pereira, P. Helene, G.C. Isaia, High-volume fly ash concrete with and without hydrated lime: chloride diffusion
D
563 coefficient from accelerated test, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 25(3) (2013) 411-418.
564 [32] S. Lammertijn, N.D. Belie, Porosity, gas permeability, carbonation and their interaction in high-volume fly ash concrete, Magazine of Concrete
TE
565 Research 60(7) (2008) 535-545.
566 [33] P. Silva, J. de Brito, Experimental study on chloride migration coefficients of SCC with binary and ternary mixtures of fly ash and limestone filler,
567 UKIERI concrete congress - Innovations in concrete construction, (2013) 905-918.
568
EP
[34] C. Shi, J. Qian, Activated blended cement containing high volume coal fly ash, Advances in Cement Research 13(4) (2001) 157-163.
569 [35] L. Evangelista, J. de Brito, Mechanical behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates, Cement and Concrete Composites
570 29(5) (2007) 397-401.
571 [36] S.M. Levy, P. Helene, Durability of recycled aggregates concrete: a safe way to sustainable development, Cement and Concrete Research
C
572 34(11) (2004) 1975-1980.
573 [37] D. Pedro, J. de Brito, L. Evangelista, Performance of concrete made with aggregates recycled from precasting industry waste: influence of the
AC
574 crushing process, Materials and Structures 48(12) (2015) 3965-3978.
575 [38] P. Amorim, Influence of curing in durability-related performance of concrete with recycled aggregates (in Portuguese), Instituto Superior
576 Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal, Master thesis in Civil Engineering (2008), p. 125.
577 [39] K. Sagoe-Crentsil, T. Brown, A. Taylor, Performance of concrete made with commercially produced coarse recycled concrete aggregate, Ce-
578 ment and Concrete Research 31(5) (2001) 707-712.
579 [40] M. Malešev, V. Radonjanin, S. Marinković, Recycled concrete as aggregate for structural concrete production, Sustainability 2(5) (2010) 1204-
580 1225.
581 [41] B. Larbi, A. Meddah, M. Beddar, Study of the Physico-mechanical properties of a recycled concrete incorporating admixtures by the means of
582 ndt methods, Procedia Engineering 108 (2015) 80-92.
583 [42] P. Kathirvel, S.R.M. Kaliyaperumal, Influence of recycled concrete aggregates on the flexural properties of reinforced alkali activated slag
584 concrete, Construction and Building Materials 102 (2016) 51-58.
24
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
585 [43] O. Sengul, Factors Affecting the Electrical Resistivity of Concrete. Book title: Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures Publisher,
586 Springer Netherlands2013.
587 [44] S. Levy, P. Helene, Durability of concrete mixed with fine recycled aggregates, Exacta 5 (2007) 25-34.
588 [45] G. Andreu, E. Miren, Experimental analysis of properties of high performance recycled aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials
589 52 (2014) 227-235.
590 [46] N. Singh, S.P. Singh, Carbonation and electrical resistance of self compacting concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates and metakaolin,
592 [47] K.P. Verian, W. Ashraf, Y. Cao, Properties of recycled concrete aggregate and their influence in new concrete production, Resources, Conserva-
593 tion and Recycling 133 (2018) 30-49.
PT
594 [48] R. Kurda, J. de Brito, J. Silvestre, Combined influence of recycled concrete aggregates and high contents of fly ash on concrete properties,
596 [49] G. Dimitriou, P. Savva, M.F. Petrou, Enhancing mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete, Construction and Building
597
RI
Materials 158 (2018) 228-235.
598 [50] V. Bhikshma, K. Divya, Study on the permeability of the recycled aggregate concrete using fly ash. 37th Conference on Our World in Concrete
599 and Structures, (2012).
SC
600 [51] P. Saravanakumar, G. Dhinakaran, Durability aspects of HVFA-based recycled aggregate concrete, Magazine of Concrete Research 66(4) (2014)
601 186-195.
602 [52] R. Kurad, J.D. Silvestre, J. de Brito, H. Ahmed, Effect of incorporation of high volume of recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash on the strength
603 and global warming potential of concrete, Journal of Cleaner Production 166 (2017) 485-502.
U
604 [53] R. Kurda, J. de Brito, J. Silvestre, combined economic and mechanical performance optimization of recycled aggregate concrete with high
605 volume of fly ash, Applied Sciences 8(7) (2018) 1189.
AN
606 [54] S. Kou, C. Poon, Long-term mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete prepared with the incorporation of fly ash,
607 Cement and Concrete Composites 37 (2013) 12-19.
608 [55] R. Kurda, J. de Brito, J.D. Silvestre, Influence of recycled aggregates and high contents of fly ash on concrete fresh properties, Cement and
609 Concrete Composites 84 (2017b) 198-213.
M
610 [56] LNEC E394, Concrete: determination of the absorption of water by immersion. National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC). Portugal,
611 Lisbon, (1993).
D
612 [57] L. Tang, Final evaluation of test methods, WP 5 report, EU Project “ChlorTest”: Resistance of concrete to chloride ingress - From laboratory
613 tests to in-field performance. G6RD-CT-2002-0085, (2005).
614
TE
[58] DURAR, Thematic network XV.B durability of rebars, Manual for inspecting, evaluating and diagnosing corrosion in reinforced concrete struc-
615 tures, CYTED, Ibero-American Program Science and Technology for Development, Subprogram XV, Corrosion/Environmental Impact on Materials,
616 ISBN: 980-296-541-3, 204, (2000).
617 [59] R. Polder, Test methods for on-site measurement of resistivity of concrete, RILEM TC 154-EMC: electrochemical techniques for measuring
618 metallic corrosion, Materials and Structures 33 (2000) 603-611.
EP
619 [60] P. Chindaprasirt, S. Homwuttiwong, V. Sirivivatnanon, Influence of fly ash fineness on strength, drying shrinkage and sulfate resistance of
620 blended cement mortar, Cement and Concrete Research 34 (2004) 1087-1092.
621 [61] S. Alsadey, Influence of fly ash cement replacement on workability and strength of concrete, Australian Journal of Management, Policy and
C
622 Law, SCIE Journals (2014).
623 [62] B. Balakrishnan, A. Awal, Durability properties of concrete containing high volume Malaysian fly ash, International Journal of Research in
AC
624 Engineering and Technology e-ISSN 3(4) (2014) 529-533.
625 [63] H. Fanghui, W. Qiang, F. Jingjing, The differences among the roles of ground fly ash in the paste, mortar and concrete, Construction and Build-
626 ing Materials 93 (2015) 172-179.
627 [64] E. Güneyisi, M. Gesoglu, A. Al-Goody, S. İpek, Fresh and rheological behavior of nano-silica and fly ash blended self-compacting concrete,
628 Construction and Building Materials 95(1) (2015) 29-44.
629 [65] C. Huang, S. Lin, C. Chang, H. Chen, Mix proportions and mechanical properties of concrete containing very high-volume of class F fly ash,
631 [66] T. Simčič, S. Pejovnik, G. De Schutter, V.B. Bosiljkov, Chloride ion penetration into fly ash modified concrete during wetting-drying cycles,
633 [67] S. Yoo, G. Ryu, J. Choo, Evaluation of the effects of high-volume fly ash on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams, Construction and
25
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
635 [68] H. Zhao, W. Sun, X. Wu, B. Gao, The properties of the self-compacting concrete with fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag mineral
636 admixtures, Journal of Cleaner Production 95 (2015) 66-74.
637 [69] M. Shehata, M. Thomas, The effect of fly ash composition on the expansion of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction, Cement and Concrete
638 Research 30(7) (2000) 1063-1072.
639 [70] B. Fournier, A. Ferro, V. Sivasundaram, CANMET/industry research consortium on alkali aggregate reactivity in concrete, Technical Report,
640 1004031 (2001).
641 [71] J. Duchesne, M. Bérubé, The effectiveness of supplementary cementing materials in suppressing expansion due to ASR: another look at the
642 reaction mechanisms. Part 2: pore solution chemistry, Cement and Concrete Research 24(2) (1994) 221-230.
643 [72] J. Newman, S. Choo, Advanced Concrete Technology Set, Elsevier Science (2003).
PT
644 [73] A. Misra, R. Ramteke, L. Bairwa, Study on strength and sorptivity characteristics of fly ash concrete, ARPN : Journal of Engineering and Applied
645 Sciences (JEAS) 2(5) (2007) 54-59.
646 [74] M. Şahmaran, S.B. Keskin, G. Ozerkan, I.O. Yaman, Self-healing of mechanically-loaded self consolidating concretes with high volumes of fly ash,
647
RI
Cement and Concrete Composites 30(10) (2008) 872-879.
648 [75] M. Gesoğlu, E. Güneyisi, E. Özbay, Properties of self-compacting concretes made with binary, ternary, and quaternary cementitious blends of
649 fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume, Construction and Building Materials 23(5) (2009) 1847-1854.
SC
