Lecture - 1 - P2 Introduction To Machinery Principles: Main Contents of The Lecture 1

2/22/2019
Lecture -1 – P2
Introduction to Machinery Principles
Dr. Bui Minh Duong
Main Contents of the Lecture 1
1.1 Energy Conversion by Electrical Machines

1.2 The Magnetic Field (từ trường)
1.3 The Ampere´s Law
1.4 The Faraday´s Law and the Development of Force
1.5 Arrow System, Balance of Power and Efficiency
1.6 Phasor Diagram and Locus Diagram
1.7 Classification of Electrical Machines
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1.1 Energy Conversion by Electrical Machines
Electrical machines are electromagnetic or electromechanical energy converters.
Example 1: Electromagnetic Energy Conversion (Transformer)
Electrical Energy Electrical Energy with

other parameters
Example 2: Electromechanical Energy Conversion (Motor - Generator)
Electrical Energy Electrical Energy
Mechanical Energy
GENERATOR
MOTOR
Mechanical Energy
1.1 Energy Conversion by Electrical Machines (cont.)
• An electrical machine is a device that can convert either mechanical

energy to electrical energy or electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• Generator is used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.
• Motor is used to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• The transformer is an electrical device that is closely related to

electrical machines. It converts AC electrical energy at one voltage level to
AC electrical energy at another voltage level.
Through the action of a “magnetic field”
HOW?
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1.2 Rotational motion, Newton’s law, and power relationships
• Angular Position : in radians or degrees. It corresponds to the

linear concept of distance along a line.
• Angular Velocity (speed) : is the rate of change in angular position
with respect to time, in radians per second.
m angular velocity expressed in radians per second (rad/s)

fm angular velocity expressed in revolutions per second (rev/s)
nm angular velocity expressed in revolutions per minute (rpm)
• Angular Acceleration : Angular acceleration is the rate of change

in angular velocity with respect to time, in radians per second
squared (rad/s2).
• Torque : When an object is rotating, its angular velocity is constant

unless a torque is present on it. The torque or twisting action on
the cylinder depends on: (1) the magnitude of the applied force and
(2) the distance between the axis of rotation and the line of action
of the force.
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Counter
clockwise
With:
F is the applied force
 is the angle between the vector r and the vector F.
• Newton’s Law of Rotation: Newton's law for objects moving along a

straight line describes the relationship between the force applied to an
object and its resulting acceleration.
(N)
(kg)
(m/s2)
where  is the net applied torque in newton-meters (Nm) or pound-feet and

 is the resulting angular acceleration in radians per second squared (rad/s2).
J is the moment of inertia of the object (kgm2).
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• Work :
If a constant force is applied collinearly with the direction of motion,

(cùng đường thẳng)
For rotational motion, work is the application of a torque through an angle.
• Power :
Power is measured in watts (W), torque in newton-meters (Nm), and

speed in radians per second (rad/s).
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1.3 The Magnetic Field (MF)
Four basic principles describe how magnetic fields are used in electric
machines.
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire if it (The variable magnetic field)
passes through that coil. (This is the basis of transformer action.)
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force (Magnetomotive force
induced on it. (This is the basis of motor action.) --> Lực từ động)
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage induced

in it. (This is the basis of generator action.)
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Production of a Magnetic Field
1. Ampere’s Law – the basic law governing the production of a magnetic

field by a current:
where H is the magnetic field intensity (cường độ từ trường) produced by

the current Inet and is a differential element of length along the path of
integration. H is measured in Ampere-turns per meter.
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Consider a current-carrying conductor is wrapped around a ferromagnetic

core:
Ferromagnetic material
All the magnetic field
produced by the current
will remain inside the
core, so the path of
integration in Ampere's
law is the mean path
length of the core ( )
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H (Ampere turns per meter) is known as the “effort”

required to induce/establish a magnetic field.
The strength of the Ferromagnetic material

magnetic field flux (từ
thông) produced in the
core also depends on the
material of the core.
Characterising of the magnetic

field is the magnetic flux,
magnetic flux density, and
magnetic permeability
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(B – Cảm ứng từ, mật độ từ thông (T);

