Survey of Physical Property

Data for Several Alloys

R. E. Pawel
R. K. Williams
 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any
agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein
do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or any agency thereof.
 DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in

electronic image products. Images are produced
from the best available original document.
 National Technical Information Service
U S . Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161
NTlS p r i c e codes-Printed Copy: A03; M i c r o f i c h e A01

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the

UnitedStatesGovernment. Neither theUnitedStatesGovernment norany agency
thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or
assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or c
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or
represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein
to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its
endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United StatesGovernment or
any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not
necessarily state or reflect those of the United StatesGovernment or any agency
thereof.
 DISCLAIMER
. This report was prepared as an a w u n t of work sponsored by an agency of the United States
Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi-
bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or
process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- ORNL/TM-9616
ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, Distribution
manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom-
mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views C a t e g o r y UC-20, 20c
and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof.

METALS AND CERAMICS D I V I S I O N

SURVEY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FOR SEVERAL ALLOYS

R. E. Pawel and It. K. Williams

- ~

ORNL/TM--9616
DE85 018138

Date P u b l i s h e d - August 1985

NOTICE: T h i s document c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n of a
preliminary nature. I t i s s u b j e c t t o r e v i s i o n or
c o r r e c t i o n and t h e r e f o r e d o e s not represent a
f Cnal r e p o r t .

P r e p a r e d by t h e
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
o p e r a t e d by
MARTIN MARIETTA ENEKGY SYSTEMS, I N C .
€or the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENEKGY
u n d e r C o n t r a c t No. DE-AC05-840R22400
t
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . . 1
INTRODUCTION. e . 1
INCONEL X-750 (INCONEL X, N07750). ............... 3
THERMAL EXPANSION 3
SPECIFICHEAT. . e 4
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY . .e 5
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY . e 6
NITRONIC33 . 8
THERMAL EXPANSION 9 . 8
S P E C I F I C H E A T o o o * o . o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o 9
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY rn . 10
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY . 10
INCONEL625 . . 12
T H E R M A L E X P A N S I O N o o o . o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o 12
SPECIFICHEAT....................... 12
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY 15
P THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 15
INCONEL718 . rn 17
THERMAL EXPANSION 18
SPECIFICHEAT . e 19
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY e 19
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY . .. e . 20
COPPER ALLOY C10400 . . 22
THERMAL EXPANSION .. 23
SPECIFICHEAT e e e e 24
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY 24
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY . 25
COPPER ALLOY C17510 ...................... 25
THERMAL EXPANSION 26
SPECIFICHEAT . . . e 26
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY . . 27
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY e rn e 28
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . 30
REFERENCES . 0 e 30

iii
 SURVEY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FOR SEVEKAL ALLOYS*

R. E. Pawel and R. K. W i l l i a m s

ABSTRACT

T h i s r e p o r t summarizes an examination of p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y
d a t a a v a i l a b l e i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e f o r s i x a l l o y s of p o t e n t i a l
i n t e r e s t t o t h e T o r o i d a l Fusion Core Experiment i n t h e Fusion
Energy Program. The p r o p e r t i e s of thermal e x p a n s i o n , d e n s i t y ,
s p e c i f i c heat, e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y , and thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y
were compiled f o r s i x a l l o y s : N i t r o n i c 3 3 , a low-nickel, high
manganese s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ; nickel-base I n c o n e l Alloys 625, 718,
and X-750; and copper a l l o y s C10400 and C17510. The t e m p e r a t u r e s
of i n t e r e s t were 4-500 K f o r t h e N i t r o n i c 33 and t h e I n c o n e l s ,
and 250-400 K f o r t h e copper a l l o y s . Where d a t a were l a c k i n g ,
estimates were made based on t h e o r y o r comparisons w i t h s i m i l a r
materials.

INTRODUCTION

T h i s r e p o r t p r e s e n t s p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y i n f o r m a t i o n f o r s i x a l l o y s of
i n t e r e s t t o t h e TFCXt P r o j e c t i n t h e Fusion Energy Program. The a l l o y s ,
and t h e temperature ranges of immediate i n t e r e s t are :
I n c o n e l X-750 (4-500 K)
N i t r o n i c 33 (4-500 K)
Inconel 625 (4-500 K)
I n c o n e l 718 (4-500 K)
Copper C10400 (250-400 K)
Copper C17510 (250-400 K)

For each material, t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t i e s were compiled :

Density
C o e f f i c i e n t of Thermal Expansion
S p e c i f i c Heat
Electrical R e s i s t i v i t y
Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y .

*Research sponsored by t h e O f f i c e of Fusion Energy, U.S. Department

of Energy under c o n t r a c t DE-AC05-840R21400 w i t h Martin Marietta Energy
Sys tems , I n c .
t T o r o i d a l Fusion Core Experiment.

1
 2

The g e n e r a l a v a i l a b i l i t y of a c c u r a t e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y i n f o r m a t i o n on
a l l o y s of t e c h n o l o g i c a l importance i s o f t e n less t h a n s a t i s f a c t o r y because
of t h e very n a t u r e of such a l l o y s , t h e v a r i a t i o n i n heat-to-heat composi-
t i o n , and t h e i n f l u e n c e s of t h e m e t a l l u r g i c a l s t a t e on t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s .
F a b r i c a t i o n and h e a t t r e a t m e n t s c h e d u l e s a f f e c t p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , and
t h e f a c t t h a t most a l l o y s are n o t i n a s t a t e of thermal e q u i l i b r i u m means
t h a t p r o p e r t i e s may be changing d u r i n g measurement, p a r t i c u l a r l y a t ele-
vated temperatures. These problems hamper t h e c o l l e c t i o n as w e l l as t h e
d i s s e m i n a t i o n of p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y d a t a on a l l o y s i n t h e p r o c e s s of
development.
I n t h e c o m p i l a t i o n of p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y d a t a t h a t f o l l o w s , we have
a t t e m p t e d t o f i n d and e v a l u a t e t h e o r i g i n a l s o u r c e s . I n some i n s t a n c e s ,
l i t t l e i f any i n f o r m a t i o n w a s a v a i l a b l e except from manufacturers d a t a
sheets. Where i n f o r m a t i o n w a s l a c k i n g o r n o t documented, e s t i m a t e s have
been made. The b a s i s of t h e s e approximations and e x t r a p o l a t i o n s i s
discussed. The p r o p e r t y v a l u e s are expressed i n S I u n i t s and t a b u l a t e d a t
a p p r o p r i a t e temperatures. Since some p r o p e r t i e s change r a p i d l y a t cryo-
g e n i c t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e temperature i n t e r v a l s vary i n a roughly l o g a r i t h m i c
fashion. Estimated v a l u e s are i d e n t i f i e d in t h e t a b l e s , and t h e
.
u n c e r t a i n t i e s are d i s c u s s e d i n t h e t e x t .
One g o a l of t h i s work was t o i d e n t i f y areas f o r which t h e d a t a base
i s i n a d e q u a t e , and Table 1 shows a summary of t h e r e s u l t s of our
l i t e r a t u r e search.

Table 1. Temperature r a n g e s f o r which p h y s i c a l

p r o p e r t y d a t a are n o t a v a i l a b l e

Thermal
Specific Electrical Thermal
Mater ia1 expansion and
heat resistivity conductivity
contraction

I n c o n e l X-750
N i t r o n i c 33 4-80 K 300-500 K 4-300 K 4-300 K
I n c o n e l 625 4-500 4-120
I n c o n e l 718 4-300
Copper C10400
Copper C17510 250-400 250-300 250-300
 3

INCONEL X-750 (INCONEL X , N07750)

The composition l i m i t s f o r I n c o n e l X-7501 are:

Ni + Co - 70.0 w t % min Mn - 1.00 w t % max

Cr - 14.0-17.0 w t % Si - 0.50 w t % max
Fe - 5.0 - 9.0 w t % S - 0.010 w t % max
Ti - 2.25 - 2.75 w t % Cu - 0.50 w t % max
A1 - 0.4 - 1-00 w t % C - 0.08 w t % max
Nb + Ta - 0.7 - 1.20 w t % Co - 1.00 w t % max

According t o Huntington Alloys l i t e r a t u r e , I n c o n e l a l l o y X-750 i s an age-

h a r d e n a b l e , non-magnetic, nickel-chromium a l l o y w i t h good c o r r o s i o n and
o x i d a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e as w e l l as high c r e e p r u p t u r e s t r e n g t h a t e l e v a t e d
temperatures. The a l l o y i s made age hardenable by t h e a d d i t i o n of aluminum
and t i t a n i u m , which d u r i n g h e a t t r e a t m e n t combine w i t h n i c k e l t o form
Ni3(Al,Ti). Thus, mechanical, and t o a lesser e x t e n t , t h e p h y s i c a l prop-
e r t i e s w i l l depend upon t h e m e t a l l u r g i c a l t r e a t m e n t g i v e n t h e a l l o y .
P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e i n t h e annealed ( s o l u t i o n heat-
t r e a t e d ) and i n t h e aged c o n d i t i o n s , w i t h emphasis on t h e l a t t e r .

THERMAL EXPANSION

The thermal expansion of aged I n c o n e l X-750 has been measured over

t h e whole temperature range of interest.2'6 While some s c a t t e r e x i s t s a t
temperatures below 100 K, the expansion data from a number of investiga-
t o r s comprise a c o n s i s t e n t set. F i g u r e 1 shows expansion d a t a from t h e
indicated sources. Two a d d i t i o n a l r e f e r e n c e s from Thermophysical
P r o p e r t i e s Research Center (TPRC>7 p r e s e n t d a t a t h a t a g r e e w e l l w i t h t h o s e
i n the figure. D e n s i t i e s of t h i s material as a f u n c t i o n of temperature
may be c a l c u l a t e d from t h e s e d a t a i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e room temperature
d e n s i t y g i v e n i n Table 2.
 4

ORNL-DWG 84-47820
x10-~
I I I I
0 LUCKS AND DEEM, REF.2
( INCO B U L L E T I N )
0 ARP, etol., REF.3
20
-10
m
A RHODES, et al., REF. 4
0 COLLINGS, el al., REF 5

<N
10
( A D J . TO T o = 2 9 3 K )
v STUBBS, REF.6
a'
I

i
0 0
u)
z
2X
W
-10

-20

I I I I
0 IO0 200 300 4 00 500
TEMPERATURE ( K l

Fig. 1. Thermal expansion of I n c o n e l X-750.