650 [76] M. Şahmaran, İ.Ö. Yaman, M. Tokyay, Transport and mechanical properties of self consolidating concrete with high volume fly ash, Cement and
651 Concrete Composites 31(2) (2009) 99-106.
652 [77] M.K. Gopalan, Sorptivity of fly ash concretes, Cement and Concrete Research 26(8) (1996) 1189-1197.
653
U
[78] J. Coutinho, Improvement of the durability of concrete by treatment of the moulding (in Portuguese), University of Porto, Portugal, thesis in
654 Civil Engineering, 1998, p. 396.
655
AN
[79] C. Chan, Use of recycled aggregate in shotcrete and concrete, Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 1998.
656 [80] M. Leite, Evaluation of the mechanical properties of concrete produced with recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes,
657 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, thesis in Civil Engineering, 2001, p. 270.
658 [81] A. Müeller, A. Winkler, Characteristics of processed concrete rubble in: R.K. Dhir, N.A. Henderson, M.C. Limbachiya (Eds.) Sustainable construc-
M
659 tion: use of recycled concrete aggregate, Thomas Telford, UK, (1998) 109-119.
660 [82] M. Kikushi, Y. Dosho, M. Narikawa, T. Miura, Application of recycled aggregate concrete for structural concrete. Part 1 - experimental study on
661 the quality of recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete. In International Symposium on Sustainable Construction: Use of Recycled
D
662 Concrete Aggregate Scotland. . UK: University of Dundee, (1998) 55-68.
663 [83] M. Solyman, Classification of recycled sands and their applications as fine aggregates for concrete and bituminous mixtures (Unpublished PhD
664
TE
thesis), Civil Engineering Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen der Universität Kassel, Germany, 2005, p. 171.
665 [84] A. Katz, Properties of concrete made with recycled aggregate from partially hydrated old concrete, Cement and Concrete Research 33(5)
666 (2003) 703-711.
667 [85] C. Lima, A. Caggiano, C. Faella, E. Martinelli, M. Pepe, R. Realfonzo, Physical properties and mechanical behaviour of concrete made with
EP
668 recycled aggregates and fly ash, Construction and Building Materials 47 (2013) 547-559.
669 [86] D. Carro-López, B. González-Fonteboa, J. de Brito, F. Martínez-Abella, I. González-Taboada, P. Silva, Study of the rheology of self-compacting
670 concrete with fine recycled concrete aggregates, Construction and Building Materials 96 (2015) 491-501.
C
671 [87] T. Fumoto, M. Yamada, Strength and drying shrinkage of concrete used recycled aggregate, Mem. Fac. Eng., Osaka City University 44 (2003) 79-
672 82.
AC
673 [88] S. Kim, H. Yun, Evaluation of the bond behavior of steel reinforcing bars in recycled fine aggregate concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites
674 46 (2014) 8-18.
675 [89] J. Schoon, K. De Buysser, I. Van Driessche, N. De Belie, Fines extracted from recycled concrete as alternative raw material for Portland cement
676 clinker production, Cement and Concrete Composites 58 (2015) 70-80.
677 [90] Z. Wang, The effects of aggregate moisture conditions on rheological behaviors of high-workability mortar prepared with fine recycled-
678 concrete aggregate, Civil Engineering, University San Marcos, Texas State, USA, 2012.
679 [91] M. Sérifou, Z.M. Sbartaï, S. Yotte, M.O. Boffoué, E. Emeruwa, F. Bos, A study of concrete made with fine and coarse aggregates recycled from
680 fresh concrete waste, Journal of Construction Engineering 2013 (2013) 1-5.
681 [92] F. Cartuxo, J. de Brito, L. Evangelista, J.R. Jiménez, E.F. Ledesma, Rheological behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggre-
682 gates – Influence of the superplasticizer, Construction and Building Materials 89 (2015) 36-47.
683 [93] S. Hasaba, M. Kawamura, K. Toriik, K. Takemoto, Drying shrinkage and durability of concrete made of recycled concrete aggregates, Transla-
26
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
684 tions of the Japan Concrete Institute 3 (1981) 55-60.
685 [94] J. Sim, C. Park, Compressive strength and resistance to chloride ion penetration and carbonation of recycled aggregate concrete with varying
686 amount of fly ash and fine recycled aggregate, Waste management 31(11) (2011) 2352-60.
687 [95] S.-C. Kou, C.-S. Poon, Properties of concrete prepared with crushed fine stone, furnace bottom ash and fine recycled aggregate as fine aggre-
688 gates, Construction and Building Materials 23(8) (2009) 2877-2886.
689 [96] S. Akib, S. Sayyad, Properties of concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate, International Journal of Informative and Futuristic Research
690 2(10) (2015) 3755-3761.
691 [97] B. González-Fonteboa, F. Martínez-Abella, M.F. Herrador, S. Seara-Paz, Structural recycled concrete: Behaviour under low loading rate, Con-
692 struction and Building Materials 28(1) (2012) 111-116.
PT
693 [98] S.-W. Kim, H.-D. Yun, W.-S. Park, Y.-I. Jang, Bond strength prediction for deformed steel rebar embedded in recycled coarse aggregate con-
694 crete, Materials & Design 83 (2015) 257-269.
695 [99] D. Soares, J. de Brito, J. Ferreira, J. Pacheco, In situ materials characterization of full-scale recycled aggregates concrete structures, Construction
696
RI
and Building Materials 71 (2014) 237-245.
697 [100] K. Cong, Reusing recycled aggregates in structural concrete, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, thesis in Civil Engineering
698 2006, p. 278.
SC
699 [101] R. Ravindrarajah, Y.H. Loo, C.T. Tam, Recycled concrete as fine and coarse aggregates in concrete, Magazine of Concrete Research 39(141)
700 (1987) 214-220.
701 [102] K. Kim, M. Shin, S. Cha, Combined effects of recycled aggregate and fly ash towards concrete sustainability, Construction and Building Materi-
702 als 48 (2013) 499-507.
U
703 [103] C. Reddy, K. Sai, V. Thakur, V. Khatuja, P. Kumar, Study of mechanical and durability aspects of sustainable self compacting concrete made
704 from building demolished concrete wastes, Third International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, 2014.
AN
705 [104] M. Arezoumandi, A. Smith, J.S. Volz, K.H. Khayat, An experimental study on flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams with 100% recy-
706 cled concrete aggregate, Engineering Structures 88 (2015) 154-162.
707 [105] J. Wang, T. Huang, X. Liu, P. Wu, Z. Guo, Mechanical properties of recycled concrete in marine environment, The Scientific World Journal 2013
708 (2013) 728357.
M
709 [106] H. Qasrawi, I. Marie, Towards better understanding of concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate, Advances in Materials Science and
710 Engineering 2013 (2013) 1-8.
D
711 [107] V. Tam, D. Kotrayothar, J. Xiao, Long-term deformation behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials 100
712 (2015) 262-272.
713
TE
[108] P. Amorim, J. de Brito, L. Evangelista, Concrete made with coarse concrete aggregate: Influence of curing on durability, Materials Journal
714 109(2) (2012) 195-204.
715 [109] S. Arora, P. Singh, Analysis of flexural fatigue failure of concrete made with 100% coarse recycled concrete aggregates, Construction and
EP
717 [110] V. Corinaldesi, Structural concrete prepared with coarse recycled concrete aggregate: From investigation to design, Advances in Civil Engi-
718 neering 2011 (2011) 1-6.
719 [111] O. Kebaïli, M. Mouret, N. Arabi, F. Cassagnabere, Adverse effect of the mass substitution of natural aggregates by air-dried recycled concrete
720 aggregates on the self-compacting ability of concrete: evidence and analysis through an example, Journal of Cleaner Production 87 (2015) 752-761.
C
721 [112] N. Reis, J. de Brito, J.R. Correia, M.R.T. Arruda, Punching behaviour of concrete slabs incorporating coarse recycled concrete aggregates,
722 Engineering Structures 100 (2015) 238-248.
AC
723 [113] H. Yang, Y. Qin, Y. Liao, W. Chen, Shear behavior of recycled aggregate concrete after exposure to high temperatures, Construction and
725 [114] S. Brand, R. Roesler, A. Salas, Initial moisture and mixing effects on higher quality recycled coarse aggregate concrete, Construction and
727 [115] P. Nuaklong, V. Sata, P. Chindaprasirt, Influence of recycled aggregate on fly ash geopolymer concrete properties, Journal of Cleaner Produc-
728 tion 112 (2016) 2300-2307.
729 [116] I. Rahman, H. Hamdam, A. Zaisi, Assessment of recycled aggregate concrete, Modern Applied Science 10 (2009) 47-54.
730 [117] H. Ahmed, J.A. Bogas, M. Guedes, Mechanical Behavior and Transport Properties of Cementitious Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nano-
731 tubes, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30(10) (2018) 04018257.
732 [118] A. Carriço, J.A. Bogas, A. Hawreen, M. Guedes, Durability of multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforced concrete, Construction and Building
27
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
733 Materials 164 (2018) 121-133.
734 [119] P. Chindaprasirt, C. Chotithanorm, H. Cao, V. Sirivivatnanon, Influence of fly ash fineness on the chloride penetration of concrete, Construc-
