LEVEL VI

JANUARY-JUNE
2023

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Note for the teacher. Students have to do the activities in canvas every week.

DAY 1
ACTIVITY 1. LISTENING AND SPEAKING
The teacher listens with the ss the video below to explain narrative tenses.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hza_paZrYw0 4 minutes. After doing this, the teacher ask ss if
they like terror stories, terror movies and if they do she/he asks them to tell a story. The teacher could
also ask if they believe in ghosts and keeps the conversation going.

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CONVERSATION
1.- Do you like terror movies? Why or why not?
2.- Which is your favorite terror movie?
3.- Have you ever seen a ghost?
4.- Tell us something scary that happened to you.
5.- Do you like the moon?
6.- Do you think it is magic?

ACTIVITY 2. GRAMMAR
The teacher reviews the structures of the narrative tenses with ss.

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ACTIVITY 3. PRACTICE
Complete the following exercise using narrative tenses.
Simple past, past continuous, past perfect, past perf continuous
1. Phill and his wife  ___met______(meet) when they were teaching in Botswana.
2. We never thought the journey ____would take_______(take) so long.
3. Their car broke down as they __were driving_____(drive) home.
4. We wanted to go to Peru because we __hadn´t been______  (be) there before.
5. Hello, Karen. I thought you  __weren´t working_________________ (work) at the London
office this week.
6. When she arrived, her eyes were very red. I think she _____  (cry).

Link for narrative tenses.

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/all-english-verb-tenses.html

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DAY 2
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING
The teacher watches the video with the ss and later talks with ss about the video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6PIm2gvDJs

The teacher could ask the following questions:

1.Have you ever seen Mr. Bean’s movies?
2.What do you think about him?

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3. Do you like his movies?
4. What do you know about him?
5. What happened in the video?
Etc. etc.

ACTIVITY 4. READING
The teacher reads with the ss and then has ss answer the questions below. After doing this the
teacher asks ss if they have ever been on a fire or seen a fire and keeps the conversation going.

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Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the text.

1. They all have been to a modern art museum before. _______

2. They were in the museum before the talk of a famous artist. ________
3. Mike and Amanda did two different activities at the same time in the museum. ________
4. Amanda’s workshop finished before Mike and Alan left the talk with the artist. _______
5. They had known there were some pictures of their street before they saw them in the museum.
____________

CONVERSATION
1.- Do you like the museums? Why or why not?
2.- Mention some of the most famous museums.
3.- Do you like art? Why or why not?
4.- Do you paint?
5.- Have you ever been in a fire? Where? What happened?

ACTIVITY 3 GRAMMAR
NARRATIVE TENSES

Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses using the SIMPLE PAST or the PAST
CONTINUOUS:

Simple past for the activity that is short.

Past Continuous for the activity that is longer.
1) While they ________ (travel) to China, Marco ______________ (keep) a diary.
2) Mrs. White ______________________ (drive) past a house in Main Street when she
___________ (see) the ground floor on fire.

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3) While he ________________________ (fly) off the Miami Coast, the pilot __________________
(not / see) sharks approaching the swimmers.
4) The fireman ______________ (fight) the fire on a balcony below when he ________________
(hear) someone’s shouts.
5) ___________ She _________ (die) while she _______________________ (run) after a bus?

Use THE SIMPLE PAST or THE PAST PERFECT TENSE to fill in the blanks:
1) Last night my roommate and I ______________ (have) some free time, so we ______________
(go) to a show.
2) I ______________ (just / have) lunch, when the earthquake hit yesterday.
3) I ________________(want) to know who ______________ (write) the play “Hamlet”?
4) How many games ______________ (the team / win) before this loss?
5) I don’t know Carol’s husband that well. I ______________ (never / meet) him before just a few
minutes ago.
Links for narrative tenses.
https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/narrative-tenses/

DAY 3
Activity 1 Listening
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvFweyjRAPI
This video explains the difference between too and enough. 1 minute.

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Activity 2 Grammar

Too and Enough

Too and enough indicate degree. They modify adjectives, adverbs, and nouns.

 Too means more than what is needed.
 Enough means sufficient.

Examples:
 He is too old to play football with the kids.
 Dave is intelligent enough to do the right thing.
 You're not working fast enough. 
 I don't have enough time. 
 He has too many dogs.
 She has too much paint on her brush.

Use of too and enough

1. Enough comes after adjectives and adverbs:

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ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH   or   ADVERB + ENOUGH

Examples:
 He isn't old enough to watch this program. 
 We're not walking quickly enough.

2. Enough may also precede nouns:

ENOUGH + NOUN

Examples:
 We don’t have enough money. 
 Sara has enough money to buy this computer.

3. Too comes before adjectives and adverbs:

TOO + ADJECTIVES   or   TOO + ADVERBS

Examples:
 It's too hot to wear that coat. 
 I was driving too fast.

Complete the sentences. Use ENOUGH with one of the words in the box:
big / eat / fruit / loud / old / practice / sugar / time / tired

1) A: “Is there _____________ ____________ in your coffee?”

B: “Yes, thank you.”
2) Can you hear the radio? Is it _________________ _______________ for you?
3) He can drop out of school if he wants – he is ____________ _____________ .
4) Did you have _____________ ____________ to answer all the questions in the exam?
5) This house isn’t ____________ _____________ for a large family.
6) Tina is very thin. She doesn’t ___________ _____________.
7) You don’t eat _________ ________. You should eat more, grapes are good for you.
8) It’s late but I don’t want to go to bed now. I’m not ____________ _____________.
9) Lisa isn’t a very good tennis player because she doesn’t ____________ ___________.
Complete the sentences with TOO or ENOUGH:
1) You’re always at home. You don’t go out ___________________________________

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2) I can’t wait for them. I don’t have __________________ time.
3) You’re always tired. I think you work __________________ hard.
4) A: Did you have __________________ to eat?
B: Yes, thank you.
5) You don’t eat __________________ vegetables. You should eat more.

ACTIVITY 3 READING
Read about the multicultural society in The UK and answer the questions.

Multicultural Society

The UK has welcomed newcomers for centuries. It is a mixture of diverse ethnic groups, each with their own
distinct culture and sometimes their own language or religion. This month is Black History month, celebrating
the contribution that Afro Caribbean people have made to British society. Many British Asians will be
celebrating Ramadan soon. There are 1.5 million Muslims in Britain with over 6,000 mosques. Asian can be a
misleading term as it refers to all those people with roots or family connections in the former British colonies of
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Asian does not always mean that the person is of Indian descent.
Not all Asians are Muslim. Some are Hindus and others are Sikhs. These 2 groups celebrate the festival of
Diwalli on November 6th.
The Irish have come to Britain for many years, looking for work. After World War Two Irish and other European
workers were encouraged to take factory jobs. Britain couldn’t get enough workers to help rebuild the economy
and to work in the new Health Service so employers also looked to former colonies and Commonwealth
countries. India, countries in Africa and the Caribbean had been controlled by Britain in the past and had
strong cultural links with Britain, including the language. Many arrived in the hope of building a new life for their
young families.

The descendants of these immigrants are now the teachers, the footballers, the TV presenters, the musicians
and the politicians that shape British society. There are numerous ethnic newspapers, magazines, TV
programs, radio stations and internet sites for each community. The largest groups live in and around the
capital London and many other groups are concentrated in the industrial centers in Yorkshire, The Midlands
and the South East.
Ethnic groups in the UK(6.5% of the British population are from ethnic minorities)
• White – 53,074,000 (includes Irish, Polish, Italian etc).
• Black Caribbean – 490,000
• Black African – 376,000
• Black other – 308,000
• Indian – 930,000
• Pakistani – 663,000
• Bangladeshi –268,000
• Chinese – 137,000
• Other Asian – 209,000 (includes Vietnamese, Malaysian, Thai)
• Other – 424,000 (people who did not think they fitted the above categories)

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1) Explain why the word “Asian” can be a misleading word:
2) Why Britain needed workers so bad?
3) Where can you find the largest immigrant groups?
4) What does each group bring to the country when arriving?
5) What’s the biggest ethnic group in Britain?

SPEAKING
1) Describe your own ethnic group. Why do you belong to this group? Is your group a minority group in your
own country?
2) Describe the different ethnic groups that make up your country. Do you know the numbers for each group?
Which are the main minority groups? Where did they originate? When and why did they move to your country?
How do they contribute to the life of your nation?
3) Have you ever been to England?
4) which countries have you visited?
5) What do you think of Europe?
6) What do you think of war?
7) So you like history?
8) which movies of history have you watched?