SPECIFIC HEAT

The s p e c i f i c h e a t of I n c o n e l X-750 a t c r y o g e n i c t e m p e r a t u r e s ( T < 2 0 K ) ,

80 K, and 300 K has been r e p o r t e d by E. W. C o l l i n g s and coworker^.^,*^^
I n a d d i t i o n t o p r e s e n t i n g d a t a f o r both solution-heat-treated and € o r
double-aged m a t e r i a l s , t h e r e s u l t s f o r double-aged samples were compared
f o r a l l o y s produced by t h r e e d i f f e r e n t m e l t i n g p r a c t i c e s . Small differ-
e n c e s were observed. C. F. Lucks and H. W. D e e m 2 measured t h e s p e c i f i c
h e a t of double-aged I n c o n e l X-750 from 116 t o 1144 K. These d a t a are
r e f e r e n c e d i n both t h e I N C O B u l l e t i n 1 and t h e TPRC compendium.lD As
shown i n Fig. 2 , t h e d a t a y i e l d a c o n s i s t e n t curve over t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
range of i n t e r e s t , and v a l u e s i n Table 2 a r e t a k e n from t h i s smoothed
curve.

#
 5

ORNL-DWG 84-17821

6oo
500
I
i
-
400
m
x

'-
=.
&- 300
W
I
9
E 200
LL

a
v,

100

0
0 100 200 300 4 00 500
TEMPERATURE (K)

F i g . 2. S p e c i f i c h e a t of I n c o n e l X-750.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

The e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y of I n c o n e l X-750 a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s was

t a b u l a t e d by C l a r k , C h i l d s , and Wallacell f o r t h e annealed (SHT) and t h e
aged c o n d i t i o n s . These v a l u e s a g r e e w e l l w i t h t h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d graph-
i c a l l y by Hust and G i a r r a t a n o , 1 2 but are s l i g h t l y lower than those found by
C o l l i n g s e t a l . 5 who r e p o r t e d a lower r e s i s t i v i t y f o r t h e s o l u t i o n - h e a t -
t r e a t e d specimen than f o r t h e aged specimen. T h i s behavior seems
unlikely, unless short-range ordering of the alloy prevailed in these
specimens, and was not observed by t h e p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s . INCO
Bulletin data, from t e s t s conducted a t Lehigh U n i v e r s i t y , e x h i b i t
r e s i s t i v i t y v a l u e s less than 2% lower than t h e Clark v a l u e s n e a r room
temperature. Such d i f f e r e n c e s are probably w i t h i n t h e expected
r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y range f o r d i f f e r e n t specimens and d i f f e r e n t a p p a r a t u s .
While Fig. 3 t e n d s t o emphasize t h e s p r e a d of t h e s e v e r a l d a t a sets,
a s i n g l e curve would d e s c r i b e a l l t h e d a t a w i t h i n about 23.5% over t h e
whole temperature range. T h i s behavior r e f l e c t s t h e s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e
r e s i s t i v i t y of t h i s a l l o y t o small heat-to-heat v a r i a t i o n s and d i f f e r e n c e s
i n heat treatment.
 6

ORN L- DWG 84-17822

A CLARK, etal.,REF l l , ( A G E D )
0 INCO B U L L . REF 1, (AGED)
v COLLINGS, etal., REF 5 (SHT)
0 COLLINGS, elol., REF.5 (AGED)

1\5
I I I I
0 100 200 300 4 00 500
TEMPERATURE ( K )

Fig. 3 . E l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y of I n c o n e l X-750.

The v a l u e s p r e s e n t e d i n Table 2 are t h u s smoothed a v e r a g e s , i r r e s p e c -

t i v e of t h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t , and they are e x t r a p o l a t e d above room t e m -
p e r a t u r e u s i n g t h e s l o p e suggested by t h e high-temperature results.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

The thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of I n c o n e l X-750 i s p r e s e n t e d i n TPKC,13 as

"recommended v a l u e s " o b t a i n e d by a n a l y s i s of t h e i r c o m p i l a t i o n of d a t a
o v e r a wide temperature range. The v a l u e s are f o r f u l l y h e a t t r e a t e d
( a g e d ) material, and t h e e r r o r s are e s t i m a t e d as l e s s than 210% below
100 K , +5% above 100 K. Lucks and D e e m , 2 measured t h e thermal conduc-
t i v i t y of aged material from 116 t o 1255 K. A s shown i n Fig. 4 , t h e i r
d a t a a g r e e t o w i t h i n a few p e r c e n t of t h e WRC v a l u e s and have a s l i g h t l y
lower t e m p e r a t u r e c o e f f i c i e n t . We have i n c l u d e d i n t h i s f i g u r e s e v e r a l
d a t a t a k e n from Hust and Giarratano.12 These i n v e s t i g a t o r s made measure-
ments on both annealed (SHT) and aged specimens, and r e p o r t e d d i f f e r e n c e s
i n t h e low-temperature c o n d u c t i v i t y ( a n n e a l e d specimen has t h e h i g h e r con-
d u c t i v i t y ) up t o about 70 K; above 70 K , t h e c u r v e s merge.
Table 2 l i s t s v a l u e s f o r t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of I n c o n e l X-750
t h a t are e s s e n t i a l l y t h e TPRC recommended v a l u e s , weighted o n l y s l i g h t l y
a t t h e h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s t o f a v o r t h e r e s u l t s of Lucks and D e e m .
 7

ORNL -DWG 84-17823

0 IO0 20 I 300 400 500

TEMPERATURE ( K )

Fig. 4. Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of I n c o n e l X-750.

Table 2. P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of I n c o u e l X-750
( aged c o n d i t i o n )

D e n s i t y = 8.25 Mg/m3 ( 2 9 3 K)

% Thermal Specific Electrical Thermal

Tempe r a t u r e
expansion and heat resistivity conductivity
(K) contraction (J/kg*K) ( 10-8 n o m ) (W/m*K)

4 -0 -249 1.09 121.1 0.25

10
20
30
.
-0.248
-0 247
-0.245
2.71
7.03
19 .o
120.8
120.7
120.8
0.96
2 -6
4.4
50 -0 -241 60 121.1 6.6
70 -0.232 130 121.5 7 .t3
100 -0.214 268 122.1 8.8
150 -0.180 340 123.2 9.7
200 -0.122 . .t 380 124.4 10.4
250 -0 -064 412 125 e 3 11.1
300 0 440 126.2 11.8
400 0.128 475 127 e 5 13.4
500 0.280 ,498 128.5 15 .O
 8

N I T R O N I C 33

N i t r o n i c 33 i s a low-nickel, nitrogen strengthened a u s t e n i t i c

s t a i n l e s s s t e e l .14 The composition ranges are:

C - 0.08 w t % max Si - 1.0 w t % max

Mn - 11.5 - 14.5 w t % Cr - 17 - 19 w t %
P - 0.06 wt % max Ni - 2.25 - 3.75 w t %
S - 0.03 wt % max N - 0.2 - 0.4 w t %
Fe - Balance

This a l l o y i s f u l l y a u s t e n i t i c 1 4 and t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s should

n o t depend on thermal h i s t o r y u n l e s s t h e material was p l a s t i c a l l y
deformed. However, a Ngel t r a n s i t i o n has been d e t e c t e d a t about
180 K,891s by magnetic and a c o u s t i c measurements. The e f f e c t s of t h i s
t r a n s i t i o n on t h e c r y o g e n i c p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s are a t p r e s e n t unknown and
t h e r e f o r e w e r e ignored i n o b t a i n i n g t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y v a l u e s shown i n
Table 3.

THERMAL EXPANSION

The thermal expansion d a t a shown i n Table 3 were o b t a i n e d from t h e

p r o d u c t s p r o p e r t y handbook14 and t h e o r i g i n a l s o u r c e of t h e d a t a i s
unknown. The e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a e x t e n d down t o about 80 K , and t h e o t h e r
v a l u e s shown i n Table 3 were o b t a i n e d by e x t r a p o l a t i o n . This was
accomplished by assuming t h a t t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t and expansion c o e f f i c i e n t
v a r y w i t h temperature i n t h e same f a s h i o n :

where

0
 9

Based on t h e behavior of t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t , a 8 v a l u e of 400 K w a s chosen

f o r t h e e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o lower t e m p e r a t u r e s .

i SPECIFIC HEAT

C o l l i n g s and Smith8 have p u b l i s h e d low and i n t e r m e d i a t e temperature

d a t a f o r N i t r o n i c 33 i n t h e water-quenched and furnace-cooled conditions.
The i n t e r m e d i a t e temperature v a l u e s appear t o show an e f f e c t of h e a t
t r e a t m e n t but t h e d i f f e r e n c e s do n o t correspond t o t h e changes i n e l a s t i c
c o n s t a n t s r e p o r t e d by L e d b e t t e r l C and were ignored i n g e n e r a t i n g t h e
v a l u e s shown i n Table 3. The e x p e r i m e n t a l s p e c i f i c h e a t v a l u e s f o r t h e
two c o n d i t i o n s a t 80 and 300 K d i f f e r by 12 and 4%. The t a b l e v a l u e s were
c o n s t r u c t e d as f o l l o w s . Average v a l u e s f o r t h e 4-20 K range were computed
from t h e d a t a of C o l l i n g s and Smith and t h e e l e c t r o n i c (yT) and magnetic
(A) terms :