735 tion and Building Materials 21 (2007) 356-61.
736 [120] J. Geng, J. Sun, Characteristics of the carbonation resistance of recycled fine aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials 49
737 (2013) 814-820.
738 [121] E. Berry, R. Hemmings, M. Zhang, B. Cornelius, D. Golden, Hydration in high-volume fly ash concrete binders, Materials Journal 91(4) (1994).
739 [122] R. Kurda, J. de Brito, J. Silvestre, Concrete with high volume of recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash: Shrinkage behaviour modelling,
740 Accepted for publication in ACI materials Journal (2018f).
741 [123] R. Kurda, J. de Brito, J.D. Silvestre, Indirect evaluation of the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete with high fly ash ratios,
PT
742 Magazine of Concrete Research 70(4) (2018a) 204-216.
743 [124] A. Hawreen, J.A. Bogas, A.P.S. Dias, On the mechanical and shrinkage behavior of cement mortars reinforced with carbon nanotubes, Con-
744 struction and Building Materials 168 (2018) 459-470.
RI
745 [125] J. Kropp, Chlorides in concrete. In: Kropp J, Hilsdorf HK, editors. RILEM report 12 - performance criteria for concrete durability, State of the art
746 report by RILEM technical committee TC 116-PCD: E & FN (1995) 138-64.
747 [126] C. Hall, Water sorptivity of mortars and concretes, Magazine of Concrete Research 26 (1989) 51-61.
SC
748 [127] P. Mehta, P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, properties, and materials, McGraw-Hill Education2006.
749 [128] F.U.A. Shaikh, S.W.M. Supit, Mechanical and durability properties of high volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete containing calcium carbonate
750 (CaCO3) nanoparticles, Construction and Building Materials 70 (2014) 309-321.
U
751 [129] M. Mosquet, The admixtures of new generation (in Polish), Budownictwo Technologie Architektura, Special Issue (2003).
752 [130] C. Alonso, C. Andrade, A. Gonzalez, Relation between resistivity and corrosion rate of reinforcement in carbonated mortar made with several
AN
753 cement types, Cement and Concrete Research 8 (1988) 687-698.
754 [131] COST-509, Corrosion and protection of metals in contact with concrete, Final report, Eds. R.N. Cox, R. Cigna, O., (1997).
755 [132] A. Al-Dahawi, O. Öztürk, F. Emami, G. Yıldırım, M. Şahmaran, Effect of mixing methods on the electrical properties of cementitious composites
M
756 incorporating different carbon-based materials, Construction and Building Materials 104 (2016) 160-168.
757 [133] A. Al-Dahawi, M. Sarwary, O. Öztürk, G. Yıldırım, A. Akın, M. Şahmaran, M. Lachemi, Electrical percolation threshold of cementitious compo-
758 sites possessing self-sensing functionality incorporating different carbon-based materials, Smart Materials and Structures 25(10) (2016) 105005.
D
759 [134] A.M. Al-Dahawi, Effect of curing age on the self-sensing behavior of carbon-based engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under mono-
760 tonic flexural loading scenario, The 3rd International Conference on Buildings, Construction and Environmental Engineering (MATEC Web of Confer-
761 ences), (2018), p. 8.
TE
762 [135] P. Azarsa, R. Gupta, Electrical Resistivity of Concrete for Durability Evaluation: A Review, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017
763 (2017) p. 30.
764 [136] R. Kurda, J.D. Silvestre, J. de Brito, H. Ahmed, Optimizing recycled concrete containing high volume of fly ash in terms of the embodied energy
EP
765 and chloride ion resistance, Journal of Cleaner Production 194 (2018) 735-750.
766 [137] G. Yildirim, G.H. Aras, Q.S. Banyhussan, M. Şahmaran, M. Lachemi, Estimating the self-healing capability of cementitious composites through
767 non-destructive electrical-based monitoring, NDT & E International 76 (2015) 26-37.
C
768 [138] M. Kobayawa, S. Hanehara, K. Hwang, F. Tomosawa, Pozzolanic reaction of fly ash cement system, Proc., 11th Int. Congress on the Chemistry
769 of Cement (ICCC), (2003) 736-746.
AC
770 [139] C.S. Poon, L. Lam, Y.L. Wong, A study on high strength concrete prepared with large volumes of low calcium fly ash, Cement and Concrete
771 Research 30(3) (2000) 447-455.
772 [140] LNEC E393, Determination of the absorption of water through capillarity (in Portuguese), LNEC - Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil -
773 Portugal, 1993, p. 2.
774 [141] C. Hansen, H. Narud, Strength of recycled concrete made from crushed concrete coarse aggregate, Concrete International 5(1) (1983) 79-83.
775 [142] F. Cartuxo, Concrete with fine recycled concrete aggregates: Influence of superplasticizers on the durability related performance (in Portu-
776 guese), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal, master thesis in Civil Engineering (2013), p. 232.
28
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
777 Supplementary file I
778 I.I Water absorption by immersion
779 The procedure used in this test complied with the provisions of specification LNEC E394 [56]. Accord-
780 ing to the standard, the test specimens’ volume must not be less than 0.001 m3 and their shape
781 should not have any point within the specimen more than 100 mm away from the surface. In this
782 study, it was chosen to use three 100 mm cubical specimens per age. Prior to testing, the samples
PT
783 were in a wet chamber with temperature of approximately 20 °C and RH of 95±5%. The concrete
784 specimens were placed in a plastic container filled with tap water until they reached constant weight.
RI
785 Water was added to the containers in 1 hour intervals and heights of 1/3 of the samples. The final
786 height of the water did not exceed 20 mm from the upper surface of the specimen immersed. After
SC
787 24 hours, the samples were weighed every 24 hours. Before weighing, their surface was dried with an
788 absorbent cloth to remove superficial water. The samples were immersed until reaching constant
U
789 weight, i.e. until the difference between two consecutive weighing with intervals of 24 hours was less
790 than 0.1% of the average of the two measurements. After reaching constant weight, the saturated
AN
791 concrete specimens are weighed on air and submerged in water. Then, the samples were placed in an
792 oven (100 ± 5 °C) until constant weight was achieved, i.e. when the mass difference between two
M
793 consecutive measurements in 24 hours was less than 0.1% of the sample mass. The determination of
794 absorption in volume ( ) and in mass ( ) was performed according to Eq. 1 and Eq. 2, respective-
D
795 ly.
TE
−
= × 100 (1)
−
EP
−
= × 100 (2)
796 Where, - absorption volume (%); - absorption mass (%); - mass of saturated specimen (g);
C
797 - hydrostatic mass of saturated sample (g); - dried mass of the sample (g).
AC
798 I.II Water absorption by capillary
799 The test was performed according to the methodology indicated in specification LNEC E393 [140]. For
800 each concrete composition, three samples with 150 mm diameter and 100 mm height were used. The
801 original samples (Ø150x 300 mm) were cured for 7 days in a wet chamber, then cut into three Ø
802 50x100 mm disks. The dry chamber had relative humidity (RH) of 50 ± 5% and 22 ± 2 °C temperature.
803 The wet chamber had RH of > 95% and temperature of 20 ± 2 °C. One day before testing, the samples
804 were removed from the oven to cool down for 24 hours, then they were unwrapped (plastic sheets
29
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
805 were wrapped around the samples before placing them on the oven were removed) and their weight
806 and size were registered in the dry condition. A tray was prepared by placing plastic supports in its
807 inner bottom to prevent attachment between the tray and the lower surface of the samples. The
808 samples were placed in the tray and filled with water until 5 ± 1 mm above the base of the speci-
809 mens. The samples were covered with a glass box to keep the environmental conditions stable (Fig-
810 ure Ia). After removing the excess water with a towel, the disks were weighed at 10, 20, 30, 60, 180,
811 360, 1440 and 4320 minutes (Figure Ib). During the test, the water level was kept constant. With a
PT
812 white board pen, the height of water absorbed by capillarity from the bottom face of the test sample
813 was marked at the end of each mentioned period (Figure Ic).
RI
814 The capillary water absorption was calculated from the ratio of the difference between the masses
815 and the bottom face area of the specimen that was in contact with water, according to Eq. 3.
SC
−
= (3)
U
AN
816 Where CA is capillary absorption (g/mm2); Mi is mass after a period I (g); M0 is initial mass of the dry
817 sample (g); A is sample surface area in contact with water (mm2)
M
D
TE
EP
818
819 Figure I - Capillary absorption test: (a) Specimens in the glass box, (b) Sample weighing, (c) Measuring height of absorbed water
C
820 I.III Electrical resistivity