 – Độ từ thẩm của vật liệu từ (H/m);
H – Cường độ từ trường (A.rev/m))
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A – cross sectional area throughout the core

Assuming that the flux density in the ferromagnetic core is constant
throughout hence constant A, the equation simplifies to be:
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Production of a Magnetic Field (Summary)
B - magnetic flux density (T);  - magnetic flux (Wb);  - permeability (H/m);

A - cross section (m2), H – magnetic flux density (force) (A.rev/m)
Important relations:
[Vs/m² - material equation of the magnetic field
 = 0 r Vs/Am - absolute permeability (coefficient of material)
0 = 1,256*10-6 Vs/A m - natural permeability (magnetic constant)
r - relative permeability (depending on material)
Vs - magnetic flux
[A] - magnetic-voltage drop

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ferromagnetic: iron, alloys;

0 Nonlinear
and
technical
relevance
ferrimagnetic: ferrite;0
paramagnetic: palladium; 0
antiferromagnetic: air;  =0
diamagnetic: copper, silicon, water; <0

cold-rolled sheets
Neukurve - virgin curve

Remanenz - remanance Br
Koerzitiv-
cast steel
feldstärke - coercitvity - Hk
stainless steel
partielle Hysteresekurve -
- partiel hysteresis loop
grey iron
Characteristics of technically
Hysteresis loop
important materials 18
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The natural permeability (natural constant) is 0 = 1.256*10-6 Vs/Am.
Ferro- and ferrimagnetic materials only have technical relevance with a relative
permeability r ≥1000 depending on magnetic field strength and hysteresis loop.
Magnetic soft materials have a small enclosed area of the hysteresis loop and a
minimal coercitivity (applied in transformers, rotating electrical machines – FeSi-
bonds).
Magnetic hard materials have a big enclosed area of the hysteresis loop and a
maximum coercitivity (applied for permanent magnets – hard steels, rare-earth
bonds).
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Coils are classified:
- If the connection between the windings is realized by air or by means of an

iron core, whose absolute permeability is essentially higher than air according
to design (e. g. disc coil, cylindrical coil, coil with toroidal core, spiral
winding, core with or without air gap, ...).
Coils were applicated for reactors in power transmission, in transformers and

electrical machines, smoothing reactors in power electronics, in relays and filters, ...
Standards exist for transformers, reactors and electrical machines (e. g. in

Germany DIN VDE standards 0530 and 0532 or international standards EU and
IEC)
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Field Distribution (examples)
iron air
iron
To the interpretation of field distribution Field at a pol-shoe edge
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Magnetic Circuits:
- In a simple electric circuit, the voltage source drives a current around the
circuit through a resistance .
- The corresponding quantity in the magnetic circuit is called the
magnetomotive force, F (mmf), ampere-turns. The magnetomotive force of
the magnetic circuit is equal to the effective current flow applied to the core.22
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Magnetic Circuits (cont.):