Cp = A + yT + Cp(R> (4)

were used i n computing t h e l a t t i c e p o r t i o n , Cp(R), a t 80 and 300 K. This

r e q u i r e s v a l u e s f o r t h e t o t a l s p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e , Cp, and
t h e s e Cp v a l u e s were o b t a i n e d by averaging t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l ( 8 0 and 300 K)
Cp v a l u e s f o r t h e furnace-cooled and water-quenched conditions. These
C,(a) v a l u e s were converted t o c o n s t a n t volume, (&(R), by assuming a
G r l n e i s e n c o n s t a n t of 2.0 and using t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l expansion c o e f f i c i e n t
a t room temperature.l'+ The %(R) v a l u e s a t 80 and 300 K y i e l d Debye
t e m p e r a t u r e s , 8D, of 402 and 381 K.17 These v a l u e s , i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h
t h e low temperature r e s u l t , 421 K, were used t o c o n s t r u c t a 8D curve which
s l o w l y d e c r e a s e s with i n c r e a s i n g temperature. T h i s curve and t h e Debye
f u n c t i o n were then used t o d e f i n e (&(a) a t o t h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s , and t h e
t a b l e v a l u e s were c o n s t r u c t e d by r e c o n v e r t i n g (&(a) t o Cp(R) and adding
t h e magnetic and e l e c t r o n i c terms. It should be noted t h a t t h e e l e c t r o n i c
(yT) term i s u n u s u a l l y l a r g e . T h i s may be due t o an a d d i t i o n a l e f f e c t of
magnetic o r i g i n , and t h e r e f o r e , t h i s e s t i m a t i o n procedure may be
q u e s t i o n e d on t h e o r e t i c a l grounds.
 10

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

Experimental r e s i s t i v i t y , p , d a t a are a v a i l a b l e f o r t e m p e r a t u r e s
above 300 K. The lower temperature v a l u e s shown i n Table 3 were e s t i m a t e d
by assuming t h a t t h e r e s i s t i v i t y e x h i b i t s behavior s i m i l a r t o a 300 series
s t a i n l e s s steel. This d i s c o u n t s t h e p o s s i b l e i n f l u e n c e of t h e Ngel t r a n -
s i t i o n a t 180 K. The N i t r o n i c 33 v a l u e s were compared with p values1*
f o r 304, 316, 317, 347 and SRM 73519 over t h e 300-500 K and average
p d i f f e r e n c e s computed f o r each a l l o y . These d i f f e r e n c e s ( A p ) were t h e n
assumed t o apply a t lower t e m p e r a t u r e s and f i v e sets of p estimates f o r
N i t r o n i c 33 were computed from t h e low temperature d a t a f o r t h e . f i v e
a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s steels. These N i t r o n i c 33 estimates had a range of
about +2%. The p v a l u e s shown i n Table 3 were then o b t a i n e d by averaging
t h e v a l u e s from t h e f i v e estimates a t each temperature.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

The s i t u a t i o n f o r t h i s p r o p e r t y i s q u i t e similar t o t h a t f o r p and a

s i m i l a r procedure was used t o o b t a i n t h e lower t e m p e r a t u r e ((300 K)
t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y , A , v a l u e s shown i n Table 3. For an a l l o y , both
phonon, Xp, and e l e c t r o n , A,, c o n t r i b u t i o n s must be i n c l u d e d i n t h e e s t i -
mate :

x = Xe + Xp (5)

The Xe v a l u e s f o r t h e f i v e s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s were computed by assuming t h a t

t h e Sommerfeld Lorenz number, Lo,2o r e l a t e s p t o Xe:

I r n

Xe = -
LO 1 Lo = 2.443 x lo-* V2/K2
P ’

This assumption, and t h e X and p v a l u e s f o r t h e s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s 1 8 , 1 9

d e f i n e s a set of Xp v a l u e s as shown i n Fig. 5. The h i g h e r temperature
Ap v a l u e s f o r N i t r o n i c 33,14 which were d e r i v e d on t h e same assumption,
a r e shown t o be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e b e t t e r d e f i n e d X p v a l u e s f o r t h e f i v e
s t a i n l e s s steels. Based on t h i s agreement, t h e lower temperature p o r t i o n
of t h e Xp curve f o r N i t r o n i c 33 was c o n s t r u c t e d by a v e r a g i n g t h e X p v a l u e s
f o r t h e f i v e s t a i n l e s s steels. Loss of a n t i f e r r o m a g n e t i s m could have a
 11

ORNL-DWG 84-!7824

-4

0 NlTRONlC 3 3
1
0 304
0 316
a 5 ~ ~ 7 3 5
v 317
a 32V347

TEMPERATURE (K)

F i g . 5. Phonon t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y f o r N i t r o n i c 33 and s e v e r a l
300 s e r i e s s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s .

Table 3. P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of N i t r o n i c 33

% Thermal Specific Elect r i cal Thermal

Temper a t u r e
e x p a n s i o n and heat resistivity conductivity
(K) contraction (J/kg*K) (10-8 a*m) (W/m*K)

4 -0. 24ga 1.28 51 .gb 0.3b

10 -0. 24ga 3.10 51 .gb 0.8b
20 -0. 24ga 8.74 51 .qb 1.9b
30 -0 .24ga 20.6 51 .qb 3.1b
50 -0. 246a 71.8 52 .Ob 5.6b
70 -0. 240a 149 ,53.3b 8.5b
100 -0.222 258 56.1b 9 .2b
150 -0.195 37 5 61 .Ob 1l b
200 -0.146 438 65.7b 12b
250 -0 -075 477 70.2b 13b
c 300 0 502 74.3 14
400 0.169 55 1 81.9 16.1
500 0.333 582 88.9 17.7

a E x t r a p o l a t e d v a l u e . See t e x t .
bEstimated v a l u e . See t e x t .
 12

s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e on t h i s component.21 The e l e c t r o n i c p a r t of X w a s
computed from t h e p estimates (Table 3 ) and Lo. Because X p i s much
l a r g e r t h a n Xe a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e s e estimates are s u b j e c t t o con-
siderable uncertainty. A t 10 K t h e 5 X p v a l u e s f o r t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s have a range of +60%.

INCONEL 625

I n c o n e l 625 i s a n i c k e l - b a s e a l l o y having t h e f o l l o w i n g nominal

composition:22

Ni - 58 w t % min Mn - 0.5 w t % max

Cr - 20-23 w t % Si - 0.5 w t % max
Fe - 5.0 w t % max P - 0.015 w t % max
MO - 8 - 10 w t % S - 0.015 w t % max
Nb + Ta -3.15 -
4.15 w t % Al - 0.4 w t % max
C - 0.1 w t % max Ti - 0.4 w t % max
Co - 1.0 w t % max

The a l l o y d e r i v e s i t s s t r e n g t h from t h e s t i f f e n i n g e f f e c t of t h e
molybdenum and niobium on i t s FCC m a t r i x . However, i t can be p r e c i p i t a -
t i o n hardened through f o r m a t i o n of a Ni-Nb r i c h phasez2 and t h e n i c k e l
and chromium c o n t e n t s , 60 and 25 atomic p e r c e n t , s u g g e s t t h a t it may a l s o
be s u b j e c t t o short-range ordering e f f e c t s . Unfortunately, the physical
p r o p e r t i e s have n o t been e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d and t h e i r v a r i a t i o n w i t h h e a t
t r e a t m e n t i s unknown.

THERMAL EXPANSION

C l a r k 2 3 has e s t a b l i s h e d v a l u e s f o r t h i s a l l o y a t c r y o g e n i c tempera-
t u r e s , and t h e Huntington Alloy handbook%l g i v e s undocumented v a l u e s f o r
higher temperatures. The expansion d a t a shown i n Table 4 were o b t a i n e d
by combining t h e two sets of r e s u l t s and are r e f e r e n c e d t o 300 K.

SPECIFIC HEAT

No e x p e r i m e n t a l s p e c i f i c h e a t v a l u e s are a v a i l a b l e and t h e estimates

shown i n Table 4 are s u b j e c t t o u n c e r t a i n t i e s which may be as l a r g e as
*30%. Three approaches were pursued:
 13

1. E s t i m a t i o n of t h e e l e c t r o n i c and l a t t i c e c o n t r i b u t i o n s from a
comparison with e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a f o r Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys,
2. The Kopp-Neumann r u l e and i t s subsequent2 m o d i f i c a t i o n s , and
3. A more d e t a i l e d comparison with e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s f o r o t h e r
niobium base s u p e r a l l o y s . T h i s comparison l a r g e l y rests on t h e
e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a f o r I n c o n e l X-750.
I n i t s s i m p l e s t form, t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t of a non-magnetic, metallic
alloy, G, which is not a superconductor, is considered t o contain
e l e c t r o n i c [C(e)] and l a t t i c e [C( I ) ] c o n t r i b u t i o n s and t h e Debye formula
i s c u s t o m a r i l y invoked t o d e s c r i b e C( a ) :

where y i s t h e e l e c t r o n i c s p e c i f i c h e a t c o e f f i c i e n t , and G(R) is defined

by Eqs. (1) and ( 3 ) . Except f o r some small magnetic effect^,^ this
d e s c r i p t i o n i s u s u a l l y q u i t e adequate a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s . The e q u a t i o n
i s u s u a l l y less u s e f u l a t i n t e r m e d i a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s because ( 1 ) t h e Debye
approximation does n o t a d e q u a t e l y d e s c r i b e t h e a c t u a l phonon spectrum and
( 2 ) electron-phonon mass enhancement e f f e c t s d i s a p p e a r 2 4 reducing t h e
e l e c t r o n i c c o n t r i b u t i o n r e l a t i v e t o an e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t h e low t e m -
p e r a t u r e parameters. I n nickel-base a l l o y s and a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s
s t e e l s , t h e r e i s an a d d i t i o n a l c o m p l i c a t i o n which presumably a r i s e s from
magnetism and i s a t p r e s e n t n o t well understood. T h i s e f f e c t , which
f u r t h e r c l o u d s e x t r a p o l a t i o n s of t h e e l e c t r o n i c p a r t of C, based on low
t e m p e r a t u r e y v a l u e s , i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 6. These e x p e r i m e n t a l
y v a l u e s are much too l a r g e , approaching v a l u e s f o r A15 s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s
and exceeding v a l u e s f o r e l e m e n t s such as palladium and niobium. For t h e
s t a i n l e s s steels ( e / a +), yT e x t r a p o l a t i o n s y i e l d p r e d i c t i o n s which
exceed t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . This contribution
must t h e r e f o r e be l o c a l i z e d over some l i m i t e d temperature r a n g e , much l i k e
a Schottky e f f e c t , and a t present t h i s c o m p l i c a t i o n cannot be i n c l u d e d i n
the analysis. The ( e / a ) r a t i o of I n c o n e l 625 i s about 8.6 which y i e l d s a
 14