Links for too and enough.

https://agendaweb.org/grammar/too-enough-exercises.html

DAY 4
ACTIVITY 1 SONG
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7Od1Wf_XU8

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ACTIVITY 2 GRAMMAR
Conditionals: Zero, First, Second & Third

Conditionals are sentence types that are used to show that two actions are connected. (If this
then that) They refer to actions that are caused or depends upon another action.
All Conditionals have two Clauses: The If clause and the result clause.

Conditionals

IF CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE

ZERO CONDITIONAL Simple present, SIMPLE PRESENT
(100% TRUE) simple present If you boil water, steam is created.

USES: FACTS THAT ARE TRUE AND OFTEN SUPPORTED BY SCIENTIFIC

FINDINGS.
FIRST CONDITIONAL IF + SIMPLE WILL + THE BASE FORM OF THE
(VERY POSSIBLE) PRESENT VERB
If I finish work early, We will go to the movies.
USES: PREDICTING A VERY LIKELY ACTION OR EVENT IN THE FUTURE.

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 SECOND IF + SIMPLE PAST WOULD
CONDITIONAL If I had a million I would buy you a new house.
(POSSIBLE BUT NOT dollars,
PROBABLE)
USES: HYPOTHETICAL, UNLIKELY OR IMPROBABLE SITUATION NOW.
THIRD CONDITIONAL IF + PAST PERFECT WOULD + HAVE + THE PAST
(IMPOSSIBLE / PAST) If I had studied PARTICIPLE
harder, I would have passed the course.
USES: IMAGINARY SITUATION IN THE PAST.

NOTE: If the result clause is placed first in the sentence no comma is needed.

Zero Conditional
We use the zero conditional To talk about a general “condition” or to describe something that always happens.
IF + SUBJECT + Verb in Present , SUBJECT + Verb in Present
Zero Conditional Examples: If I go to the beach, I take a towel.
I put on my headphones if I use my phone on the bus.
*When it is sunny in Miami, I go to the beach.
*When it rains, I stay home.
*When shows more frequency than if.

Zero Conditional Practice and Exercises: A good way to escape boredom is to find a hobby. Using the
zero conditional, tell what each person does when they are bored. The first example is done for you.

EXERCISE 1 ZERO CONDITIONALS EXERCISES

1) If you ______________(smoke) meat, it _______________(taste) great.
2) If my husband ________________ (cook), he _________________(burn) the food.
3) If Julie______________(not / wear) a hat she _______________(get) sunburn.
4) If the children ______________ (eat) healthy, foods they ______________(be) thinner.
5) If you _____________(mix) water and electricity, you _____________(get) a shock.

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 FIRST CONDITIONAL
We use the first conditional to talk about a real possibility.

IF + SUBJECT + Verb in Present /, SUBJECT + WILL + Verb base form

First Conditional Examples: If you visit Miami, I will take you to dinner.
I will buy a red shirt if I don’t find a blue one. If I see her tonight, I will tell her about the party.
*When I get home, I will look for the book.
*When shows more certainty than if.

EXERCISE 2 FIRST CONDITIONAL EXERCISES.

1) If the class ____________(be) full, I ____________(go) somewhere else.

2) What _________ we __________(do) if the taxi ________(not / come)?
3) I _______________(ask) Peter if I _________(see) him tomorrow.
4) If you _____________ (visit) Oxford, you ___________(see) some interesting buildings.
5) __________ you ____________(phone) me if there ____________(be) any problem?

SECOND CONDITIONAL

We use the second conditional to talk about an unreal possibility or something that is possible but not probable.

IF + SUBJECT + Verb in the past , SUBJECT + WOULD + Verb in base form

*We use the Past Tense form, but we are not speaking about the past.

Second Conditional Examples: If aliens landed on earth tomorrow, I would be very surprised. (Aliens won’t land
tomorrow.)
I would walk your dog if I had time. (I don’t have time so I will not walk your dog.)
If I were the president, I would lower taxes. (I am not the president.)
I would go on vacation if I had money. (I don’t have enough money.)

The verb “to be”: were is used with all subjects, although was is common in spoken English.

EXERCISE 3 SECOND CONDITIONAL EXERCISES

1) If I ___________(have) some money, I ___________ (loan) you some.
2) If I ____________ (have) to go to the hospital, I _________________(not go) to this one.
3) I ____________(not / mind) having children if we _______________(live) in the country.
4) What __________ you __________ (do) if you suddenly ____________(win) half a million dollars?
5) I _______________(help) you if you ______________(trust) me more.

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 THIRD CONDITIONAL

We use the third conditional to talk about an unreal possibility or condition in the past.

IF + SUBJECT + HAD + Verb in past participle , SUBJECT + WOULD + HAVE + Verb in past
participle

Third Conditional Examples: If aliens had landed on earth yesterday, I would have been very surprised.
(Aliens didn’t land on earth yesterday.)
I would have walked your dog if I had had time.
(I didn’t have time so I did not walk the dog.)
If I had been the president, I would have lowered taxes.
(I was not the president.)
I would have gone on vacation if my company had given me the time off.
(I didn’t have the time off.)

EXERCISE 4 THIRD CONDITIONAL

1) If you ___________________(ask) me for more tickets I ___________________(give) you more.
2) I _____________(not / go) to the movies if I _____________________(not / have) extra money.
3) I ________(not / go out) yesterday if you ___________________(ask) me not to.
4) I _____________________(visit) you in hospital if I ___________________(know) you were there.
5) She ___________(not / marry) him if he ___________(not / be) rich.

Zero, First, Second & Third Conditionals

EXERCISE 5 Complete the sentences below with the verb in the correct form and tense.

1) He almost fell from the balcony. I'm sure that if he had fallen, he (break) ______________________ his
leg or something.

2) If I leave now, I _________________ (be) home in two hours.

3) If you ________________(like), I'll lend you my car for two days.
4) If we increased the price, we ______________ (run) the risk of pricing ourselves out of the market.
5) If you _________________(ask) your boss, I'm sure he would have considered your proposal.
6) The radio is broken. When you turn it on, it _____________________(make) a strange noise.

ACTIVITY 3 READING
Read the following text and tell your teacher some conditional sentences about what Marge could have
done to avoid her problems.

Marge’s Terrible Day

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Marge is a woman who is 55 years old. She lives alone in a small house in Scotland. She did not have a very good day
yesterday!
As she was leaving the house, she forgot her bus ticket. But she did not realize this until she got to the bus stop, so she had
to hurry back to the house. She opened the door, put the keys on the coffee table, went into the kitchen to get her bus
ticket and left again without her keys.
She caught the 8:42 a.m bus instead of her usual 8:30 a.m bus and arrived at work about ten minutes late. Mr. Jones, her
boss, was in a bad mood and shouted at her when she arrived late. As a result, they had an argument in front of all the
other people in the office. Mr. Jones told her she would have to stay behind for fifteen minutes at lunch to finish some
important work.
At lunch, Marge only had time for a quick sandwich and didn't go to the office cafeteria with the others as normal.
Everyone returned from lunch very happy because they had met a new employee who had told some very funny jokes.
Marge was not happy. She was hungry and tired.
She was so hungry when she left the office at 5 o'clock that she bought a hot dog from the man on the street corner.
Within an hour, she didn't feel very well and had a pain in her stomach. It was not her day!
She arrived home and realized she didn't have her keys, so had to walk two miles to her sister's house to get a
spare set of keys. When she got back to her house, she closed the door and went straight to bed.
1.- Have you ever lived alone?
2.- Have you ever had a terrible day?
3.- Have you ever forgotten a ticket?
4.- Have you ever lost your keys?

ACTIVITY 4 LISTENING
Listening using conditionals. This is a listening from the British Council. 2:49 minutes.

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-grammar/conditionals
Listen to the recording and answer the questions based on what you hear.

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1) Why is it a surprise that Sophie love’s Iceland? ____________________________________
2) Would Oliver like to go to Iceland? Yes or no? Support your answer.
3) Does Oliver tell Sophie what is bother him right away? Yes or no? Support your answer
4) How does Sophie try to help Oliver to forgive her? ________________ ____________
5) Why does Oliver answer No, it is not an option? ________________________________
6) What does Sophie say about Oliver’s exam? And what does she mean? ______________

7) Sophie had to take three days of classes before she could pronounce the name of the volcano she
is visiting.