AC
821 For this test, samples with Ø100x50 cm resulting from cutting Ø100x250 cm cylinders were used in ac-
822 cordance with the proposed European standard presented by the ChlorTest group [57], as well as the
823 DURAR manual [58] and technical recommendation TC 154 RILEM [59]. For each concrete composition,
824 three samples were used. One day before testing, samples were air-vacuumed with clean and dry des-
825 iccators for 1 hour (Figure IIa). Then, without opening the top glass, distilled water was pumped into the
826 desiccators until it covered the samples. This procedure was carried out by pushing water to the same
827 hole from where the air was removed, in order to prevent air from entering the samples again. The
30
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
828 samples were vacuumed with distilled water for 2 hours. After that, they were left in the water for 24
829 hours until testing. This test consists of two copper plates to be placed on top and bottom of the sam-
830 ples. At first, the device was calibrated with four fabrics at 60 V (DC), which were pre-wetted with dis-
831 tilled water and their electrical current was registered. Then, a sample was placed in between the four
832 fabrics and the current traveling through the sample at 60 V was registered. This procedure was repeat-
833 ed for each sample, always placing a 2 kg weight on the top plate, to prevent movement of the plate
834 (Figure IIb). Based on the measured values, the electrical resistivity of the specimens was calculated,
PT
835 given by Eq. 4. Care was taken to discount the resistance of the sponges obtained by the same proce-
836 dure as described for the samples.
RI
= × (4)
"
SC
837 Where, - electrical resistivity (Ω.m); - current intensity ( ); - voltage applied ( ); - sample
838 area (m2) and " - sample height (m).
U
AN
M
D
839
TE
840 Figure II - Electrical resistivity test of concrete: (a) Air-vacuum device and desiccators, (b) Device calibration
841
C EP
AC
31
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
842 Supplementary file II
843 II.I Influence of fine RCA on the WA by immersion
844 The results in this section indicate that fine RCA significantly increased the WA of concrete. The ob-
845 served increase in WA of the fine RCA concrete can be attributed to several reasons. The porosity of
846 fine RCA is higher than that of fine NA, which is due to the presence of lower-density residual cement
847 mortar attached to RCA particles [141]. A second factor is related with the first one. Because of the
PT
848 attached mortar, the WA of fine RCA (8.0%) is much higher than that of fine NA (around 0.45%).
849 Therefore, the water content was increased to obtain the same workability as that of an equivalent
RI
850 fine NA concrete. Consequently, the porosity of cement paste increased and it affected the total po-
851 rosity of concrete as a result. A third factor is related with the shape and texture of fine RCA. Since
SC
852 RCA have sharper edges than NA, the compactness and workability decrease. As a consequence, air
853 bubbles may be trapped inside the concrete mix, and the effective w/b was increased to obtain the
U
854 target slump that directly affected the density of the cement paste.
AN
855 As expected, the WA by immersion of concrete mixes increased between 25.8% and 25.1% at age 28
856 days to 365 days when 50% of fine RCA were incorporated in the concrete mix. Furthermore, WA in-
857 creased 34.7%, 33.6%, 33.2% and 32.8% when fine NA were fully replaced with fine RCA at 28, 90, 180
M
858 and 365 days, respectively (Figure IIIa). This study suggests that, after 28 days, the difference between
859 the WA by immersion of the reference concrete and the mix with 50% of fine RCA did not significantly
D
860 change; when fine NA were fully replaced with fine RCA, the difference slightly decreased over time.
TE
861 This may be explained by the same factors that affect the hardened density of concrete [123], namely,
862 after 28 days, the rate of hydration of fine RCA concrete was slightly higher than that of the reference
863 concrete over time due to high non-hydrated old cement content in fine RCA and the type of cement
EP
864 used in the source concrete. Thus, the voids are filled and density increases over time. Similar results
865 can be seen in previous studies [15-17, 36, 142] at 28 days (Figure IIIb). In addition, the WA by immer-
C
866 sion of all concrete mixes slightly decreased up to 90 days and, after that, the reduction of WA was not
AC
867 significant.
32
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
18.0 1.7 Evangelista and de Brito (2010)
Levy and Helene (2004)
Relative WA by immersion (%)