ORNL-DWG 84-17825
I 1

N
- 30
"
Y FCC ALLOYS
*
0 0 0 \ 0 Fe-Ni-Cr
E \ A Fe-Ni
.=E" Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn
10
k-
z
w I
E 20 i I
LL
W I
8 I
l-
a
W
I
I I
0 NlTRONlC 33
LL
0
g 40
0
z
0
LL
I-
u
W
_I

0
7 8 9 10
Mn Fe co Ni
ELECTRONS/ATOM

F i g . 6. E l e c t r o n i c s p e c i f i c h e a t c o e f f i c i e n t f o r nickel-base a l l o y s
and a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s steels as a f u n c t i o n of t h e electron-to-atom
ratio.

y v a l u e of 16.4 mJ/gm atom -K2, and t h i s v a l u e i s probably t o o l a r g e t o be

s o l e l y of e l e c t r o n i c o r i g i n . Thus estimates based on E q . ( 7 ) would n o t be
e x p e c t e d t o be r e l i a b l e , and futhermore t h e ( e / a ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t some
localized C, enhancement may e x i s t a t lower t e m p e r a t u r e s .
E s t i m a t e s based on t h e Kopp-Neumann r u l e are probably more r e l i a b l e ,
a t least at higher temperature. Brooks e t a1.25 have shown t h a t t h i s
method i s i n r e a s o n a b l y good agreement w i t h h i g h e r temperature r e s u l t s f o r
I n c o n e l 718. A t lower t e m p e r a t u r e s , where e l e c t r o n i c e f f e c t s and d i f -
f e r e n c e s i n 8 v a l u e s become more i m p o r t a n t t h e r e i s l i t t l e r e a s o n t o
b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s approach would y i e l d a r e l i a b l e estimate.
F i n a l l y , t h e d a t a f o r I n c o n e l X-750, which cover t h e f u l l temperature
range can be used w i t h o t h e r more l i m i t e d r e s u l t s on I n c o n e l 706,8
Nichrome,26 and I n c o n e l 71825 t o produce a semi-empirical estimate.
T h i s w a s done by u s i n g Eq. ( 7 ) t o e x t r a p o l a t e t h e low temperature r e s u l t s
f o r I n c o n e l X-750, I n c o n e l 706, and Nichrome; and a v e r a g i n g t h e t h r e e
 15

results. The c a l c u l a t e d curve f o r Inconel X-750 w a s t h e n compared w i t h

t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s f o r t h i s a l l o y and t h e average C, curve f o r t h e
t h r e e a l l o y s a d j u s t e d by t h e r e s u l t i n g d i f f e r e n c e s . The r e s u l t s are shown
i n Table 4. Kopp-Neumann v a l u e s are a l s o i n c l u d e d f o r comparison, and
t h i s shows t h a t t h e h i g h e r temperature estimates are probably n o t
seriously in error.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

C l a r k e t a l . l l have r e p o r t e d d a t a f o r an annealed sample a t 4 , 20,

76, 192 and 273 K. These r e s u l t s do n o t show a r e l a t i v e l y f l a t r e g i o n a t
low t e m p e r a t u r e s as would normally be expected. Handbook v a l u e s f o r
h i g h e r temperatures2* merge w i t h t h e s e d a t a ; b u t , as shown i n Fig. 7 ,
t h e two sets e x h i b i t a c u s p - l i k e v a r i a t i o n n e a r room temperature. This i s
probably n o t very s e r i o u s because t h e e f f e c t i s o n l y about 2% and probably
not due t o t h e behavior of t h e material.

ORNL-DWG 84-17826
140
c

E
I
I A CLARK,etal., REF. 11 I

J
a
0
[L
I-
o
W
d 120 ~

0 100 200. 300 400 500 600 700

TEMPERATURE ( K )

Fig. 7. E l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y of I n c o n e l 625.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Data, o b t a i n e d a t BMI, are t a b u l a t e d i n t h e p r o d u c e r ' s handbook.22

These r e s u l t s span t h e temperature range 117-1144 K and are shown i n
Table 4 . A t lower t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e estimates were d e r i v e d by computing
 16

t h e e l e c t r o n i c c o n t r i b u t i o n from the Sommerfeld Lorenz number, Lo (Eq. 6 ) ,

and e s t i m a t i n g t h e phonon p a r t , X p , from d a t a 1 2 , 2 7 on I n c o n e l 718,
I n c o n e l X-750, and H a s t e l l o y X. Using Lo w i t h t h e s e t h r e e sets of X and p
r e s u l t s d e f i n e s Xp f o r t h e a l l o y s and t h e r e s u l t s are shown i n Fig. 8. At
h i g h e r 0 1 1 7 K) t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e Xp curve f o r I n c o n e l 625 a g r e e s reason-
a b l y well w i t h t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e s e a l l o y s , so t h e X p curve f o r
I n c o n e l 625 w a s e x t r a p o l a t e d t o lower t e m p e r a t u r e s by a v e r a g i n g t h e t h r e e
( I n c o n e l 718, X-750, and H a s t e l l o y X) sets of Xp v a l u e s . A t low t e m -
p e r a t u r e s , t h i s estimate i s c r i t i c a l because X p i s much l a r g e r than A,.
The u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n t h e d e r i v e d X curve probably v a r y from about 55% a t
t e m p e r a t u r e s above 100 K t o *40% a t 4 K. A t 100 K t h e d e r i v e d X v a l u e
e x c e e d s t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l one by about 4%.

ORNL-DWG 84-47827
I I I I IIIII I I I I Illy

-
Y
E
-2 100
>
t
L
I-
o

/ -
-
0 PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS ( w t 96) -
-
I
a Nb+To Mo Fe Cr Ni -
-
HASTELLOY-X - 9.2 18.6 2 2 50 -
INCONEL-X750 4.0 - 7 15.5 76.5 -
INCONEL 718 5.0 3 19 48 55 -
INCONEL 6 2 5 3.7 9 5 24.5 60.8
I I Ill1111 I I I I11111 I I I I I Ill
10' 102 103
TEMPERATURE ( K )

F i g . 8. Phonon thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y f o r I n c o n e l 625 based on com-

p a r i s o n s with d a t a f o r similar a l l o y s .
 17

Table 4. P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of I n c o n e l 625

D e n s i t y = 8.44 Mg/m3

% Thermal Spe c i f ica Electrical Thermal

Temperature
expansion and heat resistivity conductivity
( K)
contraction ( J / kg K) (10-8 n o m ) (W/m*K)

4 -0.229 1 . 2 (+14,-)b 123.4 0.3b

10 -0.229 3 (+14,-)b 123.6 l.lb
20 -0.229 7 (+20,-29)b 123 -9 2 .gb
30 -0 -229 20 (+14,-30)b 124.0 . 3.8b
50 -0.226 70 (+16,-141b 124.4 5.4b
70 -0.220 140 (-+13,-71b 124.7 6.4b
100 -0.204 270 ( + l o ,-30Ib 125.2 7.3b
150 -0.165 350 (+8 126 .O 7.6
200 -0.116 390 (+4,-5Ib 126.7 8.7
250 -0.060 410 (-+4,0Ib 127.4 9.1
300 0 440 (+3,-5)b 129.1 9.8
400 0.130 470 (+3,-4Ib 132.5 11.3
500 0.266 490 (+4,+2Ib 134.3 12.8

aValues i n p a r e n t h e s i s are p e r c e n t a g e s . F i r s t v a l u e i s range of v a l u e s

about t a b u l a t e d v a l u e as d e s c r i b e d i n t h e t e x t . Second v a l u e i s d i f -
f e r e n c e between t h e t a b u l a t e d s p e c i f i c h e a t and t h e Kopp-Neumann formula.

bEstimated v a l u e . See t e x t .

INCONEL 718

I n c o n e l Alloy 718 i s a h i g h - s t r e n g t h n i c k e l base a l l o y s u i t a b l e f o r

s e r v i c e over wide t e m p e r a t u r e ranges. The ‘composition l i m i t s are :**
Ni + CO - 50 -
55 w t % co - 1.0 w t % max
Cr - 17 -
21 wt % c - 0.08 w t % max
Fe - Balance Mn- 0.35 w t % max
Nb + Ta - 4.75 -
5.50 w t % si - 0.35 w t % max
MO - 2.8 -
3.3 P - 0.015 wt % max
Ti - 0.65 - 1.15 s - 0.015 w t % max
A1 - 9.2 - 0.8 B - 0.006 w t % max
cu - 0.30 w t % max

It e x h i b i t s excellent corrosion c..aracter,stics, and has seen extens,Je

a p p l i c a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e a i r c r a f t engine i n d u s t r i e s and i n n u c l e a r
 18

programs i n c l u d i n g t h e Liquid Metal F a s t Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) Programs.

While t h e a l l o y i s age h a r d e n a b l e , i t has comparatively slow r e s p o n s e , so
t h a t f a b r i c a t i o n and welding can be accomplished without spontaneous hard-
ening. For most a p p l i c a t i o n s t h e a l l o y r e c e i v e s a h e a t t r e a t m e n t
comprised of a s o l u t i o n a n n e a l followed by s t e p w i s e aging a t two i n t e r -
mediate temperatures. Unless o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d , t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s
r e p o r t e d h e r e w i l l be based on t h i s m e t a l l u r g i c a l s t a t e . E l e c t r i c a l and
thermal c o n d u c t i v i t i e s would be expected t o be s e n s i t i v e t o t h e degree of
age hardening.
P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e f o r Alloy 718 mainly
because of i t s promise and use i n t h e a i r c r a f t and n u c l e a r i n d u s t r i e s ,
a l t h o u g h t h e emphasis i s c l e a r l y on p r o p e r t i e s a t e l e v a t e d temperatures.