CONVERSATION
1.- Have you ever been to Iceland?
2.- Do you like the cold weather?
3.- Where have you lived?
4.- What is your favorite place in the world?

Link for conditionals.

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https://agendaweb.org/verbs/conditional-mixed-exercises.html

DAY 5
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NciqAu0qa1k
This is an episode of friends with some slangs. 4:17.

ACTIVITY 2 GRAMMAR

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 PHRASAL VERB MEANING EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Ask somebody out Invite on a date Bryan asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.
Ask around Ask many people the I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet.
same question
Break out Escape The prisioners broke out as soon as the riot started.
Call around phone different places We called around but we weren't able to find the car part we
or people needed.
 Cheer up  become happier  She cheered up when she heard the good news.
 I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.
 Cheer somebody up  make happier
Come across find unexpectedly I came across these old photos when I was cleaning the
something closet.
Do something over do again My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she
doesn't like my topic.
Drop in/by/over come without an I might drop in/by/over for a beer sometime this week.
appointment
End up eventually We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre.
reach/do/decide
Fill something up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up when it is empty.
Get back return We got back from our vacation last week.

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EXERCISE 8 Use the phrasal verbs from the chart to complete the sentences below. Make sure
that you conjugate it into the correct verb tense

1.- Mario ___________ Paty ____________ to pizza and a movie.

2.- I might ______________ for some coffee this weekend.
3.- We _______________ going to the movies instead of going to the party.
4.- I ______________ but nobody has seen Peter.

ACTIVITY 3 READING
WHY PEOPLE GET TATOOES
Jack lay, quiet and unmoving, for thirty minutes while a stranger repeatedly stabbed him with sharp needles,
causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg. Jack was getting a tattoo. His friend Tony had recently gotten a
tattoo, and Jack was so impressed by Tony's bravery and his tattoo that he decided to get one too. Getting a
tattoo because your friends and peers have them is just one of the reasons why a lot of young people in North
America get tattoos. Peer pressure, media influence, and personal expression are some of the common
reasons for wearing tattoos today.

The desire to be part of a group, to be accepted by one's friends or peers, can have a great influence on what
a person does. Sometimes, wearing a tattoo can be a sign that you belong to a certain group. Gangs often use
special clothes and tattoos to identify their particular group. For example, in one gang all the members may
wear green army jackets and have large 'Xs' tattooed on their arms. It is not only gangs that have this type of
special 'uniform'. Young people often belong to a certain group of friends. Some of these groups wear only
brand-name clothes. Some wear only black clothes. Others wear tattoos. When a person's friends are all doing
something, such as getting a tattoo, that person is more likely to do the same thing, and get a tattoo too.

The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos in North America. A wide variety of media
images show tattoos. Tattoos can be seen on people appearing in commercials selling expensive cars.
Famous sports heroes with tattoos are shown in magazines. Fashion models are often seen in magazines and
on TV wearing designer clothes that show their bodies tattooed with detailed and colourful patterns. These
media images link tattoos to ideas of wealth, success, and status. As a result, many people decide to get a
tattoo for its fashion and status value.

It is not always the influence of other people or the media that results in a person getting a tattoo. Many people
decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature, their beliefs, or their feelings -- in other words, to
show their individuality. A musician in a rock band may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm. Some
environmentalists may tattoo pictures of endangered animals on their shoulders. Lovers may tattoo each
others' names over their hearts. A tattoo can be a public sign to show what is important in a person's life.

As you can see, there are many reasons why young North Americans get tattoos. A tattoo can be part of a
group's uniform. It can be a sign of fashion. It can be an expression of individuality. The decision to get a tattoo
is most often a result of the influence of friends or media or the desire to express oneself. For Jack, it was a
mixture of all three.
https://continuingstudies.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone//490/reading/tattoos2-reading

CONVERSATION
1.- Do you have tatooes?
2.- What do you think of people without tatooes?
3.- How do you express your beliefs? Your individuality?

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4.- how much are the tatooes?
5.- Tell us some stories about tatooe.

Links for phrasal verbs.

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/phrasal_verbs2-exercises.html

DAY 6
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4c_xYLwOx-g 5 minutes. Work-life balance

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ACTIVITY 2 READING
Read the introduction to a booklet on good health from the U.S. government. Then see the
notes and answer the questions.
How to Be Healthy

Good health is a wonderful thing, but you can’t take it for granted! For good health, you should eat nutritious
foods, and you should be physically active each day. You have to be aware of the things that you choose to
eat, and you have to make time in your daily schedule for physical activity.

It’s important to choose a variety of fruits and vegetables. You should also eat a variety of grains daily,
especially whole grains, like whole wheat bread and brown rice. You should include fat-free or low-fat milk and
dairy products. For protein, you should eat lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts.

You should not eat food with a lot of cholesterol, salt (sodium), or added sugar. You should not eat junk food
like cheeseburgers, French-fried potatoes, candy, and soft drinks, even though they may taste very good!

In addition to proper nutrition, you must be physically active. Try to get at least 30 minutes of exercise most
days of the week. If you are overweight, you should increase the amount of time that you spend in physical
activity. You don’t have to do boring exercises – you can participate in a team sport or do individual activities
you enjoy, like swimming, tennis, or hiking.

Eating right and being physically active aren't just a "diet" or a "program"—they are keys to a healthy lifestyle.
With healthful habits, you may reduce your risk of many chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes,
and you may very well increase your chances for a longer life. You might even live to be more than 100 years
old!

CONVERSATION

1.- What is for you to be healthy?

2.- Are you physically active?
3.- Which is your favorite food?
4.- Do you like to cook?
5.- Which is your favorite restaurant and why?
6.- What do you think about junk food?

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ACTIVITY 2 GRAMMAR

MODALS:
Remember that Modal verbs are also known as helping verbs and are used to express ability, possibility, permission or
obligation.
(OBLIGATION, PROHIBITION, NECESSITY /LACK OF NECESSITY & ADVICE)

OBLIGATION

“Have / has to” and “must” are both used to express obligation. Something that you have to or must do or not
do.
“Have to” shows that the obligation comes from someone else, not the speaker. This usually refers to a rule or law.
Examples: We have to be at the airport at least two hours before the flight. (Or they may not let me board the plane.)
I have to work on Saturday. (If I don’t go I can get fired)
She has to wear a uniform to school. ( If she does not wear it they will not let her in)

“Must” shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker, oneself.
Examples: I must hand in my thesis by tomorrow. (If I don’t, I may have a problem.)
I really must call my parents. (If I don’t, my parents might get mad.)
I must get in shape. ( If I don’t, I could have a heart attack.)

**NOTE: Most native speakers will not notice any difference.

EXERCISE 1 Complete the following sentences with “must” or “have to”.

1) The people who live on that island ______________  commute to work by ferry.

2) For water to boil, you _____________heat it to 212 degrees F. (100 degrees C.).

3) Brian is a little hard of hearing. If you want him to hear you, you ______________ speak very loud.

4) Sara ___________  leave the office early for a doctor's appointment.

5) What ________ do every day?

6) What __________ to do yesterday?

We can also show that there is no obligation by using do not (don’t) have to.

NO OBLIGATION / LACK OF NECESSITY

“Don't have to” is used to show that there is no obligation. You can do something if you want but it is not an obligation
or mandatory.
Example: You don't have to wear a tie to go to that restaurant but it would be nice.
You didn't have to pick me up. I could have gotten a taxi.
You don’t have to work but it is available if you want.

EXERCISE 2 Complete the following sentences with must not or don’t have to.

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1) Although Mr. Chang is in his early 60s, he __ _______________use glasses, even for reading.

2) Since Howard retired last year, he ___________________get up early anymore.

3) When you're at a play or a concert, you _______________stand up and walk around during the intermission, but it feels

good to stretch your legs and change position.

4) Next Monday's a holiday, so I _________________go to work. I'm really looking forward to having a day off.

PROHIBITION

“Can not” (can’t) and “must not” (mustn’t) are used to show that something is prohibited (not allowed):

Examples: You can't enter that restaurant without a tie. (You have to wear a tie.)
You can't drive in this country unless you are over eighteen. (You have to be at least 18 to drive here.)
You can’t use your phone in class. ( You are not allowed to use your phone in class)

You mustn’t drink so much coke. (You can if you want to but you will probably get sick.)
We mustn’t miss class. (We can but there is the possibility that we will have a problem later.)
They mustn’t spend so much money. (They can but they can have economic problems in the future.)