1.6 Yaprak et al. (2011)
17.0 Zega and di Maio (2011)
1.5
Cartuxo (2013)
Current study
WA by immersion (%)
16.0 1.4
1.3
15.0
1.2
28 days 1.1
14.0
90 days
PT
1.0
13.0 180 days y = 0.00x2 + 0.00x + 1.00
365 days 0.9 R² = 0.86
12.0 0.8
RI
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
(a) Fine RCA incorporation (%) (b) Fine RCA incorporation (%)
868
SC
869 Figure III - Effect of the incorporation of fine RCA on the WA by immersion of concrete (a) over time (current study) and (b)
870 at 28 days (current and previous studies)
871 II.II Influence of coarse RCA on the WA by immersion
872
U
The WA by immersion of the concrete mixes increased about 16% and 15% when coarse NA were fully re-
AN
873 placed with coarse RCA, at 28 and 365 days, respectively (Figure IVa). This is explained by the same factors
874 mentioned for the WA of fine RCA (§0II.I), namely the high WA of RCA (5%) and their shape and texture
M
875 (SI40). After 28 days, the reduction of WA by immersion of fine RCA concrete was higher than that of the
876 coarse RCA concrete over time, but the WA by immersion of fine RCA concrete was still higher than that of
D
877 coarse RCA concrete after one year. A possible explanation for these results may be the low non-hydrated
878 old cement content in coarse RCA [120] that makes coarse RCA (5%) absorb less water than fine RCA (8%).
TE
879 These results are in agreement with those obtained in previous studies [36, 38-42] (Figure IVb).
C EP
AC
880
881 Figure IV - Effect of the incorporation of coarse RCA on the WA by immersion of concrete (a) over time (current study) and
882 (b) at 28 days (current and previous studies)
33
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
883 II.III Influence of coarse and fine RCA on the WA by immersion
884 Figure V shows the WA by immersion of coarse RCA concrete containing various incorporation ratios
885 of fine RCA. In general, a similar trend to that shown for the individual effects of fine and coarse RCA
886 on the WA of concrete mixes can be seen, due to the causes referred to in the previous sections (§II.I
887 and §0II.II). The results confirm that the WA by immersion of concrete mixes increased with increas-
888 ing incorporation ratios of RCA. After 28 days, the WA by immersion of the concrete mixes decreased
PT
889 over time and the reduction was bigger as the replacement levels of RCA increased. What stands out
890 in the results is that the sum of the influences of fine and coarse RCA on WA of concrete was slightly
RI
891 lower than that on the mixes made with both fine and coarse RCA.
22
28 days
WA by immersion (%)
SC
20
18 90 days
16
180 days
14
U
12 365 days
10
AN
0 20 40 60 80 100
892 Fine RCA incorporation (%)
893 Figure V - Effect of the combined incorporation of fine and coarse RCA on the WA by immersion of concrete over time
M
894
D
TE
C EP
AC
34
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
895 Supplementary file III
896 Water absorption by capillary action of the concrete mixes at 28, 90, 180 and 365 days
897 (a) M1&M1sp, (b )M2, (c) M3&M3sp, (d) M4, (e) M5&M5sp, (f) M6, (g) M7&M7sp, (h) M8, (i)
898 M9&M9sp, (j) M10&M10sp, (k) M11, (l) M12&M12sp, (m) M13, (n) M14&M14sp, (o) M15, (p)
899 M16&M16sp, (q) M17, (r) M18&M18sp (capillary absorption)
10 16
Y = A + SX0.5 - CX 14 Y = A + SX0.5 - CX
Capilary absorption x10-3