THERMAL EXPANSION

The thermal expansion of I n c o n e l 718 has been r e p o r t e d by s e v e r a l

i n v e s t i g a t o r s . 6 , 7 , 2 3 ,28,29 With t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n of t e m p e r a t u r e s
below 100 K, t h e d a t a from t h e d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s e x h i b i t s a t i s f a c t o r y
agreement over t h e whole t e m p e r a t u r e range. The d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n Table 5
a r e taken d i r e c t l y from t h e smoothed curve g e n e r a t e d from t h e d a t a g i v e n
i n Fig. 9. These d a t a may be used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e room t e m -
p e r a t u r e d e n s i t y t o c a l c u l a t e t h e temperature dependence of t h e d e n s i t y .

ORNL-DWG 84-17828
x ~ o - ~
I I 1 I
0 CLARK, R E F . 2 3
0 INCO BULLETIN, REF. 2 8

0 HEATHMAN, ( I N TPRC. VOL 2, REF.?)

0 100 200 300 400 500

TEMPERATURE ( K )

F i g . 9. Thermal expansion of Inconel 718.

 19

SPECIFIC HEAT

Brooks e t a l . 2 5 have published r e l i a b l e v a l u e s f o r t h e temperature

range 3 1 3 1 0 5 3 K and have shown t h a t t h e aged a l l o y becomes u n s t a b l e above
about 700 K. These e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s were used f o r t h e 300-500 K range.
A t lower t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e method f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c heat
d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y f o r I n c o n e l 625 w a s a p p l i e d ; t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e s
arise from t h e s l i g h t l y smaller mean atomic weight of I n c o n e l 718, 58.06 g
v s 59.52 g f o r I n c o n e l 625. These v a l u e s are p l o t t e d i n Fig. 10.
The ( e / a ) r a t i o of t h i s a l l o y i s only about 8.35 and Fig. 6 s u g g e s t s
a l i n e a r e l e c t r o n i c s p e c i f i c h e a t c o e f f i c i e n t over t h r e e t i m e s l a r g e r than
t h a t of N i . This i n d i c a t e s t h a t e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s
may r e v e a l unusual behavior.

ORNL-DWG 84-17829

6oo
500 5
I

Y 400
I
m

100

200 300 400 500

TEMPERATURE (K)

Fig. 10. S p e c i f i c h e a t of I n c o n e l 718.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

The e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y of I n c o n e l 718 below room temperature has

been r e p o r t e d by Clark e t a l . l l and Hust e t A t elevated
t e m p e r a t u r e s , d a t a are a v a i l a b l e from McElroy e t a1.,29 a l s o r e p o r t e d by
Korth e t al.30 I n a d d i t i o n , Tye e t a l . 3 1 , 3 2 r e p o r t e d r e s u l t s from 7 7
t o 1200 K. The I N C O b u l l e t i n 2 8 l i s t s only d a t a above room t e m p e r a t u r e .
 20

C l a r k e t a1.33 r e p o r t e d measurements a t low temperature f o r a l a r g e

number of specimens from d i f f e r e n t h e a t s i n both annealed and aged con-
d i t i o n s i n an e f f o r t t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e material v a r i a b i l i t y by changes
i n t h e low temperature e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y . A small degree of v a r i a b i l -
i t y w a s observed i n each group ( a few p e r c e n t ) but t h e group of aged
specimens e x h i b i t e d a c o n s i s t e n t l y lower r e s i s t i v i t y ( a b o u t 10 p e r c e n t )
than t h e annealed specimens.
The spread of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a i n Fig. 11 appears t y p i c a l of
age-hardenable a l l o y s of t h i s type. V a r i a t i o n s are probably due n o t only
t o t h e d i f f e r e n t e x p e r i m e n t a l v a r i a b l e s , but a l s o due t o v a r i a t i o n s i n
compositions and h e a t t r e a t m e n t s of t h e specimens i n t h e s e v e r a l i n v e s t i -
gations. Table 5 p r e s e n t s a smoothed d a t a set which should i l l u s t r a t e t h e
n a t u r e of t h e temperature dependence of t h e e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y of
I n c o n e l 718, but w i l l be a c c u r a t e o n l y t o about +5 t o ? l o % f o r a s p e c i f i c
specimen.

ORNL-DWG 84-17830

125

W
100

AND KORTH. elal., REF. 30

95 I I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TEMPERATURE ( K )

Fig. 11. E l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y of I n c o n e l 718.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Measurements of t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of Inconel 718 have been

made by Tye e t a 1 . , 3 1 s 3 2 McElroy e t a1.,23 Sparks,34 and Hust e t a1.27
 21

c o v e r i n g t h e temperature range of i n t e r e s t f o r aged specimens. The INCO

b u l l e t i n 2 b r e p o r t s d a t a f o r both annealed and aged material above room
t e m p e r a t u r e ; t h e aged material e x h i b i t e d a s l f g h l t y h i g h e r (about 2%) con-
ductivity. Sparks3$ showed a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r e f f e c t ( 2 0 4 0 % of thermal
h i s t o r y i n t h e temperature range 6-20 K. I n t h i s c a s e , however, t h e aged
specimen had t h e lower c o n d u c t i v i t y .
The d a t a of McElroy e t al.29 as r e p o r t e d i n Korth e t a l . 3 0 are
approximately 10% lower than e a r l i e r d a t a 3 1 f o r t e m p e r a t u r e s above 300 K.
However, t h e temperature dependencies of a l l d a t a sets are e q u i v a l e n t , and
as i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 1 2 , a s i n g l e curve with an e r r o r band of about +5%
a d e q u a t e l y d e s c r i b e s a l l t h e d a t a f o r t h i s a l l o y i n t h e aged c o n d i t i o n .

-f
0 TYE, etal., REF. 31,32
0 HUST,etal., REF. 2 7
A SPARKS, REF. 34 (TAKEN FROM GRAPH)
v INCO BULLETIN, REF. 28
0 McELROY,etal., REF. 29
0 KORTH, et al., REF. 30 (ANALYSIS BY McELROYI

P
0 too 200 300 400 500
TEMPERATURE (K)

Fig. 1 2 . Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of I n c o n e l 718.

 22

Table 5. P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of Inconel 718

D e n s i t y = 8.24 @/ma (293 K)

% Thermal Specific Electrical Thermal

Temperature
expansion and heat resistivity conductivity
(K) contraction (J/kg@K) (10-8 X@m) (W/mBK)

4 -0.248 1.2a 103 .O 0.4

10 -0.247 3 .Oa 102.8 1.1
20 -0.245 7 .Oa 102 .o 2.4
30 -0.243 20a 103.1 3.5
50 -0.241 70a 103.4 5 .O
70 -0.234 140a 104.1 6.1
100 -0.217 270a 105 .O 7 .O
150 -0.173 360a 107 .O 8 .O
200 -0.121 400a 109 .o 9 .o
250 -0.063 420a 110.8 10.0
300 0 436 113.0 10.9
400 0.131 456 117.5 12.7
500 0.171 47 9 122.0 14.2

aValues f o r t e m p e r a t u r e s below 300 K were e s t i m a t e d . See t e x t .

COPPER ALLOY C10400

Copper Alloy C10400 i s a h i g h - c o n d u c t i v i t y oxygen-free copper con-

t a i n i n g 0.027 % (min) Ag ( 8 o z / t o n ) . T h i s a l l o y i s one of a number of
h i g h p u r i t y 0 9 9 . 9 % ) copper a l l o y s used e x t e n s i v e l y f o r v a r i o u s i n d u s t r i a l
purposes. Very l i t t l e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e on docu-
mented specimens. However, t h e CDA Standards Handbook35 h a s published
room-temperature d a t a t h a t are p e r t i n e n t i n t h a t t h e y s u g g e s t t h a t t h e
i m p o r t a n t p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a t and s l i g h t l y above room temperature may
be r e p r e s e n t e d a c c u r a t e l y by v a r i o u s d a t a from a range of "pure copper"
specimens.
Table 6 p r e s e n t s a s e t of comparisons of s e v e r a l p h y s i c a l proper-
t i e s f o r C10200, C10400, and C l l O O O a l l o y s which are e s s e n t i a l l y oxygen-
f r e e , high c o n d u c t i v i t y copper t o e l e c t r o l y t i c tough p i t c h copper, g r a d e s
t h a t have been common r e s e a r c h materials. The t a b l e shows t h a t t h e s e
 23

Table 6 . A comparison of room temperature (293 K)

p r o p e r t i e s f o r s e v e r a l g r a d e s of Copper

c10200 C10400 CllOOO

D e n s i t y , Mg/m3 8.94 8.94 8.8 9 - 8 .9 4

Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y (W/m*K) 39 1 388 39 1

Elect. r e s i s t i v i t y ( 10'83*m) 1.71 1.72 1.71

Mean c o e f f i c i e n t t h e r m a l exp. 17 . O X ~ O ' ~ 1 7 . 0 ~ 0-6

1 17 . O X ~ O - ~
293-373 K (K-I)

Mean c o e f f i c i e n t thermal exp. 17.3~10-~ 17.3~10-~ 1 7 .3x10m6

2 9 3 4 7 3 K (K-l)

Mean c o e f f i c i e n t thermal exp. 17.7~10-~ 17.7~10-~ 17.7~10-~

2 9 3 5 7 3 K (R1)

S p e c i f i c heat (J/kg*K) 385 385 385

a l l o y s a l l e x h i b i t e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l room temperature p r o p e r t y v a l u e s .
A t c r y o g e n i c t e m p e r a t u r e s , p r o p e r t i e s such as e l e c t r i c a l and thermal con-
d u c t i v i t y are expected t o be s e n s i t i v e t o minor i m p u r i t i e s such as those
found h e r e ; a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s , above about 100-200 K f o r copper,
t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s becomes less i m p u r i t y s e n s i t i v e . In addition, certain
i m p u r i t i e s are more a c t i v e . For example, s i l i c o n , i r o n , o r b e r y l l i u m
i m p u r i t i e s reduce t h e e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y much more t h a n s i l v e r o r
cadmium.
Thus, i n t h e absence of e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i d e n c e , i t a p p e a r s r e a s o n a b l e
and a c c u r a t e t o approximate t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of C10400 i n t h e t e m -
p e r a t u r e range 250-450 K by n o t i n g t h e few a v a i l a b l e v a l u e s , o r t h o s e f o r
' 1

s i m i l a r g r a d e s of "high p u r i t y " copper, and e x t r a p o l a t i n g where n e c e s s a r y

u s i n g e i t h e r an e x p e r i m e n t a l o r t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s .