EXERCISE 3 Complete the following sentences with can not (can’t) or must not (mustn’t).

1) Tommy, listen. You _________________wear your shoes inside. The floors will get very dirty.
2) If you want to protect your I.D., you _________________share your passwords with anyone.
3) The animals in the zoo have a special diet. You __can´t_________feed them anything because strange food might hurt
them.
4) You ____________ turn right here, this street is one way going the other direction.
5) The company ________________ put up with that type of behavior from its employees.

ADVICE= should

List three pieces of common advice that can be heard in day to day life or in a professional setting.

25
1) You should be well dressed.
2) You should go to sleep early.
3) You should respect your work area. You should go before your boss arrives.
Is there another way to give advice on a more impersonal way?

Links for modals

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/modals-exercises.html

DAY 7
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiiuP3-raeg

Movie clip with modal verbs. 5:24 minutes

ACTIVITY 2 READING
Read the following text. Then answer the questions.

Work life balance

Work life balance is the phrase of the moment. You have no doubt come across the phrase everywhere – in magazines, on
TV health shows, in advertisements, and on the lips of anyone who cares about achieving the right work life balance for
themselves, in their personal relationships, and with work colleagues. If you’re like me, you may even picture a set of old-
fashioned brass scales with ‘work’ on one dish and ‘life’ on the other.
The official definition we use in this reading for work life balance is the need of all individuals to achieve and maintain a
balance between their paid work and their life outside of work. The word balance doesn’t necessarily imply an even split
between work and life; instead, balance means successfully managing all the responsibilities you have in both areas of
your life.
How well do you balance your life?
For the last couple of decades, there has been a strong focus on work / life balance issues. The Government, academic
researchers, professional bodies, and family organizations all have something to say about it. Here are some findings from
recent reports.

26
The Center for Business Performance: A 2004 report on flexible working hours and work-life integration in the
accounting profession recognized the strong business case for flexible work hours to ease work stress and attract young
chartered accountants into the profession. Yet it highlighted serious conflicts between the willingness to adopt formal
policies and the strong belief in the necessity of working long hours in order to advance careers.
The Department of Trade and Industry: The DTI’s Second Work Life Balance Survey of employers shows strong
support for work / life balance and notes that more organizations are adopting policies of flexible working hours, showing
positive benefits on labor turnover, motivation, and employee commitment. It also points out that there is still a way to go
to increase awareness and adoption of the best practice, and highlights that the best solutions are those that match the
business’s needs.
Work Life Balance Center: A 2008 survey of a representative cross section of people working in a range of business in
the UK highlighted that the reasons people choose to work above their contracted hours were the sheer volume of work,
and the increasing pressure of deadlines. Even so, more than 4 in 10 people said that they actively choose to work longer
hours.
The Work Foundation: About time for change shows that many people find it difficult to balance their whole life
responsibilities and that is not just confined just to parents.

EXERCISE R3: 2 Answer the questions based on the article above.

1) Explain in your own words: what is a good work life balance? _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2) Who has participated in the work life balance research?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
3) What’s the main idea of The Center of Business Performance’s report?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
4) What are the reasons people choose to work overtime in The UK?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONVERSATION
1.- Do you work now? Where?
2.- What is your dream job?
3.- Do you like to work overtime?
4.- Do your parents work? Where?
5.- What about your brothers or sisters, where do they work?
6.- Does your family have a good work life balance?
7.-

ACTIVITY 3 LISTENING
https://www.google.com/search?
q=LISTENING+ORGANIZING+YOUR+TIME+POMODORO+TECHNIQUE&sxsrf=ALiCzsYRE_7ml
zKZ6nvG-03NbGt0XWiBOg%3A1658940368018&ei=0GvhYqtf98GQ8g-
N4oKgBQ&ved=0ahUKEwirh9u6wpn5AhX3IEQIHQ2xAFQQ4dUDCA4&uact=5&oq=LISTENING+O
RGANIZING+YOUR+TIME+POMODORO+TECHNIQUE&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAM6BwgAEEcQs
AM6BggAEB4QFjoFCCEQoAE6CAghEB4QFhAdOgQIIRAVOgcIIRAKEKABSgQIQRgASgQIRhgA
UJMEWKYlYL4naAFwAXgAgAGMAYgBjRGSAQQxLjE4mAEAoAEByAEIwAEB&sclient=gws-
wiz#kpvalbx=_22vhYpq8C7i-kPIPz9WPuAE22

Listen to the radio interview about the 'Pomodoro Technique' and do the exercises to practice and
improve your listening skills.

27
EXERCISE 1 Check your understanding, decide if the following sentences are true or false.
Circle T or F

1) The Pomodoro Technique was invented in the 1980s. T / F

2) Students and workers can use the technique. T / F
3) The technique is a bit complicated to use. T / F
4) You need to break down your tasks into smaller sections. T / F
5) Each break is called a ‘pomodoro’. T / F
6) Peter uses an app on his mobile to time himself. T / F
7) After four or five short breaks you can have a longer break. T / F
8) Peter takes less time to do his homework these days. T / F

ACTIVITY 4 GRAMMAR

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Gerunds or Infinitives?

Gerunds and infinitives are very common in the English language. They can be used in many situations.
Sometimes you may use an infinitive or a gerund. Sometimes you must choose between the two. We must
use Gerunds or infinitives when there is more than one verb in a sentence.

Using a gerund suggests that you are referring to general, real activities or experiences in the past.

Using an infinitive suggests that you are talking about a specific activity and activities or experiences in the
future.

GERUNDS.

**First a quick reminder of how to form the Gerund (-ing form) of a verb.

Grammar Rules:

1. Simply add “ing”to the end of the verb.

 eat - eating  cook - cooking
 speak - speaking  start - starting

2. Verbs ending with “-e”, drop the “-e” and add “ing”
 hope - hoping  make - making
 ride - riding  write - writing

EXCEPTION to this rule: Verb To Be

 be – being

3. Verbs ending with “-ee” just add “ing”

 agree - agreeing  see - seeing
 flee - fleeing

4. Verbs ending with “-ie”, change the “-ie” to “-y” and add “-ing”

28
  die - dying  lie - lying
 tie - tying

5. If the verb is one syllable and ends in consonant, vowel, consonant, double the last consonant and add “ing”
 jog - jogging  run - running
 sit - sitting  stop - stopping

EXCEPTION to this rule: Never duplicate “x, w, y, z”

 fix – fixing  know - knowing

6. If the verb is two syllables and ends in consonant, vowel, consonant:

-If the 1st syllable is stressed, just add ING -If the 2nd syllable is stressed , double the consonant and
add ING
 answer – answering admit - admitting
 offer – offering prefer - preferring
 listen – listening begin - beginning

USE OF GERUNDS.

 Gerunds function as Nouns.

-It can be the subject of a sentence.
 Smoking is bad for your health. (Smoking is the Subject)
 Swimming is the most complete sport. (Swimming is the Subject)

-It can be the object of a sentence.

 My idea of relaxation is reading a book in the back yard of my house. (Reading is the object)
 I hate watching horror movies. (Watching is the object)

 Gerunds often follow a preposition.

 Success depends on working hard. (On is a preposition so working is in gerund)
 Thanks for giving me a ride to school (for is a preposition so giving is in gerund)

 Gerunds are often used to mention items in a list.

 Good leaders are good at:
fixing goals, motivating people and producing creative ideas

Common verbs and phrases* that are followed by a gerund

 admit
 advise
 avoid
 be used to
 can’t help
 can’t stand
 consider
 deny
 discuss
 dislike
 end up
 enjoy
 feel like
 finish

29
  forget
 get used to
 give up
 go on
 have difficulty
 have problems
 have trouble
 imagine
 it’s no use
 it’s worthwhile
 keep
 look forward to
 mention
 mind
 miss
 recommend
 remember
 quit
 spend time
 stop
 suggest
 understand
 waste time
 work at

Link for modal verbs.

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/modals-exercises.html

DAY 8
ACTIVITY 1 VIDEO CLIPS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJMCctR8ivc

30
ACTIVITY 2 GRAMMAR

An infinitive verb is a verb with the word “to” in front of it. For example: to sleep, to eat, to work, etc.