8
PT
12
6 10
(g/mm2)
(g/mm2)
8
4 6
RI
M1 28 days M1 90 days 4 M2 28 days M2 90 days
2 M1 180 days M1 365 days
M1sp 28 days M1sp 90 days 2 M2 180 day M2 365 day
M1sp 180 days M1sp 365 days
0 0
SC
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
(a) Time (h) (b) Time (h)
900
20 M3 28 days M3 90 days 8
M3 180 days M3 365 days
U
M3sp 28 days M3sp 90 days 7 Y = A + SX0.5 - CX

15 6
AN
5
(g/mm2)
(g/mm2)
10 4
3
5 2
M
Y=A+ SX0.5 - CX 1 M4 180 days M4 365 days

0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
(c) Time (h) (d) Time (h)
D
901
12 M5 28 days M5 90 days 3
TE
M5sp 28 days M5sp 90 days Y = A + SX0.5 - CX

10 3

8 2
(g/mm2)
(g/mm2)
6 2
EP
4 1
2 1 M6 28 days M6 90 days
Y = A + SX0.5 - CX
C
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 1 2 3
(e) Time (h) (f) Time (h)
902
AC
8 M7 28 days M 790 days 10

7 M7sp 28 days M7sp 90 days Y = A + SX0.5 - CX
M7sp 180 days M7sp 365 days 8

6
5 6
(g/mm2)
(g/mm2)
4
3 4
2
1 Y = A + SX0.5 - CX M8 180 days M8 365 days
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
(g) Time (h) (h) Time (h)
903
35
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
12 M9 28 days M9 90 days 14 M10 28 days M10 90 days
10 12 M10sp 28 days M10sp 90 days

M9sp 28 days M9sp 90 days M10sp 180 days M10sp 365 days
M9sp 180 days M9sp 365 days 10
8
8
(g/mm2)
(g/mm2)
6
6
4
4
2 2 Y = A + SX0.5 - CX
Y=A+ SX0.5 - CX
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
904 (i) Time (h) (j) Time (h)
PT
20 20
Y=A+ SX0.5 - CX Y = A + SX0.5 - CX

15 15
RI
(g/mm2)
(g/mm2)
10 10
SC
5 5 M12 28 days M12 90 days
M11 180 days M11 365 days M12sp 28 days M12sp 90 days
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
905 (k) Time (h) (l) Time (h)
U
10 14
AN
Y=A+ SX0.5 - CX 12 Y = A + SX0.5 - CX
8
10
6 8
(g/mm2)
(g/mm2)
4 6
M

M13 28 days M13 90 days M14 180 days M14 365 days
2
2 M14sp 28 days M14sp 90 days
M13 180 days M13 365days
0 0
D
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
906 (m) Time (h) (n) Time (h)
TE
15 10 M16 28 days M16 90 days

Y=A+ SX0.5 - CX M16sp 28 days M16sp 90 days
8 M16sp 180 days M16sp 365 days

10
6
(g/mm2)
(g/mm2)
EP
4
5
M15 28 days M15 90 days 2
M15 180 days M15 365 days Y = A + SX0.5 - CX
C
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
(o) Time (h) (p) Time (h)
AC
907
12 14 M18 28 days M18 90 days
10 Y=A+ SX0.5 - CX 12 M18sp 28 days M18sp 90 days

10
8
8
(g/mm2)
(g/mm2)
6
6
4
4
M17 28 day M1790 day
2 2
M17 180 day M17 365 days
Y = A + SX0.5 - CX
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
908 (q) Time (h) (r) Time (h)
36
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
909 References
910 [1] LNEC E394, Concrete: determination of the absorption of water by immersion. National Laboratory for Civil Engineering
911 (LNEC). Portugal, Lisbon, (1993).
912 [2] LNEC E393, Determination of the absorption of water through capillarity (in Portuguese), LNEC - Laboratório Nacional de
913 Engenharia Civil - Portugal, 1993, p. 2.
914 [3] L. Tang, Final evaluation of test methods, WP 5 report, EU Project “ChlorTest”: Resistance of concrete to chloride ingress
915 - From laboratory tests to in-field performance. G6RD-CT-2002-0085, (2005).
916 [4] DURAR, Thematic network XV.B durability of rebars, Manual for inspecting, evaluating and diagnosing corrosion in rein-
PT
917 forced concrete structures, CYTED, Ibero-American Program Science and Technology for Development, Subprogram XV,
918 Corrosion/Environmental Impact on Materials, ISBN: 980-296-541-3, 204, (2000).
919 [5] R. Polder, Test methods for on-site measurement of resistivity of concrete, RILEM TC 154-EMC: electrochemical tech-
RI
920 niques for measuring metallic corrosion, Materials and Structures 33 (2000) 603-611.
921 [6] C. Hansen, H. Narud, Strength of recycled concrete made from crushed concrete coarse aggregate, Concrete Internation-
922 al 5(1) (1983) 79-83.
SC
923 [7] R. Kurda, J. de Brito, J.D. Silvestre, Indirect evaluation of the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete with
924 high fly ash ratios, Magazine of Concrete Research 70(4) (2018) 204-216.
925 [8] L. Evangelista, J. de Brito, Durability performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates, Cement and
U
926 Concrete Composites 32(1) (2010) 9-14.
927 [9] S.M. Levy, P. Helene, Durability of recycled aggregates concrete: a safe way to sustainable development, Cement and
AN
928 Concrete Research 34(11) (2004) 1975-1980.
929 [10] H. Yaprak, H. Aruntas, I. Demir, O. Simsek, G. Durmus, Effects of the fine recycled concrete aggregates on the concrete
930 properties, International Journal of the Physical Sciences 6(10) (2011) 2455-2461.
M
931 [11] J. Zega, A. Di Maio, Use of recycled fine aggregate in concretes with durable requirements, Waste management 31(11)
932 (2011) 2336-40.
933 [12] F. Cartuxo, Concrete with fine recycled concrete aggregates: Influence of superplasticizers on the durability related
D
934 performance (in Portuguese), Civil Engineering, Universidade de Lisboa/Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal, 2013, p. 232.
935 [13] J. Geng, J. Sun, Characteristics of the carbonation resistance of recycled fine aggregate concrete, Construction and
TE
937 [14] P. Kathirvel, S.R.M. Kaliyaperumal, Influence of recycled concrete aggregates on the flexural properties of reinforced
938 alkali activated slag concrete, Construction and Building Materials 102 (2016) 51-58.
EP
939 [15] B. Larbi, A. Meddah, M. Beddar, Study of the physico-mechanical properties of a recycled concrete incorporating admix-
940 tures by the means of NDT methods, Procedia Engineering 108 (2015) 80-92.
941 [16] M. Malešev, V. Radonjanin, S. Marinković, Recycled concrete as aggregate for structural concrete production, Sustaina-
942 bility 2(5) (2010) 1204-1225.
C
943 [17] K. Sagoe-Crentsil, T. Brown, A. Taylor, Performance of concrete made with commercially produced coarse recycled
AC
944 concrete aggregate, Cement and Concrete Research 31(5) (2001) 707-712.
945 [18] P. Amorim, Influence of curing in durability-related performance of concrete with recycled aggregates (in Portuguese),
946 Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal, 2008, p. 125.
947
37
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Table 1 - Mix proportions of the concrete mixes