THERMAL EXPANSION

The thermal expansion of Copper-..Alloy C10400 between 293 and 573 K

i s i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t of C10200 and C l l O O O a c c o r d i n g t o t h e CDA S t a n d a r d s
Handbook.3S These v a l u e s a g r e e t o w i t h i n 1%of t h e "recommended v a l u e s "
 24

from TPRC, v o l . l ~ ! . ' ~It i s r e a s o n a b l e t h a t t h e small a l l o y a d d i t i o n i n

t h e s e copper a l l o y s do n o t a p p r e c i a b l y a f f e c t t h e thermal expansion. The
expansion v a l u e s r e p o r t e d i n Table 7 are those taken from TPRC's
"recommended v a l u e s . " It should be noted t h a t t h e TPKC c o e f f i c i e n t s of
expansion a g r e e w i t h t h o s e r e p o r t e d by White36 t o an average d e v i a t i o n
of less t h a n 0.5% f o r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e range of i n t e r e s t .

SPECIFIC HEAT

The s p e c i f i c h e a t of copper has been s e l e c t e d by H u l t g r e n , e t a1.37

from an examination of t h e r e s u l t s of numerous i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on nominally
pure material. While no s p e c i f i c accuracy f o r t h e s e l e c t e d v a l u e s w a s
c o n s i d e r e d , i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t a range of k3% would encompass t h e
m a j o r i t y of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s over t h e temperature range 250-450 K.
The s p e c i f i c h e a t f o r C10400 should be r e p r e s e n t e d by these v a l u e s . The
s p e c i f i c h e a t v a l u e s l i s t e d i n Table 7 were found from a c a r e f u l i n t e r -
p o l a t i o n of t h e l i s t i n g p r e s e n t e d by H u l t g r e n , e t a l .

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

The e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y of h i g h p u r i t y copper (99.999%;

= 900) was measured by Moore, e t from 78 t o 400 K. The
p273' p4.2
v a l u e s i n c r e a s e smoothly w i t h i n c r e a s i n g temperature over t h i s range and
a t 293 K, t h e smoothed v a l u e w a s 1.679 x 10-an*m, corresponding t o a con-
d u c t i v i t y of about 102.7% IACS.* T h i s i s common f o r materials of t h i s
p u r i t y ; t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l i m i t ( f o r an u n d i s t u r b e d copper l a t t i c e ) i s
103.4% IACS, corresponding t o a r e s i s t i v i t y of 1.667 x 10'8Q*m.
Table 6 l i s t s t h e r e s i s t i v i t y of 293 K f o r C10400 a s 1.72 x 10-8il*m.
Thus, i t would be a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e r e s i s t i v i t y of t h e a l l o y should
remain only about 2% above t h a t g i v e n f o r pure copper. The v a l u e s l i s t e d
i n Table 7 were t h e r e f o r e a d j u s t e d , u s i n g M a t t h i e s s e n ' s Rule, from
Moore, e t a l . ' s d a t a f o r h i g h p u r i t y material.

* I n t e r n a t i o n a l Annealed Copper Standard , Conductivity of

58.0 Mmho*m-l, corresponding t o a r e s i s t i v i t y of 1.724 x 2.m a t
293 K e 3 '
 25

THERMAL CONDUCT I V I TY

The thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of h i g h p u r i t y copper has been determined by

many i n v e s t i g a t o r s and t h e r e s u l t s have been surveyed by t h e Purdue
group. l 3 T h e i r recommended v a l u e s c l o s e l y f o l l o w t h e r e s u l t s of Moore38
and L a ~ b i t z . ~
Using
~ t h e s e r e s u l t s , t h e measured e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y
of C10400, s t a n d a r d t r a n s p o r t theory20 and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y determined
phonon c o n d u c t i v i t y , Q 1 a X v a l u e w a s c a l c u l a t e d f o r C10400 which i s 1.5%
g r e a t e r t h a n the value t a b u l a t e d i n t h e CDA Handbook,35 388 W/m*K a t
293 K. The v a l u e s shown i n Table 7 are based on t h e c a l c u l a t i o n and t h e
electrical r e s i s t i v i t y - temperature d a t a of Moore38 and L a u b i t z .4D

Table 7. P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of copper a l l o y C10400

D e n s i t y = 8.94 Mg/m3

% Thermal Specific Electrical Thermal

Temperature
expansion and heat resistivity conductivity
( K)
contraction (J/kg*K) (10-8 n*m) (W/m*K)

250 -0.082 374 1.43 396

275 -0 -035 380 1e60 395
300 0 385 1.77 393
325 0.042 389 1.93 39 2
350 0.085 39 2 2.10 390
375 0.128 395 2.27 389
400 0.171 398 2.44 388
425 0.215 400 2.61 38 6
4 50 0.260 403 2.78 385

COPPER ALLOY C17510

Beryllium Copper Alloy C17510 was developed by Brush Wellman (Brush

Beryllium Copper Alloy 3) as an economical, h i g h c o n d u c t i v i t y , moderately
h i g h s t r e n g t h copper a l l o y f o r use p a r t i c u l a r l y i n s w i t c h e s , r e l a y s , and
o t h e r high c u r r e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s . The a l l o y u t i l i z e s n i c k e l i n s t e a d of
c o b a l t f o r s t r e n g t h e n i n g , and c o n t a i n s 1.4 - 2.2 % N i as w e l l as
0.2 - 0.6% Bee4*
 26

The p r o p e r t i e s developed by h e a t t r e a t i n g t h i s a l l o y are due t o

p r e c i p i t a t i o n h a r d e n i n g , t h e a g e n t being t h e formation of t h e n i c k e l
b e r y l l i d e i n t e r m e t a l l i c phase. Thus, c e r t a i n mechanical and p h y s i c a l
p r o p e r t i e s are f u n c t i o n s of aging t i m e and temperature. Brush Wellman has
developed (and a p p a r e n t l y i s s t i l l developing) h e a t t r e a t m e n t s t h a t o p t i -
mize p r o p e r t i e s such as s t r e n g t h and e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y . I n addi-
t i o n , p r o p r i e t a r y h e a t t r e a t m e n t s i n v o l v i n g cold working are being
developed. Such materials may be a n i s o t r o p i c because of p r e f e r r e d g r a i n
o r i e n t a t i o n s o r t e x t u r e , but t h i s i s n o t expected t o a f f e c t t h e p h y s i c a l
properties to a significant extent.

THERMAL EXPANSION

Brush Wellman's d a t a s h e e t s 4 2 g i v e n t h e mean expansion c o e f f i c i e n t

( f o r cast m a t e r i a l ) between 2 9 3 and 473 K as 18.0 x K-l. Guha and
S ~ i e g e l b e r g "p~r e s e n t e d a v a l u e f o r t h e mean c o e f f i c i e n t between 293
and 589 K a s 19.3 x K-l. I n terms of e x p a n s i o n , t h e v a l u e f o r C17510
a t 473 K i s about 3% h i g h e r than t h a t suggested by TPKC, Vol. for
pure copper; a t 589 K i t i s h i g h e r by about 8%. Thus, over t h e t e m -
p e r a t u r e range 250 t o 450 K, i t a p p e a r s r e a s o n a b l e t o conclude t h a t t h e
thermal expansion of t h i s a l l o y can be e s t i m a t e d a c c u r a t e l y by t h e d a t a
f o r pure copper. This i s t h e s o u r c e of t h e v a l u e s r e p o r t e d i n Table 8.
D e n s i t y changes may be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e s e r e s u l t s .

SPECIFIC HEAT

No e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a were found f o r t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t of C17510.

However, f o r t h e temperature range 250 t o 400 K, t h e v a l u e s should be
e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e f o r pure copper. I n t h e s o l u t i o n annealed
c o n d i t i o n , t h e n i c k e l and b e r y l l i u m a d d i t i o n s are s u f f i c i e n t l y small s o
t h a t l i t t l e c o n t r i b u t i o n due t o mass o r magnetic e f f e c t s would be
expected. For example, 50% N i added t o copper a f f e c t s t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t
a t 400 K by less t h a n 8%.h4 Aged material i n c l u d e s a small f r a c t i o n of
p r e c i p i t a t e d n i c k e l b e r y l l i d e , but a g a i n l i t t l e e f f e c t upon t h e s p e c i f i c
h e a t should e x i s t . The a l l o y i s non-magnetic.
 27

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

The e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y of a l l o y C17510 h a s been measured by Guha

and h i s c o l l a b o r a t o r s a t Brush W e l l ~ u a n,45
~ ~,46 f o r t h e temperature range
2 9 3 5 0 0 K. It i s clear t h a t t h e r e s i s t i v i t y i s s e n s i t i v e t o h e a t treat-
ment and a l s o t o t h e l e v e l of i m p u r i t i e s i n t h e material. For example,
t h e a n n e a l e d , "dead-soft'' a l l o y may have a c o n d u c t i v i t y only 20% of t h e
IACS v a l u e , whereas a p p r o p r i a t e h e a t t r e a t m e n t s can raise t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y
i n t o the SO-60% IACS range. Cold work, however, produces l i t t l e
i n f l u e n c e , a t l e a s t up t o about 40% c o l d r e d u c t i o n . The r e s i s t i v i t y d a t a
r e p o r t e d by Guha (1983) f o r "High Performance" C17510 and f o r C17510 HT
are e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l and are t h e source of t h e d a t a f o r the p l o t
shown i n Fig. 13. However, i t should be noted t h a t d a t a r e p o r t e d e a r l i e r
f o r C17510 HT by Guha (1982) are measurably lower. Guha ( p e r s o n a l com-
munication) s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e due t o h i g h e r p u r i t y a l l o y s
f o r t h e more r e c e n t d a t a . I t should a l s o be noted t h a t f u r t h e r develop-
ment of p r o p r i e t a r y thermomechanical p r o c e s s i n g procedures may l e a d t o a
f u r t h e r lowering of t h e p v a l u e s f o r t h i s a l l o y .