Reference Lists –Infinitives

Common verbs* that are followed by an infinitive

 afford  expect  plan

 agree  fail  prepare
 appear  forget  pretend
 arrange  hope  promise
 ask  learn  refuse
 care  manage  remember
 decide  mean  seem
 demand  offer  stop

31
  volunteer  want
 wait  wish

*Partial list

Common verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive WITHOUT causing a change in
meaning
 Begin  like
 Continue  love
 hate  prefer
 intend  start

Common verbs that can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but WITH a change in meaning

 forget (infinitive: forget to do something /

gerund: forget doing something)

 regret (infinitive: regret to do something /

gerund: regret doing something)

 remember (infinitive: remember to do something

gerund: remember doing something)

 stop (infinitive: stop to do something

gerund: stop doing something)

Common verbs that are directly followed by a noun or object pronoun and then by an infinitive.
 advise  forbid  program
 allow  force  remind
 ask  hire  teach
 cause  instruct  tell
 challenge  invite  urge
 command  order  want
 convince  pay  warn
 expect  permit
4) We are looking forward to
____________________ (read) your new book.
EXERCISE 1 Use the GERUND or
5) I don’t enjoy ____________________ (go) to
INFINITIVE forms of the verbs as necessary: the dentist.
6) A: Did you remember ____________________
1) He gave up ____________________
(give) him the money?
(gamble).
B: No, I didn’t. I still have it in my pocket; but I
2) He told me ____________________ (try)
will see him tonight and I promise
____________________ (come) early.
________________ (not / forget)
3) I advised him ____________________ (ask)
this time.
the bus conductor ____________________ (tell)
7) I saw the plane __________ (crash) into the
him where
hill and ___________ (burst) into flames.
____________________ (get) off.

32
8) He is known for ____________________ (be)
the best surgeon in the country.
9) We don’t want anybody
____________________ (know) we are here.
10) A: Why didn’t you pay the bill?
B: I offered ________________ (pay), but he
refused.
11) He was accused of ____________________
(steal) the valuable vase.
12) I don’t feel like ____________ (work); what
about __________ (go) to a bar instead?
13) Imagine _______________ (live) with
someone who never stops ______________ (talk).
14) I hope she won’t go near the water. I warned
her _____________ (not / go) near it.
15) Try to avoid ____________________ (make)
him angry.
16) Would you mind __________________ (write)
your name on the back of the check?
17) After _______________ (read) this article, will
you give up ________________ (smoke)?
18) I suggest ____________________ (hold)
another meeting next week.
19) I have no intention of ____________________
(go) to that film; I couldn’t bear
____________________ (see) my
favorite actress in such a dreadful part.
20) Try ____________________ (forget) about it;
it’s not worth __________________ (worry) about
it.
21) I advise you ____________________ (start)
____________________ (look) for a apartment at
once.
22) He hates ____________________ (answer)
the phone, and very often just lets it ring.
23) It is usually easier ____________________
(learn) a subject by _________________ (read)
books than by
____________________ (listen) to lectures.
24) Don’t forget __________________ (lock) the
door before _________________ (go) to bed.
25) I arranged ____________________ (meet)
them here.
EXERCISE L4.1Listen to the following
recording. And answer the questions.
Story number 2.
1) What does Mary love about visiting her parents?
_________________________________________
_______________
2) Does she ever miss living with her parents?
_________________________________________
___________________
3) What does she remember about living at home?
_________________________________________
________________
4) What is she looking forward to doing at home?
_________________________________________
________________
5) What does Mary decide to do while she waits for
her parents?
_________________________________________
____
ACTIVITY 3 LISTENING
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/
skills/listening/b2-listening/best-job-world
4:53 MINUTES
Listen to the information about the “best
job in the world” competition and do the
exercises to practice and improve your
listening skills.
33
Subject + verb + complement.

ACTIVITY 4 READING

https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/biden-leave-isolation-negative-covid-test-white-house-
says-rcna40196

34
Links for gerunds and infinitives.
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-1.html

DAY 9
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_yIykgKbeQ

This is a movie clip there they use “must”. 2:41 minutes.

35
ACTIVITY 2 LISTENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmjeUnkUwnw

This is a 25:46 minute movie clip of different movies.

CONVERSATION

1.- Do you like animated films? Why or why not?

2.- Which is your favorite animated film? Why?
3.- Do you have Disney?
4.-

ACTIVITY 3 READING

https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/27/politics/joe-biden-negative-covid-test/index.html

This reading is from CNN.

CONVERSATION

1.- What do you think about Biden?

2.- Do you watch the news from USA?
3.- Do you read newspapers from USA?
4.- What did you learn from COVID?
5.- What do you think or feel when you see that a famous person had COVID?
6.-

ACTIVITY 4 GRAMMAR

ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE

To understand PASSIVE voice, we must first understand ACTIVE voice.
ACTIVE voice is when the SUBJECT does the action of the verb.

Example: J.K. Rolling wrote her first Harry Potter book in 1997. In this example J.K. Rolling is the
subject and wrote is the verb. This is an active sentence because the subject J.K Rolling is doing the
action of the verb “wrote”.

36
WHY DO WE USE THE PASSIVE VOICE?

1) We don’t know who does the action, or it is understood who did the action.
The fire has been put out.
2) It is not important who does the action.
A new bridge is being built.
3) The action is more important than the person or thing that does it.
Fords are assembled in Dearborn Michigan.
HOW DO WE CHANGE AN ACTIVE SENTENCE TO A PASSIVE SENTENCE?
I. Identify the SUBJECT (noun).
II. Identify the VERB and verb tense.
III. Ask yourself: Is the noun doing the action of the verb or receiving the action of the verb?
IV. Identify the DIRECT OBJECT of the sentence. (Remember that the direct object receives the action of the
verb)
Example: The police officer arrested the criminal in the middle of the night when we were all sleeping.

The police officer arrested the criminal

The criminal was arrested by the police officer (optional)

Passive voice Structure

Subject + the verb “to be” + the past participle of the main verb + complement

Example: The criminal was arrested in the middle of the night when we were all sleeping.

NOTE: The verb tense remains the same. NO CHANGE!

EXERCISE 1 Change the sentences into the passive voice.

1) We should clean these windows before tomorrow.

The windows should be cleaned………………………..

2) The workers gave the boss some flowers.

Some flowers were given to the boss by the workers. doubt

3) The police followed the thieves into a building.

The thieves were followed by the police into a building.

37
4) The mechanic can’t fix my car.
My car can´t be fixed by the mechanic.

5) The neighbour has told us the news.

The news has been told to us by the neighbour.

EXERCISE 2 Change the sentences from active to passive or vice versa.

1) The instructions have been changed.

Someone ______ ___________________ the instructions.

2) She will have to be taught our procedures. passive

Someone__ _____________________ her. active

3) This car was manufactured in Japan by Toyota. Passive. Este auto fue manufacturado…….

Toyota __ _______________ this car in Japan. active

4) Why aren't the exercises being finished on time? Passive voice

Why aren’t they finishing _________________ the exercises on time? Active voice. students

5) Last year 2,000 new units by the time we introduced the new design. passive

We had produced 2,000 new units by the time we introduced the new design last year. active

Links for active and passive voice

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/passive-voice-exercises.html

DAY 10
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wp11_oeFN-I

This is a video of friends. It is 20 minutes long.

38
CONVERSATION

1.- Had you seen friends before?

2.- Do you like this series?
3.- Which are your favorite series?
4.- Have you ever invited a friend to a class that you are taking?
5.- What do you think about what Rachel did?
6.- Would you have done the same?
7.- How do you think Phoebe feel?

ACTIVITY 2 GRAMMAR

1.- An old woman feeds the pigeons. __________________________________________

2.- Bertha will send the package. _______________________________________________
3.- Harry has washed the car. _________________________________________________
4.- Megan is cooking chicken. _________________________________________________

39
ACTIVITY 3 READING

https://www.englishcurrent.com/grammar/teaching-gerunds-infinitives-activities/

CONVERSATION
1.- What do you think about McDonald’s?
2.- What do you know about McDonald’s?
3.- Did you watch the movie about McDonald’s?
4.-

Links for passive voice.