Coarse RCA 0 100
RAC (%)
Fine RCA 0 50 100 0 50 100
0 M1 & M1sp M2 M3 & M3sp M10 & M10sp M11 M12 & M12sp
FA (%) 30 M4 M5 & M5sp M6 M13 M14 & M14sp M15
60 M7 & M7sp M8 M9 & M9sp M16 & M16sp M17 M18 & M18sp
PT
Table 2 - Comparison between the individual and combined effects of RCA and FA on the WA by immersion of concrete
RI
a
Mixes Fine FA Coarse SP WA of concrete mixes relative to the reference concrete
RCA (%) RCA (%) (%) 28 days 365 days
(%) RCA FA Expected Experimental RCA FA Expected Experimen
(∑FA+RCA) (∑FA+RCA) tal
SC
M5 50 30 0 0 26 -3 23 7 25 -31 -6 -25
M6 100 30 0 0 35 -3 32 18 33 -31 2 -17
M8 50 60 0 0 26 -15 10 -10 25 -44 -19 -41
M9 100 60 0 0 35 -15 19 12 33 -44 -11 -28
U
M13 0 30 100 0 22 -3 20 17 22 -31 -9 -18
M14 50 30 100 0 52 -3 49 25 50 -31 19 -13
M15 100 30 100 0 64 -3 61 53 60 -31 29 5
AN
M16 0 60 100 0 22 -15 7 0 22 -44 -22 -35
M17 50 60 100 0 52 -15 36 9 50 -44 6 -30
M18 100 60 100 0 64 -15 48 30 60 -44 16 -17
M9sp 100 60 0 1 77 -22 55 36 76 -45 31 -8
M
M16sp 0 60 100 1 24 -22 3 -4 24 -45 -22 -34