- The positive end of the mmf source is the end from which the flux exits.
- The negative end of the mmf source is the end at which the flux re-enters.
- The polarity of the mmf from a coil of wire-the right-hand rule: If the fingers
of the right hand curl in the direction of the current flow in a coil of wire, then
the thumb will point in the direction of the positive mmf.
(lực từ động)
(từ thông)
(từ trở của mạch từ)
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Magnetic Circuits (cont.):
F = phi * R
- The reluctance of the core is: (A.turns/Wb)
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Example 1. A ferromagnetic core is shown in Figure. Three sides of this core are of uniform
width, while the fourth side is somewhat thinner. The depth of the core (into the page) is
10 cm, and the other dimensions are shown in the figure. There is a 200-turn coil wrapped
around the left side of the core. Assuming relative permeability r of 2500. How much
total flux will be produced by a 1-A input current?
top, bottom, and left sides are 15cm;
right side is 10cm
depth is 10cm
N=200 turns; I = 1A
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Example 1. A ferromagnetic core is shown in Figure. Three sides of this core are of uniform
width, while the fourth side is somewhat thinner. The depth of the core (into the page) is
10 cm, and the other dimensions are shown in the figure. There is a 200-turn coil wrapped
around the left side of the core. Assuming relative permeability r of 2500. How much
total flux will be produced by a 1-A input current?
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Example 2. A ferromagnetic core whose mean path length is 40 cm. There is a small gap of
0.05 cm in the structure of the otherwise whole core. The cross-sectional area of the core
is 12 cm2, the relative permeability (r) of the core is 4000, and the coil of wire on the core
has 400 turns. Assume that fringing in the air gap increases the effective cross-sectional
area of the air gap by 5 percent. Find: (fringing: sự phân tán từ trường)
(a) The total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air gap);
(b) The current required to produce a flux density of B = 0.5T in the air gap.
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area of the air gap by 5 percent. Find:
0.012m2
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area of the air gap by 5 percent. Find:
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Example 3. A square magnetic core has a mean path length of 55 cm and a cross-sectional
area of 150 cm2. A 200-turn coil of wire is wrapped around one leg of the core.
The core is made of a material having the magnetization curve shown in Figure below.
(a) How much current is required to produce 0.012 Wb of flux in the core?
(b) What is the core's relative permeability at that current level?
(c) What is its reluctance?
B(T)
115 30
H(A*turns/m)
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31

phi * R = F
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When a large mmf is first applied to

the core and then removed, the flux
path in the core will be .
When mmf is removed, the flux does not

go to zero – residual flux. This is how
permanent magnets are produced.
To force the flux to zero, an amount of mmf

known as coercive mmf must be applied to the
core in the opposite direction.
(coercive mmf: lực kháng từ động)
The hysteresis loop traced out by the flux in a core when the current ( ) is applied to it.
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I) Eddy Current Loss

1. A time-changing flux induces voltage within a ferromagnetic core.
2. These voltages cause swirls of current to flow within the core  eddy
currents.
3. Energy is dissipated (in the form of heat) because these eddy currents are
flowing in a resistive material (iron)
4. The amount of energy lost to eddy currents is proportional to the size of
the paths they follow within the core.
5. To reduce energy loss, ferromagnetic core should be broken up into small
strips, or laminations, and build the core up out of these strips. An
insulating oxide or resin is used between the strips, so that the current
paths for eddy currents are limited to small areas.
The second approach to reducing eddy current losses is to increase the
resistivity of the core material by adding some silicon to the steel of the core.
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II) The hysteresis loss in an iron core is the energy required to accomplish
the reorientation of domains (within the metal, there are many small regions
with atoms called domains) during each cycle of the alternating current
applied to the core.
The smaller the applied magnetomotive force excursions on the core, the
smaller the area of the resulting hysteresis loop  the smaller the resulting
losses.
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Core loss is extremely important in practice, since it greatly

affects operating temperatures, efficiencies, and ratings of
magnetic devices.
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Analogies between the Electric and the Magnetic Field
Electric Field Magnetic Field
Strom I A Fluß   Vs 

electric current magnetic flux
Feldstärke E  V/m  Feldstärke H  A/m 
electric field strength magnetic field strength
Quellenspannung Uq V Durchflutung F A
source voltage current linkage
Spannungsabfall U V Spannungsabfall V A
Electric voltage drop magnetic voltage drop
Stromdichte J  A/m²  Flußdichte B  Vs/m² 
current density magnetic flux density
Materialkoeffizient   m/mm²  Materialkoeffizient   Vs/Am 

conductivity permeability
Widerstand R = U/I (Def.)  V/A  =    Widerstand Rm = V/  A/Vs 
resistance reluctance
Widerstand R = l/A  Widerstand Rm = l/A  A/Vs 
Knotenpunktsatz I = 0 A Knotenpunktsatz  = 0  Vs 