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/passive-voice-exercises.html

DAY 11
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING
This is a video that contains news. 10:00 minutes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fPHpwH9CPI

CONVERSATION
1.- What do you think about the woman who gives the news?
2.- Where is she from?
3.- Did you understand her English?
4.- Do you like to watch news about economy?
5.- Do you know much about economy?
6.- Is it important to know about economy?
7.- Do you know how to manage your money?
8.- How do you spend your money?

ACTIVITY 2 READING
https://english.elpais.com/society/2022-07-27/the-heat-can-make-you-gain-up-to-four-kilos-how-to-
avoid-liquid-retention.html

This is a reading from el país. A newspaper in English.

CONVERSATION
1.- What do you think about what we have just read?
2.- Did you know this?
3.- Has it happened to you?
4.- was it interesting? Why?
5.- what called your attention the most?

40
ACTIVITY 3 GRAMMAR

Tag Questions

Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. Question tags are the short
questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly in spoken English. They are often used
for checking information or to confirm something that we think we know is true. They mean something
like: "Is that right?" or "Do you agree?"
See the summary charts.

41
42
**NOTE** Negative question tags are contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not “is it not”)

EXERCISE 1 Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.

1) Mr. McGuinness is from Ireland, ______________________________?
2) The car isn't in the garage, _________ _____________________?
3) You are John, ________ ______________________?
4) She went to the library yesterday, ______________? Go, went
5) He didn't recognize me, ______________________________?
6) My old car pollutes the environment, ______________________________?
7) Mr. Pritchard has been to Scotland recently, ______________________________?

43
8) I am in the right class, ______________________________?
9) He won't tell her, ______________________________?
10) Hugh has had dogs before, ______________________________?
11) You can't hear me, ___________________________?
12) I'm next, __________________________?
13) She already knew him, _________________________?
14) They haven't met, _______________________?
15) They don't like me, ______________________?

Links for tag questions

https://agendaweb.org/grammar/questions_tag-exercises.html

44
DAY 12
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qR2w2SihYdk

This is a video from the movie Thor. 4:20

El video ya no está disponible 15 de diciembre 2022.

ACTIVITY 2 READING

Do you like eating out? Check out these reviews of the trendiest places to eat and improve your reading skills and
answer the questions:
Food and restaurants

Are you looking for somewhere special to go this weekend? Do you want to try something new? Check out one of these
hot new restaurants.
• Last Days of the Raj
A centrally located Indian restaurant, perfect for eating before or after the cinema or a show. In summer enjoy your meal
in the beautiful garden. The most popular dishes are lamb and chicken cooked with mild, medium or hot spices. For brave
customers there is extra hot!
• A Taste of Tuscany
Whether you would like a great value-for-money lunch or a relaxed evening meal in stylish surroundings, this is the place
for you. The chefs have all been trained in Italy and they make both traditional and contemporary dishes. We recommend
the pasta and seafood.
• Your Local Caff
Do you remember when cafés served full English breakfasts – sausages, beans, fried bread, bacon and eggs – with a
strong cup of tea? Well, this place still does and you can have your breakfast at any time you like during the day while
you listen to your favorite tunes from the 1980s.
• The Lemon Tree
This pretty restaurant serves healthy food that’s tasty too. Come in for a vegetarian snack at lunchtime or a great fruit
smoothie or a cappuccino and a delicious piece of cake in the afternoon. Food is bought from local producers whenever
possible.

• Cheesy Bites
A restaurant that only serves cheese, but hundreds of cheeses from many countries and in lots of different forms. They
serve reasonably priced lunches but dinner can be expensive. Lovely food and a very elegant dining room, looking onto an
amazing flower garden.
• Fast Best

45
Fast food doesn’t have to be junk food, as this café proves. Would you like a really good hamburger made with the best
ingredients, or old-fashioned fish and chips fried to perfection, all on the table in super-quick time? Speed and quality are
important here, and the prices are not bad either.
• The Chocolate Box
The owner of this small café used to cook all kinds of food, but then she realized she preferred desserts to anything else. If
you want meat or fish, don’t come here. They only do desserts! Lots of different kinds of sweets. Chocolate lovers will be
excited by the range of chocolate cakes.
• Musical Chairs
Have you noticed how music improves the taste of your food? This new restaurant has different types of live music every
night except Sundays, and excellent food to go with it. Great fish dishes, steak and pizza. Monday is classic rock night, so
see you there!

EXERCISE 1 Answer the following questions:

1) Where would you most likely find the Indian restaurant? __________________________________________________

2) How can A Taste of Tuscany be described economically speaking? _________________________________________

3) What type of food would you expect to find at A Taste of Tuscany? Why? ____________________________________

4) What is the defining quality of Fast Best? ______________________________________________________________

5) Which two restaurants would you avoid if you were lactose intolerant? ______________________________________

6) What do all these restaurants have in common? _________________________________________________________

7) According to the article how are music and food related? __________________________________________________

EXERCISE 2 Circle True or False for these sentences. Circle

1) The last day of Raj serves an extra spicy dish. T/F

2) Fast Best sacrifices the speed of fast food to offer quality meals. T/F
3) The Chocolate Box also prepares fish. T/F
4) In a Taste of Tuscany, all chefs are Italian. T/F
5) The Lemon Tree always buys from local producers. T/F
6) Your local caff is a great place to catch a great cup of coffee. T/F
CONVERSATION
1.- Do you like to eat?
2.- do you like candies?
3.- Do you like weird food?
4.- What is the weirdest food that you have ever eaten?
5.- Have you ever eaten Indian food? Thai food? Chinese food? Japanese food? French food? Italian food? Cantonese
food?
6.- What is more important for you in a restaurant? The price? The service? The experience? The decoration?
7.- Have you ever been a waiter? Would you like to be one? Why or why not?

46
ACTIVITY 3 LISTENING
This is a page where you are going to find many exercises of listening and you must complete them with gerunds or
infinitives.
https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/
Listening_Lab_Exercise_19_infinitives.html

This is the front page of the listening lab, where you find exercises for listening practice. In this page you can choose the
grammar you want.
https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab.html

ACTIVITY 4 GRAMMAR

RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative clauses are non-essential parts of a sentence. They may add meaning, but if they are removed, the
sentence will still function grammatically. There are two broad types of relative clauses in English. It is
important to distinguish between them because it affects the choice of pronoun used to introduce the clause.
A relative clause begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when
two sentences are combined.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.

→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.

→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

RELATIVE CLAUSE USE SUBSTITUTES:

can substitute for subject
Who For People nouns/pronouns
(he, she, we, they)
This is the doctor. The doctor cured me – This is the doctor who cured me.
can substitute for object
Whom For People nouns/pronouns
(him, her, us, them)
This is Susan. I went to school with her. This is Susan whom I went to school with.
can substitute for possessive
Whose For People nouns/pronouns

47
 (his, hers, our, their)
Steve is angry. Steve’s car was stolen yesterday. - Steve, whose car was stolen yesterday, is angry.
That For People or things can be either subject or object
This is the doctor. The doctor killed the patient. - This is the doctor that killed the patient.
New York is a City. New York has a lot of traffic. - New York is a city that has a lot of traffic.
Can be either subject or object
Can be used in non-restrictive
Which For things relative clauses
Can also be used in restrictive
relative clauses
My car broke down. I bought my car last week. – My car, which I bought last week, broke down.
When For time can be either subject or object
I always wake up at 7pm. At 7pm my alarm rings. - I always wake up at 7 when my alarm rings
Where For places can be either subject or object
John lives in California. There are a lot of blackouts in California. – John lives in California where there
are a lot of blackouts.
Why Reasons / Explaining can be either subject or object
things
Drama movies have a long run time. I hate drama movies. - Long run time is why I hate drama movies.

 Relative pronoun as subject (in red):

I like the person. The person was nice to me.
I like the person who was nice to me.
I hate the dog. The dog bit me.
I hate the dog that bit me.
I am moving to Louisville, KY. It is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
I am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
 Relative pronoun as object (in red):
I like the bike. My father gave me the bike.
I like the bike that my father gave me.

Defining relative clauses:

 The relative pronoun is the subject:.

We can use “who”, “which” or “that”. We use “who” for people and “which” for things. We can use
'that' for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can't drop the
relative pronoun.

• I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
• She has a son who / that is a doctor.

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 • We bought a house which / that is 200 years old. Which=la cual
• I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

• The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
• The man who / that phoned is my brother.
• The camera which / that costs $100 is over there.
• The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.
Links for relative clauses.
https://agendaweb.org/grammar/relative_pronouns_clauses-exercises.html

DAY 13
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDhKXA27Xcs
This is a video of friends with passive voice. 2 minutes.