ORNL-DWG 84-17832
5.0
I I I

c 4.5
t
m
0
I

2.5 I I I I
250 300 350 400 450
TEMPERATURE (K)

Fig. 13. E l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y ,of copper-nickel-beryllium

. . I
alloy
C17510.
 28

The e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a 4 6 show t h e expected l i n e a r v a r i a t i o n of

r e s i s t i v i t y w i t h temperature :

p = 0.989 + 7.548 x 10-3T

T, K
p, 10-8n.m

and f i t t h e e q u a t i o n w i t h an average e r r o r of only 0.18%. For t e m -

p e r a t u r e s below 290 K, t h e p v a l u e s shown i n Table 8 were e s t i m a t e d
It should be noted t h a t t h e temperature c o e f f i c i e n t
from t h i s e q u a t i o n .
i s about 30% l a r g e r than t h e v a l u e f o r pure copper. 38

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

The thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of Alloy C17510 w a s measured by

G ~ h a $$4~53 4 6 and found t o i n c r e a s e slowly w i t h r i s i n g temperature from
300 t o 600 K. A s i n t h e case of t h e e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , t h e thermal
c o n d u c t i v i t y i s s e n s i t i v e t o both h e a t t r e a t m e n t and i m p u r i t i e s . Guha's
d a t a (1983) f o r "High Performance" C17510 and C17510 HT materials46 were
chosen as being r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h i s a l l o y w i t h t y p i c a l h e a t t r e a t m e n t ,
and are p l o t t e d i n Fig. 14.

m
ORNL-DWG 84-!7833

300

o GUHA, REF. 46

250 300 350 400 4 50

TEMPERATURE ( K )

F i g . 14. Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of copper-nickel-beryllium alloy

C17510.
 29

Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y measurements are f r e q u e n t l y s u b j e c t t o systema-

t i c experimenal e r r o r s , and t o test t h e v a l u e s , estimates were made from
t h e p v a l u e s shown i n Table 8 . The procedure has been d e s c r i b e d i n t h e
l i t e r a t u r e 4 0 s 4 1 and t h e d a t a of Moore, e t al.38 were combined w i t h an
e x p e r i m e n t a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e phonon c o n d u c t i v i t y 4 t o yield the
b a s i c parameters r e q u i r e d f o r r e l a t i n g X t o p . The r e s u l t a g r e e s e x a c t l y
w i t h Guha's v a l u e a t 300 K and i s about 7% lower t h a n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
d a t a a t 400 K. T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s probably have
a n u n c e r t a i n t y of about +5%. The lower (250-290 K) temperature X v a l u e s
shown i n Table 8 were o b t a i n e d by c o n s i d e r i n g both t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l and
t h e o r e t i c a l temperature v a r i a t i o n s .

Table 8 . P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of copper-nickel-beryllium a l l o y C17510

D e n s i t y = 8.83 Mg/m3 ( 2 9 3 K)

% Thermala Specific Electricalb Thermalb

Temperature
expansion and heata resistivity conductivity
(K) contraction (J/kg*K) (10-8 2.m) (W/m*K)

250 -0.088 374 2 .87c 210c

275 -0.047 380 3 .06c 21gC
300 0 38 5 3.25 230
325 0.036 389 3.44 239
350 0.079 39 2 2.62 248
37 5 0.122 395 3.81 255
400 0.165 398 4 .OO 26 1
425 0.209 400 4.19 267
450 0.254 40 3 4.38 272

aSee t e x t . These are v a l u e s f o r pure copper.

bHeat t r e a t m e n t i s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e t e x t and r e f e r e n c e s . Future
development may l e a d t o improvements i n t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s .
CExtrapolated values.
 30

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The a u t h o r s wish t o thank D. L. McElroy and D. W. Yarbrough f o r

h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n concerning t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y d a t a and t h e organiza-
t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t . We a l s o acknowledge t h e a s s i s t a n c e of Brenda Hickey,
S h e r r y Samples, Carolyn Whitus, and Judy Young i n t y p i n g and p r e p a r a t i o n
of t h e manuscript.

REFERENCES

1. I n c o n e l Alloy X-750, Huntington Alloys P u b l i c a t i o n 15M 4-77 T-38,

Huntington A l l o y s , Inc., Huntington, West V i r g i n i a , (1977).
2. C. F. Lucks and H. W. D e e m , "Thermal P r o p e r t i e s of T h i r t e e n
Metals," ASTM STP 227 (1958).
3. V. Arp, J. H. Wilson, L. Winrich, and P. S i k o r a , "Thermal
Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 t o 293 K , " Cryogenics 2 ,
230 (1962).
4. B. L. Rhodes, C. W. M o e l l e r , V. Hopkins, and T. I. Marx, "Thermal
Expansion of S e v e r a l T e c h n i c a l Metals from -255 t o 300" C y " Adu. Cryo.
Engr. 8 , 287 (1963).
5. E. W. C o l l i n g s , F. J. J e l i n e k , J. C. Ho, and M. P. Mather,
"Magnetic and Thermal P r o p e r t i e s of S t a i n l e s s S t e e l and INCONEL a t
Cryogenic Temperatures ," A h . Cryo. Engr. 2 2 , 159 (1977).
6. G. B. Stubbs, The Nimonic Alloys, ed. W. Betteridge, e t al.,
Crane-Russak , New York , 1974.
7. Y. S. Touloukian, R. K. Kirby, R. E. T a y l o r , and P. D. Desai,
"Thermal Expansion, Metallic Elements and A l l o y s , " i n v o l . 12,
Themnophysicat Properties of Matter, IFI/PLENUM, New York, 1975.
8. E. W. C o l l i n g s and R. D. Smith, " S p e c i f i c Heats of Some Cryogenic
Materials I. Fe-Ni Base A l l o y s , " Adu. Cryo. Engr. 24, 214 (1978).
9. R. L. C a p p e l l e t t i , E. W. C o l l i n g s , "Diffuse C l u s t e r
Superparamagnetism i n I n c o n e l X750," Adu. Cryo. Engr. 24 240 (1978).
10. Y. S.Touloukian and E. H. Buyco, " S p e c i f i c Heat, Metallic
Elements and Alloys ," i n v o l . 4, Thermophysical Prope.rt,iesof Matter,
IFI/PLENUM, New York, 1970.
 31

11. A. F. C l a r k , G. E. C h i l d s , and G. H. Wallace, " E l e c t r i c a l

R e s i s t i v i t y of Some Engineering Alloys a t Low T e m p e r a t u r e s ," Cryogenics
10, 295 (1970); and "Low Temperature Electrical R e s i s t i v i t y of Some
Engineering A l l o y s , " Ado. Cryo. Engr. 15, 85 (1970).
12. J. G. Hust and P. J. G i a r r a t a n o , "Thermal and E l e c t r i c a l
Measurements on S e l e c t e d Materials f o r Low-Temperature A p p l i c a t i o n s , " Ado.
Cryo. Engr. 22, 128 (1977).
13. Y. S. Touloukian, R. W. Powell, C. Y. H o , and P. G. Klemens,
"Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y , Metallic Elements and A l l o y s , " i n v o l . 1 ,
Thermophysical Properties of Matter,, IFI/PLENUM, New York, 1970.
14. Armco N i t r o n i c 33 S t a i n l e s s S t e e l , Product Data Sheet S-53b,
LA-5577, Amco S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n , Baltimore, Maryland, 1977.
15. E. W. C o l l i n g s and H. M. L e d b e t t e r , "Sound V e l o c i t y Anomalies
Near t h e Spin-glass T r a n s i t i o n i n an A u s t e n i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l Alloy,"
Phys. L e t t . 72A, 53 (1979).
16. H. M. L e d b e t t e r , "Room Temperature E l a s t i c C o n s t a n t s and
Low-Tempera t u r e Sound V e l o c i t i e s f o r S i x Nitrogen Alloyed A u s t e n i t i c
S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s , " Met. Trans. A 11A, 1 0 6 7 4 9 (1980).
17. W. M. Rogers and R. L. Powell, "Tables of T r a n s p o r t I n t e g r a l s ,"
NBS Circular 595, ( J u l y 1958).
18. T i K. Chu and C. Y. Ho, "Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y and E l e c t r i c a l
R e s i s t i v i t y of Eight S e l e c t e d A I S 1 S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s ," pp. 79-106 i n Proc.
15th I n t . !?'hermaZ Conductivity Conf., ed. V. V. Mirkovich, Plenum P r e s s ,
New York and London, 1978.
19. J. G. Hust and P. J. G i a r r a t a n o , "Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y and
E l e c t r i c a l R e s i s t i v i t y Standard Reference Materials: A u s t e n i t i c S t a i n l e s s
S t e e l , SRM's 735 and 798 from 4 t o 1200 K," YBS SpZ. Publ., 26+346 (March
1975).
20. -,J. M.-Ziman, " E l e c t r o n s and Phonons," p. 385, Oxford a t t h e
Clarendon Press, London, 1960.
21. R. K. W i l l i a m s , R. S . Graves, and D. L. McElroy," Thermal
C o n d u c t i v i t y of C r 2 O 3 i n t h e V i c i n i t y of t h e N6el P o i n t , " Corn. Am. Ceram.
SOC. 67 C151-52 (1984).
22. I n c o n e l Alloy 625, Huntington Alloys P u b l i c a t i o n 3M 1-84 T - 4 2 ,
Huntington A l l o y s , Inc., Huntington, West V i r g i n i a , 1984.
 32