Kirchhoff´s current law
Maschensatz (Uq+U) = 0 V Maschensatz F= V A
Kirchhoff´s voltage law
37
1.4 Ampere´s Law
F=
current linkage
Examples of current linkages: Applying a right hand corkscrew rule to

determine the direction of magnetic field
a) Picture above:F=  = - I1- I2+I3- I4
b) Coil with N turns and current I

F=  = I * N
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1.4 Ampere´s Law

c) Transformer
 =F= I1N1 – I2N2 = Hlm = Rm = F (or )
+
+
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1.4 Ampere´s Law

d) Magnetic Circuit with Air Gap (exciting field of d.c. machines)
F=
length of the air gap – ll
with lFe > ll and

Fe >> l
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1.5 Faraday´s Law – Induced Voltage from a Time-

Chaging Magnetic Field and Origin of Force
The Faraday´s law describes the relation between a time–dependent magnetic

field and the electric field. (induction, induced voltage)
Faraday’s Law:
“If a flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, voltage will be induced
in the turn of the wire that is directly proportional to the rate of change
in the flux with respect of time”.
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a) Induction in stationary arrangements:
1. The coil is stationary.

2. The magnetic field is
time-changing.
The minus sign in the equation is an

expression of Lenz’s law. Lenz's law states Please unify to see the front view
that the direction of the voltage build up in
the coil is such that if the coil ends were
short circuited, it would produce current
that would cause a flux opposing the
original flux change.
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a) Induction in stationary arrangements:
1. The coil is stationary.

2. The magnetic field is
time-changing.
The magnitude of the induced voltage in the ith tum of the coil is always
given by:
(the flux linkage of the coil, in Weber-turns)

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b) Induction in moving arrangements:
1. The coil is moving.

2. The magnetic field is stationary.
Non-scalar/vector multiplication
Vector I points along the direction of the wire toward the end
making the smallest angle with respect to the vector X .
The voltage in the wire will be built up so that the positive end
is in the direction of the vector ( X ). 44
44
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Right-Hand Rule
• The right-hand rule is to determine the direction of the electromotive force, (or
induced voltage), E.
• Right-Hand Rule: Stretch out the right hand with the four fingers and the
thumb on the same plane, the palm facing the north pole of the external
magnetic field, and the thumb pointing in the direction of the velocity, v => The
four fingers point in the direction of the induced electromotive force, E, EMF.
• The magnitude of the induced electromotive force can be calculated as:
E = B L v sinθ
where
E is the induced electromotive force (V);
B is the magnetic field density;
v is the velocity of the conductor (m/s);
L is the length of the conductor;
θ is the angular difference between B and v (rad).
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Right-Hand Rule (cont.)

• When the motor rotates at an angular velocity of ω (rad/s) and there are
N coil turns, the total electromotive force (lực điện động) is:
where = 2NBLv
ω is the angular velocity (rad/s);
r is the internal radius of the motor (m);
KE=2rBLN is the electromotive force constant (V·s/rad).
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Right-Hand Corkscrew Rule

• An electrical current flowing in a straight line/conductor generates a magnetic
field as shown in Fig A.2(a).
• The coil will generate clear magnetic poles as shown in Fig A.2(b), with the
direction of the magnetic fields determined by the right-hand corkscrew rule.
• Right-Hand Corkscrew Rule:
+ For a current flowing in a straight line, the thumb points in the direction of the
current I, and the fingers curl in the direction of the magnetic field B.
+ For a coiled current, the fingers curl in the direction of the current I, and then
the thumb points in the direction of the magnetic field B through the center of
the loop. The outflow of the flux is the North (N) pole;
The inflow of the flux is the South (S) pole;
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Fig A.2 Right-Hand Corkscrew Rule
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The direction of B flows into the surface. The direction of B flows out the surface.
-
+
Thumb: direction of v
Index finger: direction of B
Middle finger: direction of vxB
- +
= 5m/s;
= 0.5T = 10m/s;
= 1.0m = 0.5T
is perpendicular to = 1.0m
is perpendicular to
49
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c) Force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
The magnitude of the force is given by:

= 
where  is the angle between the wire and the flux density vector.
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Left-Hand Rule
• The left-hand rule is to determine the direction of the
magnetomotive force (induced force).
• Left-Hand Rule: Extend the left hand with the thumb and four fingers
on the same plane with the thumb pointing out. Face the palm
towards the north pole of the external magnetic field, and the four
fingers in the direction of the current => the thumb points in the
direction of the force.
• The magnitude of the force can be calculated as:
F = B L I sinθ
where F is the electromagnetic force;
B is the magnetic field density;
I is the conductor current;
L is the length of the conductor;
θ is the angular difference between B and I. 51
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Homework
53
Homework (cont.)
54
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Homework (cont.)
55
Homework (cont.)
56
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Homework (cont.)
57
VGU
VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Bui Minh Duong

Lecturer in Electrical Power System
EEIT program, Faculty of Engineering
Email: duong.bm@vgu.edu.vn
Office: B111
Mobile phone: 0918163356
29

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2/22/2019

Dr. Bui Minh Duong

Main Contents of the Lecture 1

1.1 Energy Conversion by Electrical Machines

1.1 Energy Conversion by Electrical Machines

Electrical machines are electromagnetic or electromechanical energy converters.

Example 1: Electromagnetic Energy Conversion (Transformer)

Electrical Energy Electrical Energy with

Example 2: Electromechanical Energy Conversion (Motor - Generator)

Electrical Energy Electrical Energy

1.1 Energy Conversion by Electrical Machines (cont.)

• An electrical machine is a device that can convert either mechanical

• The transformer is an electrical device that is closely related to

Through the action of a “magnetic field”

1.2 Rotational motion, Newton’s law, and power relationships

• Angular Position : in radians or degrees. It corresponds to the

m angular velocity expressed in radians per second (rad/s)

1.2 Rotational motion, Newton’s law, and power relationships

• Angular Acceleration : Angular acceleration is the rate of change

• Torque : When an object is rotating, its angular velocity is constant

1.2 Rotational motion, Newton’s law, and power relationships

• Newton’s Law of Rotation: Newton's law for objects moving along a

where  is the net applied torque in newton-meters (Nm) or pound-feet and

1.2 Rotational motion, Newton’s law, and power relationships

If a constant force is applied collinearly with the direction of motion,

For rotational motion, work is the application of a torque through an angle.

1.2 Rotational motion, Newton’s law, and power relationships

Power is measured in watts (W), torque in newton-meters (Nm), and

1.3 The Magnetic Field (MF)

4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage induced

1.3 The Magnetic Field (MF)

Production of a Magnetic Field

1. Ampere’s Law – the basic law governing the production of a magnetic

where H is the magnetic field intensity (cường độ từ trường) produced by

1.3 The Magnetic Field (MF)

Production of a Magnetic Field

Consider a current-carrying conductor is wrapped around a ferromagnetic

1.3 The Magnetic Field (MF)

Production of a Magnetic Field

H (Ampere turns per meter) is known as the “effort”

The strength of the Ferromagnetic material

Characterising of the magnetic

1.3 The Magnetic Field (MF)

Production of a Magnetic Field

(B – Cảm ứng từ, mật độ từ thông (T);

1.3 The Magnetic Field (MF)

Production of a Magnetic Field

A – cross sectional area throughout the core

1.3 The Magnetic Field (MF)

B - magnetic flux density (T);  - magnetic flux (Wb);  - permeability (H/m);

[Vs/m² - material equation of the magnetic field

 = 0 r Vs/Am - absolute permeability (coefficient of material)

0 = 1,256*10-6 Vs/A m - natural permeability (magnetic constant)

r - relative permeability (depending on material)

Vs - magnetic flux

[A] - magnetic-voltage drop

ferromagnetic: iron, alloys;