ACTIVITY 2 GRAMMAR

The relative pronoun is the object:

If the relative pronoun is the object of the clause we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again,
the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:
Clause after the object
• She loves the chocolate which / that I bought.
• We went to the village which / that Lucy recommended.
• John met a woman who / that I had been to school with.
• The police arrested a man who / that Jill worked with.
Clause after the subject
• The bike which / that I loved was stolen.
• The university which / that she likes is famous.
• The woman who / that my brother loves is from Mexico.
• The doctor who / that my grandmother liked lives in New York.

49
The relative pronoun is the object:
If the relative pronoun is the object of the clause we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again,
the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:
Clause after the object
• She loves the chocolate which / that I bought.
• We went to the village which / that Lucy recommended.
• John met a woman who / that I had been to school with.
• The police arrested a man who / that Jill worked with.
Clause after the subject
• The bike which / that I loved was stolen.
• The university which / that she likes is famous.
• The woman who / that my brother loves is from Mexico.
• The doctor who / that my grandmother liked lives in New York.

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use “that” in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use “which” if the pronoun refers
to a thing, and “who” if it refers to a person. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause,
even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.

Clause comes after the subject

• My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
• My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
• My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.

• My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

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 Clause comes after the object

• Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

• The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.

• Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.

• I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

EXERCISE 1 Complete the sentences in the job advertisement with “who”, “whose” or “which”

The University of Celaya was founded by Raul Nieto, 1) _______________ had the vision of providing a world

class education to the citizens of the Bajio region. The university, 2) _______________ has been recognized

both, nationally and internationally, has just completed its 30th anniversary. The University is led by Dra.

Martha Aguilar, 3) _______________ title is rector, and is assisted By Dr. Moises Mendoza, 4)

_______________ is the Vice rector. The university has signed many agreements with other universities

around the world, 5) _______________ allows students to participate in many exchange programs. Each year

the university looks for a highly educated person, 6) _______________ is selected by a special committee, to

give the commencement speech at graduation. The speaker, 7) ______________ political views don’t

necessarily represent the views of the university, is always welcome to express his or her views openly in a

way they believe will motivate the graduates.

Links for relative clauses.

https://agendaweb.org/grammar/relative_pronouns_clauses-exercises.html

51
ACTIVITY 3 READING

Five horror film clichés

Since almost the beginning of cinema, we have had scary films. Of all the genres that exist, horror is perhaps
one of the most conventional. Many horror films rely on specific plot devices, also called tropes, to make their
audience frightened. When a trope is used too much, it can become a cliché. But when used well, it can really
make us jump out of our skin. Here are some of the most used, and perhaps abused, clichés in horror films.

No matter what kind of house it is, the basement is a scary place in horror films. That's usually where
something is hiding or where the evil psychopath has hidden their tools. Basements are always dark and often
damp. You can only reach them by a narrow staircase. And basements are always creepy, even when there
isn't anything down there.

In older horror films, when protagonists were in desperation, it was difficult or impossible for them to call for
help or call the police. Mobile phones have made that situation a bit less believable now. What's the solution to
maintain suspense? No phone coverage! If you're a hero in a horror film, it's almost certain that at a key
moment, just when you absolutely need to call for help, you will not have any coverage at all. Or your phone
battery will die just as you are making the call. Or both.

Horror films love uninhabited places. This could be an abandoned hospital, a scary empty house or a ghost
town. There's something about lonely, empty places. What was it like when people lived there? Why did they
leave? Maybe it's also that they are so quiet, which can be very scary too. Of course, abandoned places are
also handy for horror film directors in that it's more believable that you will have no phone coverage there
either (see above).

The hero has been driving for hours. It's night-time and it's beginning to rain. Suddenly he sees a person on
the side of the road. Maybe the company will keep him awake? In horror films, giving anybody a ride is
asking for trouble. The hero always does it, and it always ends badly.

This horror film cliché was especially popular with horror films of the late 20th century. It starts with a group of
teenagers all enjoying themselves, and it ends with everyone dead except one girl. At the beginning the girl is

52
usually innocent, shy and not particularly strong. By the end, she has become the toughest and most
resourceful person in the world. The last girl almost always wins in the end.

DAY 14
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pl9oc13p534

Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep. 5:40

ACTIVITY 2 READING

https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jul/28/monkeypox-vaccine-australia-eligibility-side-

effects-what-available-can-you-get-it-and-who-should

This is an article from the guardian.

ACTIVITY 3 LISTENING

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/c1-listening/a-project-management-meeting

ACTIVITY 4 GRAMMAR
REPORTED SPEECH (ALSO KNOWN AS INDIRECT SPEECH)
Direct Speech or Quoted speech refers to reproducing a speaker´s exact words. Quotation marks are used.
Example: Annie said, “I am hungry”
Tom said, “I need my pen”

53
REPORTED SPEECH or Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of a speaker´s words. Not all of the speaker´s
exact words are used: verb forms and pronouns may change. Quotation marks are not used.

Example: Ann said (that) she was hungry

Tom said (that) he needed his pen

VERB FORM USAGE IN REPORTED SPEECH: FORMAL SEQUENCE OF TENSES

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Present Simple Past Simple
He said, “I write poems”. He says (that) he writes poems.
He said (that) he wrote poems.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
He said, “I am looking for my keys”. He said (that) he was looking for his keys.
Past Simple Past Perfect
He said, “I visited New York last year”. He said (that) he had visited New York the previous year.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
He said, “I have lived here a long time”. He said (that) he had lived there for a long time.
am/is/are going to Was / were going to
He said, “I am going to work harder”. He said (that) he was going to work harder.
Will Would
He said, “I will graduate this semester”. He said (that) he would graduate this semester.
Can Could
He said, “I can help you after work”. He said (that) he could help me after work.
May Might
He said, “I may go to the concert on Saturday”. He said (that) he might go to the concert on Saturday.
Have to Had to
He said, “I have to study for the exam”. He said (that) he had to study for the exam.
Must Had to
He said, “I must get to class on time today. He said (that) he had to get to class on time today.
Should Should
He said, “I should try to quit smoking”. He said (that) he should try to quit smoking.
Order
He said, “Stop that”! He told me to stop that.
Question using do
He said, “Do you need help with this?” He asked (me) if I needed help with that.
Question using why He asked (me) why I drove so recklessly.
He said, “Why do you drive so recklessly?”

Verb tense guide chart

VERB TENSE CHANGES TO:

Simple present Simple past

Present continuous Past continuous

Simple past Past perfect

Present perfect Past perfect

54
 Past perfect Past perfect

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

Will Would

Can Could

May Might

Must Had to

A command No change

Sometimes, especially in speaking, the verb in the noun clause is not changed if the speaker is reporting something
immediately or soon after it was said.

Immediate reporting: Annie: “I am hungry”.

Alex: What did Annie just say? I didn´t hear her.
Betty: She said that she is hungry.

Later reporting: Alex: What did Annie say when she got home last night?
Betty: She said that she was hungry.

Also, sometimes the present tense is retained when the reported sentence deals with a general truth.
Example: The teacher: “The world is round”.
The teacher said that the world is round.

Links for reported speech

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/reported_speech-exercises.html

55
DAY 15
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMoEPh0Z6WI

56
ACTIVITY 2 READING

https://www.economist.com/united-states/2022/07/28/californias-governor-takes-aim-at-texas-with-a-

new-gun-law

ACTIVITY 3 GRAMMAR

USING SAY or TELL

Ann: “I am hungry”.

(a) Ann said (that) she was hungry Say is followed immediately by a noun clause

(b) Ann told me (that) she was hungry Tell is not followed immediately by a noun clause.
(c ) Ann told us (that) she was hungry Tell is followed immediately by a ((pro)noun

57
 (d) Ann told John (that) she was hungry object (ex., me, us, John, someone) and then by a
(e) Ann told someone (that) she was hungry noun clause

He said, “I will be late” Reported speech: He told me he would be late.