M18sp 100 60 100 1 120 -22 98 60 116 -45 71 12
a
Positive means the WA by immersion increased and negative means the opposite.
D
TE
C EP
AC
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Table 3 - Capillary WA, sorptivity, and adjustment parameters of the Hall's capillarity model for each concrete mix
Age Mix a A S “sorptivity” C R2 WA at 72 Mix a A S “sorptivity” C R2 WA at 72
(day) x10-7 (x10-3 x10- h (x10-3 x10-7 (x10-3 x10-5 h (x10-3
mm/hour0.5) 5
g/mm2) mm/hour0.5) g/mm2)
28 M1 0.4 1.37 2.6 0.99 9.7 M10 1.5 1.60 2.7 0.99 11.6
90 F0 0.3 1.29 3.0 0.97 8.8 F0 0.1 1.50 3.4 0.98 10.3
180 C0 -0.4 1.25 2.9 0.98 8.5 C100 2.3 1.46 3.4 0.98 9.9
365 FA0 -0.3 1.24 3.4 0.97 8.1 FA0 3.6 1.44 3.9 0.98 9.4
28 M2 0.6 2.02 3.3 0.98 14.7 M11 1.0 2.25 3.0 0.98 16.9
90 F50 7.8 1.87 3.6 0.98 13.2 F50 1.9 2.10 4.2 0.98 14.8
180 C0 0.3 1.80 3.3 0.98 12.9 C100 2.6 2.01 3.7 0.98 14.4
PT
365 FA0 24.0 1.77 4.1 0.97 12.1 FA0 3.5 1.97 4.5 0.98 13.5
28 M3 28.0 2.15 3.1 0.96 16.0 M12 2.7 2.47 4.0 0.98 18.1
90 F100 4.4 2.00 4.3 0.97 13.9 F100 5.8 2.30 5.4 0.98 15.6
180 C0 -4.9 1.92 3.9 0.97 13.5 C100 4.9 2.21 5.2 0.99 15.0
365 FA30 -7.5 1.89 4.6 0.96 12.7 FA30 -1.3 2.16 5.9 0.99 14.1
RI
28 M4 29.0 1.24 4.3 0.97 7.4 M13 4.4 1.39 3.3 0.99 9.4
90 F0 3.5 1.08 5.0 0.98 5.6 F0 0.6 1.20 4.6 0.98 6.9
180 C0 9.3 0.97 4.3 0.99 5.2 C100 4.0 1.07 3.9 0.99 6.3
365 FA30 -4.2 0.92 4.4 0.99 4.7 FA30 -1.0 1.01 4.1 0.98 5.6
SC
28 M5 -6.0 1.40 0.8 0.99 11.3 M14 1.2 1.55 2.0 0.99 11.7
90 F50 -3.8 1.20 2.5 0.98 8.4 F50 2.6 1.33 3.9 0.98 8.5
180 C0 4.8 1.07 1.8 0.98 7.7 C100 4.8 1.18 3.4 0.98 7.6
365 FA30 4.6 1.01 2.3 0.98 6.9 FA30 -0.3 1.10 3.5 0.98 6.8
28 M6 2.1 1.52 1.4 0.98 11.9 M15 0.2 1.72 1.0 0.98 13.9
U
90 F100 2.3 1.30 3.4 0.98 8.6 F100 4.5 1.46 3.3 0.98 10.0
180 C0 4.8 1.16 2.7 0.98 7.9 C100 5.9 1.29 2.8 0.98 8.9
365 FA30 -0.2 1.10 3.3 0.98 7.0 FA30 3.8 1.20 3.1 0.98 7.9
AN
28 M7 7.0 1.22 4.6 0.98 7.0 M16 -1.3 1.35 3.7 0.98 8.8
90 F0 -7.5 1.03 5.1 0.98 5.1 F0 4.9 1.18 5.3 0.98 6.2
180 C0 -0.5 0.88 3.8 0.98 4.7 C100 6.6 1.00 4.2 0.98 5.5
365 FA60 4.4 0.81 4.0 0.98 4.0 FA60 0.1 0.90 4.5 0.98 4.4
28 M8 8.6 1.36 4.4 0.98 8.3 M17 -0.3 1.52 3.3 0.98 10.5
M
90 F50 1.6 1.14 5.4 0.98 5.8 F50 2.4 1.28 4.8 0.99 7.4
180 C0 5.1 0.96 4.0 0.99 5.3 C100 5.4 1.08 3.6 0.99 6.6
365 FA60 6.9 0.87 4.1 0.99 4.5 FA60 4.8 0.97 4.2 0.99 5.2
28 M9 9.3 1.47 3.1 0.99 10.2 M18 2.5 1.68 1.5 0.99 13.2
D
90 F100 2.7 1.23 4.6 0.98 7.1 F100 -0.8 1.39 3.8 0.98 9.0
180 C0 3.5 1.03 3.4 0.98 6.3 C100 -3.3 1.16 2.5 0.98 8.0
365 FA60 0.6 0.93 3.7 0.98 5.2 FA60 5.6 1.03 3.3 0.98 6.3
TE
28 M1sp -3.5 0.75 1.4 0.97 5.3 M10sp 3.0 0.98 0.5 0.97 8.0
90 F0 4.6 0.69 1.1 0.97 5.1 F0 3.4 0.86 -0.3 0.99 7.5
180 C0 0.6 0.68 1.1 0.97 5.0 C100 -4.1 0.84 -0.2 0.98 7.2
365 FA0 1.1 0.67 1.1 0.98 4.9 FA0 1.5 0.82 -0.1 0.97 7.0
28 M3sp 4.1 1.40 4.1 0.98 8.9 M12sp 2.7 1.72 1.5 0.98 13.5
EP
90 F100 3.7 1.27 3.2 0.98 8.4 F100 2.4 1.56 1.0 0.99 12.5
180 C0 0.6 1.23 3.0 0.97 8.3 C100 2.1 1.52 1.2 0.96 12.0
365 FA60 0.3 1.21 3.0 0.98 8.1 FA60 3.7 1.49 1.2 0.98 11.7
28 M5sp -2.3 1.00 4.8 0.97 5.1 M14sp 5.3 1.30 4.0 0.98 8.1
90 F100 4.8 0.80 3.1 0.99 4.5 F100 1.6 1.00 1.7 0.98 7.3
C
180 C0 1.8 0.74 2.8 0.97 4.2 C100 2.3 0.91 1.7 0.98 6.5
365 FA30 -1.2 0.70 2.7 0.97 4.0 FA30 1.9 0.85 1.5 0.98 6.1
AC
28 M7sp 0.4 0.75 3.8 0.97 3.7 M16sp 2.4 0.99 5.0 0.98 4.8
90 F0 3.0 0.50 1.4 0.98 3.2 F0 1.3 0.58 1.0 0.98 4.2
180 C0 1.7 0.45 1.2 0.98 3.0 C100 -1.1 0.52 1.0 0.98 3.7
365 FA60 1.9 0.41 1.1 0.98 2.7 FA60 0.7 0.48 0.9 0.97 3.4
28 M9sp 3.2 1.12 5.4 0.97 5.6 M18sp -0.1 1.44 6.4 0.98 7.6
90 F100 4.7 0.62 0.5 0.98 4.9 F100 -3.1 0.70 -0.8 0.99 6.5
180 C0 5.5 0.54 0.4 0.98 4.3 C100 5.4 0.61 -0.7 0.98 5.7
365 FA60 -2.5 0.49 0.4 0.98 3.9 FA60 -4.5 0.54 -0.7 0.98 5.1
a
F - fine RCA%, C - coarse RCA%, FA - fly ash% and SP - superplastisizer. Age (day) Mix a Ax10-7 S “sor ptivity

Water Absorption 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Water Absorption 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Accepted Manuscript

Water absorption and electrical resistivity of concrete with recycled concrete

Rawaz Kurda, Jorge de Brito, José D. Silvestre

To appear in: Cement and Concrete Composites

Received Date: 16 August 2018

3 Rawaz Kurda1, Jorge de Brito2*, José D. Silvestre3

20 concrete increased even more when superplasticizers was used.

86 2 Methodology and experimental program

115 3 Expected trends

118 3.1 Effect of incorporating FA according to previous studies

148 3.2 Effect of incorporating RCA according to previous studies

183 4 Water absorption by immersion

Mixes Fine FA Coarse SP WA of concrete mixes relative to the reference concrete a

236 pore size as a result.

WA mix with SP/ mix without SP

WA mix with SP/ mix without SP

WA (without SP) WA (without SP)

270 5 Water absorption by capillarity

367 Figure 9 - Effect of the incorporation of SP on the capillary WA of concrete mixes

371 6 Electrical resistivity

160 160 160

100 100 100

Ref. at 365 days

430 Figure 12 - ER of concrete containing FA at 28-365 days

450 RCA, either with or without SP, at 28-365 days

475 • Water absorption by capillarity and sorptivity

513 Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005, p. 3.

517 Building Materials 98 (2015) 425-436.

520 Rabat Morocco, 2011.

565 Research 60(7) (2008) 535-545.

572 34(11) (2004) 1975-1980.

574 crushing process, Materials and Structures 48(12) (2015) 3965-3978.

622 Law, SCIE Journals (2014).

624 Engineering and Technology e-ISSN 3(4) (2014) 529-533.

662 Concrete Aggregate Scotland. . UK: University of Dundee, (1998) 55-68.

798 I.II Water absorption by capillary

820 I.III Electrical resistivity

Relative WA by immersion (%)

871 II.II Influence of coarse RCA on the WA by immersion

892 Fine RCA incorporation (%)

Capilary absorption x10-3

Capilary absorption x10-3

M3sp 180 days M3sp 365 days

Y=A+ SX0.5 - CX 1 M4 180 days M4 365 days

M5sp 28 days M5sp 90 days Y = A + SX0.5 - CX

Capilary absorption x10-3

M5sp 180 days M5sp 365 days

8 M7 28 days M 790 days 10

Capilary absorption x10-3

M7sp 180 days M7sp 365 days 8

Capilary absorption x10-3

Capilary absorption x10-3

Capilary absorption x10-3

4 M14 28 days M14 90 days

15 10 M16 28 days M16 90 days

Capilary absorption x10-3

8 M16sp 180 days M16sp 365 days

Capilary absorption x10-3

M18sp 180 days M18sp 365 days

936 Building Materials 49 (2013) 814-820.

Table 1 - Mix proportions of the concrete mixes

M16sp 0 60 100 1 24 -22 3 -4 24 -45 -22 -34