He said he would be late
He said to me he would be late
EXERCISE 2 Choose the best response:
1) "He will come tomorrow." She told me that he ________ tomorrow.
a) is coming b) will come c) would come
2) "I see the clouds." He told me that she ________ the clouds.
a) sees b) is seeing c) saw
3) "My mother is taking the bus to work tomorrow." He told me that his mother ________ the bus to work tomorrow.
a) is taking b) was taking c) will take
4) "I will call you." I told her that I ________ her.
a) will call b) would call c) would have called
5) "I have been there." She told me that she _______ there.
a) had been b) has been c) was
6) "I will be studying tomorrow." I told him that I _______ tomorrow.
a) will be studying b) would be studying c) will study
7) "Open the window!" He asked me ________ the window.
a) to open b) open c) opened
8)"I am happy." She told me that she ________ happy.
a) has been b) is c) was
9) "I have seen that movie." He told me that he ________ that movie.
a) had seen b) will have seen c) has seen
10) "I am flying to India tomorrow." He told me that he _______ tomorrow.
a) is flying b) was flying c) will fly

Links for reported speech

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/reported_speech-exercises.html

DAY 16
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING

58
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdVJb8D0eT8

ACTIVITY 2 GRAMMAR
ERCISE 1 Look up the use of each connector in the dictionary. Then write a sentence showing you
understand its use by sentences.
1) Moreover ___________________________________________________________________________________
2) As well as __________________________________________________________________________________
3) Furthermore _________________________________________________________________________________
4) Whereas ____________________________________________________________________________________
5) Otherwise __________________________________________________________________________________
6) Despite _____________________________________________________________________________________

59
 7) Nevertheless ________________________________________________________________________________
8) Due to _____________________________________________________________________________________
9) For instance _________________________________________________________________________________
10) In other words _______________________________________________________________________________
11) Therefore ___________________________________________________________________________________
12) Henceforth __________________________________________________________________________________
13) To sum up __________________________________________________________________________________
14) In either case ________________________________________________________________________________
15) In order to __________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences using the correct transition word:

1) Mary's work is wonderful _________________ she got a raise.
a. Therefore b. Furthermore c. Despite
2) Lucie was a terrible employee; _____________________ that she got promoted.
a. Whenever b. Due to c. Despite
3) We hope to receive the order on time; _____________________we will cancel.
a. Nevertheless b. In other words c. Otherwise
4) Bernie had worked here for 30 years;__________________he was laid off.
a. Whereas b. Therefore c. Nevertheless
5) __________________ increased production, we are looking for more full time workers.
a. Due to b. To sum up c. Prior to
6) She was attractive; _____________________she was really beautiful.
a. In other words b. Alongside c. Furthermore
7) _______________________ the boss arrives, I am the one who makes rules.
a. Whenever b. Until c. For instance
8) The director will receive you ______________________ he can.
a. Whenever b. Whereas c. Despite
9) _____________________ fulfill his contract, he will have to submit his sketches by Friday.
a. In other words b. In either case c. In order to
10) We have expanded our company; _______________________ we have reduced our production cost.
a. Alongside b. Furthermore c. Henceforth

ACTIVITY 3 READING

https://www.lyrarc.com/articles/66761-biden-might-soon-ease-chinese-tariffs-in-a-decision-fraught-
with-policy-tensions?tag_search=all-topics

THAILAND

60
Whether you're travelling to the islands or the mountains of Thailand, you're likely to
spend at least one night in its capital city on the way. Bangkok might be noisy and polluted
but it's also an exciting city with plenty of things to see and do. Why not make it a longer
stay?

Where to stay
The Khao San Road was a famous traveller spot even before Leonardo di Caprio's
character in the film The Beach stayed there. But it's noisy, not very pretty and not very
Thai. For something more authentic, Phra Kanong offers an alternative place to stay, with
its fantastic street markets where everyday Bangkok people eat, work and live. It's not as
convenient for the main tourist sites, but it has a Skytrain station so you can be at the
Grand Palace in 20 minutes.

How to get around.

Bangkok's traffic can be a nightmare. Sure, you can easily take a taxi – if you want to
spend hours stuck in traffic jams – but there are two much better ways to get around the
city. To explore the temples and historical sites, catch an express boat river taxi or a
longtail boat along the Chao Phraya river and the canals. For the modern part of the city,
the Skytrain is a fast, cheap way to travel from the river to the shopping malls and nightlife
of Sukhumvit, and the famous Chatuchak street market.

Where to eat
The simple answer is: everywhere! Thai street food is among the best in the world, and for
around $5 you can eat a filling and delicious meal. Some food stands have little plastic
seats where you can sit and eat and they cook the same dish over and over, like fried
chicken on rice or Pad Thai noodles. Head for Chinatown – Yaowarat Street – and choose
whatever looks most interesting from the many excellent Chinese and Thai restaurants
and food stands.  

What to do
After you've seen the main sites like the Giant Buddha at the temple of Wat Pho and the
spectacular Grand Palace, and shopped at Chatuchak market, check out the snake farm
and watch the live snake show. You can even touch a snake yourself if you want to!

Links for conjunctions.

https://agendaweb.org/grammar/conjunctions-exercises.html

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DAY 17
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=on4bHNdUm-I

ACTIVITY 2 READING

Are you suffering from FOMO – that is, Fear Of Missing Out? - Research shows that a growing number of
young people are. With worrying consequences for their sleep and schoolwork. Read the blog post to find out
more and answer the questions:
FOMO
by Mr Braddock, Sixth Form teacher
Everybody knows how important it is for students to get a good night’s sleep every night. You are not able to
do your best and keep up with all of your responsibilities unless you sleep well. I am sure you already know
that you should go to bed at a reasonable hour. Most experts agree that the optimum number of hours is eight,
and this has been accepted as common sense for as long as I can remember. However, I was young once and
I know that most of you get much less sleep than that – and in some cases it will be affecting your schoolwork.

62
I read an interesting article in a teachers’ magazine recently. They did a study of 848 students in Wales.
Worryingly, the results showed that teenagers are facing a new problem. They may go to bed and get up at
appropriate times but a growing number are waking up in the middle of the night, not to use the bathroom or to
have a snack but because of a new phenomenon: FOMO – fear of missing out!

According to the article, schoolchildren are suffering because of a growing trend to wake up during the night to
check social media. Afraid of missing a comment or opportunity to take part in a chat, teenagers are waking at
all times of the night, going online and getting involved. All this when they should be sound asleep.

Experts are worried about this growing trend and the report reveals some worrying statistics that I would like to
share with you:
• 23% of 12 to 15-year-olds wake up nearly every night to use social media. Another 15% wake up at
night once a week for the same reason.
• One in three students are constantly tired and unable to function to their full capacity.
• Students who use social media during the night are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety.

So, I would like to ask you to be responsible when it comes to social media. Be brave! Switch off your devices
at night. The world won’t end and your social media will be waiting to greet you in the morning! I give you my
word that you won't have missed anything important.

EXERCISE 1 Answer the questions in full sentences based on the article.

1) What does FOMO stand for?

2) Why is it important for people to get a good night’s sleep?
3) How many hours of sleep is recommended and what is the recommendation based on?

4) What new problems are teens dealing with nowadays and what is its main negative effect?

5) Why do 15% of young people wake up in the middle of the night at least once a week?

6) What challenge does the author make to the readers of this article?

EXERCISE 2 Decide if the following sentences are True or false based on the article. Circle your

answer.

1) Many people get less than the recommended hours of sleep with no side effects. T / F
2) The study mentioned was conducted in Great Britain. T / F
3) The article suggests that in the past people would wake up for a midnight snack. T / F
4) Many school children are chatting when they should be sleeping. T / F
5) Only a third of all school children are functioning at their best. T / F
6) Students who use social media in the middle of the night find themselves
relaxed and happier because they are connected and have not missed anything. T / F

63
ACTIVITY 2 GRAMMAR

64
65
Links for connectors.

https://agendaweb.org/grammar/conjunctions.html

DAY 18
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NS4CbBJQ84

66
 ACTIVITY 2 READING

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/c1-reading/a-threat-to-bananas

67
ACTIVITY 3 GRAMMAR

https://www.examenglish.com/TOEIC/TOEIC_listening_part3.htm
TOEIC Conversations.

68
DAY 19
ACTIVITY 1 LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dYk99S98Jc

69
ACTIVITY 2 LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rW-Y23Kp6Eo

70
ACTIVITY 3 GRAMMAR

https://www.examenglish.com/TOEIC/TOEIC_listening_part4.htm
TOEIC Talks.

ACTIVITY 5 READING

https://sanmigueltimes.com/

71
THE END
THANKS

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