23. A. F. C l a r k , "Low Temperature Thermal Expansion of Some Metallic

A l l o y s ," Cryogenics 8, 282 (1968).
24. G. Grimvall "The Electron-Phonon I n t e r a c t i o n i n Normal Metals ,"
Phys. Scr. 14, 6 3 7 9 (1976).
25. C. R. Brooks, M. Cash, and A. Garcia, "The Heat Capacity of
I n c o n e l 718 from 313 t o 1053K," J . NucZ. Mater. 7 8 419 (1978).
26. W. N. L a w l e s s " S p e c i f i c Heat of Nichrome, 2-30K," Cryogenics 20,
527-28 (1980).
27. J. G. Hust, D. H. W e i t z e l , and R. L. Powell, "Thermal
C o n d u c t i v i t y , E l e c t r i c a l R e s i s t i v i t y , and Thermopower of Aerospace Alloys
from 4 t o 300K," J . Res. NBS 75A, 269 (1971).
28. Inconet AZZoy 716, Huntington Alloys P u b l i c a t i o n 1 O M 7-78 T-39,
Huntington A l l o y s , I n c . , Huntington, West V i r g i n i a , 1978.
29. D. L. McElroy, R. K. W i l l i a m s , J. P. Moore, R. S. Graves, and
F. J. Weaver, "The P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of I n c o n e l Alloy 718 from 300 t o
1000K," p. 149 i n Proc. 15th Thermai! conductivity Conf., 1978.
30. G. E. Korth and G. R. Smolik, Status Report of Phys&?aZ and
M&?hanicaZ Test Data of Alloy 718, INEL, Tree-1254, 1978; d a t a from
D. L. McElroy, e t a l . , ORNL.
31. R. P. Tye, F. W. Hayden, and S. C. Spinney, "The Thermal
C o n d u c t i v i t y of a Number of Alloys a t Elevated Temperatures," Nigh Temp. -
High Press. 4 , 503 (1972).
32. R. P. Tye, E. W. Hayden, and S. C. Spinney, "Thermal
C o n d u c t i v i t y of S e l e c t e d Alloys a t Low Temperatures," Adu. Cryo. Bzgr. 22,
136 (1977).
33. A. F. C l a r k , and P. V. Tryon, "Material V a r i a b i l i t y as Measured
by Low-Temperature E l e c t r i c a l R e s i s t i v i t y , " Cryogenies 1 2 , 451 (1972).
34. L. L. Sparks, "Magnetothermal C o n d u c t i v i t y of S e l e c t e d Pure
Metals, Adu. Cryo. Engr. 22, 119 (1976), and "Magnetic F i e l d E f f e c t on
Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y of S e l e c t e d Metals ," Adv. Cryo. Engr. 24, 224 (1978).
35. CDA Standards Handbook, P a r t 2, Alloy Data, Copper Development
Association, Inc., New York, 1973.
36. G. K. White, "Thermal Expansion Reference Data: l-lOOOK," High
Temp. - High Press. 11, 471 (1979).
 37. R. Hultgren, P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser,
K. K. K e l l e y , and D. D. Wagman, " S e l e c t e d Values of t h e Thermodynamic
P r o p e r t i e s of t h e Elements," pp. 14+151 i n American Society f o r Metals,
Metals Park, Ohio, 1973.
38. J. P. Moore, D. L. McElroy, and R. S. Graves, "Thermal
C o n d u c t i v i t y and Electrical R e s i s t i v i t y of High P u r i t y Copper from 78 t o
400K," Can. J . n y s . 45 3849-65 (1967).
39. E. G. West, Copper and I t s Alloys, E l l i s Horwood, Ltd.,
C h i c h e s t e r , 1982.
40. M. J. L a u b i t z , "Transport P r o p e r t i e s of Pure Metals a t High
Temperatures. I. Copper," Can. J . -Phys. 4 5 , 3 6 7 7 4 6 , 1967.
41. P. G. Klemens, "Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y and L a t t i c e V i b r a t i o n a l
Modes," p. 90 i n S o l i d State Physics 7 , ed., F. S e i t z and D. Turnbull,
Academic Press, New York, 1958.
42. Brush BeryZZitun Copper A t t o y 3, P r e l i m i n a r y Data S h e e t , Brush
Wellman, Cleveland, Ohio, 1979.
43. A. Guha and W. D. S p i e g e l b u r g , "Development of a
Nickel-Containing Beryllium Copper Alloy f o r Connector A p p l i c a t i o n s , " pre-
s e n t e d a t t h e E l e c t r o n i c Connector Study Group Symposium, 1979.
44. R. E. Pawel and E. E. Stansbury, "The S p e c i f i c Heat of Copper,
N i c k e l , and Copper-Nickel Alloys," J . Phys. Chem. Solids 26, 607 (1965).
45. A. Guha, " P r o p e r t i e s of Beryllium Copper C17510 f o r High
C o n d u c t i v i t y A p p l i c a t i o n s , " p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 3 0 t h Annual Relay Conference,
S t i l l w a t e r , Oklahoma, 1982.
46. A. Guha, "High Performance M i l l Hardened Beryllium Copper C17510
I
S t r i p f o r E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c A p p l i c a t i o n s ," p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 1 6 t h
Annual Connector and I n t e r c o n n e c t i o n Technology Symposium, 1983.
 35

ORNL/ TM-96 16
Distribution
Category UC-20, 20c

INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION

1-2. C e n t r a l Research L i b r a r y 27. D. F. Pedraza

3. Document Reference S e c t i o n 28. Y-K M. Peng
4-5. Laboratory Records Department 29. A. F. Rowcliffe
6. Laboratory Records, ORNL RC 30. M. J. Saltmarsh
7. ORNL P a t e n t S e c t i o n 31. M. L. S a n t e l l a
8. P. F. Ekcher 32. G. M. S l a u g h t e r
9. L. A. Berry 33. J. 0. S t i e g l e r
10. E. E. Bloom 34. W. L. S t i r l i n g
11. A. J. Caputo 35. W. C. S t o d d a r t
12. C. E. Dunn 36. R. E. S t o l l e r
13. W. P. E a t h e r l y 37-39. P. T. Thornton
14. G. M. Goodwin 40. F. W. Wiffen
15 M. L. Grossbeck 41. L. C. W i l l i a m s
16 John S h e f f i e l d 42-46. R. K. W i l l i a m s
17. M. S. Lube11 47. D. W. Yarbrough
18. L. K. Mansur 48. R. J. C h a r l e s ( C o n s u l t a n t )
19. P. J. Maziasz 49. H. E. Cook ( C o n s u l t a n t )
20. D. L. McElroy 50. Alan Lawley ( C o n s u l t a n t )
21. 0. B. Morgan 51. R. B. Massalski ( C o n s u l t a n t )
22-26. R. E. Pawel 52. J. C. W i l l i a m s ( C o n s u l t a n t )
53. K. M. Zwilsky ( C o n s u l t a n t )

EXTERNAL D I S T R I B U T I O N

54. O f f i c e of t h e A s s i s t a n t Manager f o r Energy Research and

Development, Department of Energy, Oak Ridge O p e r a t i o n s , Box E,
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
55. Russell Acton, Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s , D i v i s i o n 1537, P.O. Box 5800,
Albuquerque, NM 87175.
56. A. C. Anderson, P h y s i c s Department, U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s , 110
West G r e e n , S t r e e t , Urbana, I L 61801
57. T e r r y Ashworth, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology,
Rapid C i t y , SD 57701
58 W i l l i a m Black, Copper Development A s s o c i a t i o n , Greenwich O f f i c e
Park 2, Box 1840, Greenwich, CT *06836
59. J. E. Brandt, Armco S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n , Advancaed Materials
D i v i s i o n , P.O. Box 1697, Baltimore, MD 21203
60. C. R. Brooks, Dept. .of M e t a l l u r g i c a l Engineering, U n i v e r s i t y of
Tennessee, K n o x v i l l e , TN 37916
61. J. D. C a l l e n , Department of Nuclear Engineering, U n i v e r s i t y of
Wisconsin, Madison, W I 53706
62. A. C e z a i r l i y a n , I n s t i t u t e f o r Materials Research, N a t i o n a l Bureau
of S t a n d a r d s , Washington, DC 20234
63. M. M. Cohen, O f f i c e of Fusion Energy, Department of Energy,
Washington, DC 20545
 36

64. R. W. Conn, Department of Chemical, Nuclear, and Thermal

E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Los Angeles, CA 90024
65. Dwight Damon, U n i v e r s i t y of C o n n e c t i c u t , Departament of P h y s i c s ,
U-46, S t o r r s , CT 06268
66. S. 0. Dean, D i r e c t o r , Fusion Energy Development, Science
A p p l i c a t i o n s , Inc., 2 P r o f e s s i o n a l Drive, G a i t h e r s b u r g , MD 20760
67. H. K. Forsen, B e c h t e l Group, I n c . , Research E n g i n e e r i n g ,
P.O. Box 3965, San F r a n c i s c o , CA 94105
68. J. R. G i l l e l a n d , GA Technologies, Inc., Fusion and Advanced
Technology, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92138
69. R. W. Gould, Department of Applied P h y s i c s , C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of
Technology, Pasadena, CA 91 125
70. R. A. Gross, P l a s m a Research L a b o r a t o r y , Columbia U n i v e r s i t y ,
New York, NY 10027
71. Amitava Guha, Brush-Wellman, Inc. 17876 S t . C l a i r Avenue,
C l e v e l a n d , OH 44110
72. G. M. Haas, C h i e f , Reactor Technologies Branch, D i v i s i o n of
Development and Technology, O f f i c e of Fusion Energy, Department of
Energy, Washington, DC 20545
73. C. Y. H o , CINDAS/Purdue U n i v e r s i t y , 2595 Yeager Road, West
L a f a y e t t e , I N 47906
74. J. G. Hust, Thermophysical P r o p e r t i e s D i v i s i o n , N a t i o n a l Bureau of
S t a n d a r d s , Boulder, CO 80303
75. P a u l G. Klemens, U n i v e r s i t y of C o n n e c t i c u t , Dept. of P h y s i c s , U-46,
S t o r r s , CT 06268
76. K. K e i t h Kirby, CTE Board, N a t i o n a l Bureau of S t a n d a r d s , B316
Chemistry, Washington, DC 20234
77. David L a r s e n , I I T Research I n s t i t u t e , 10 West 3 5 t h S t r e e t ,
Chicago, I L 60616
78. M. J. L a u b i t z , N a t i o n a l Research C o u n c i l , Montreal Road, O t t a w a ,
O n t a r i o , Canada K1A OR6
79. D. M. W a d e , Plasma P h y s i c s L a b o r a t o r y , P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y ,
P.O. Box 451, P r i n c e t o n , N J 08544
80. Merritt L. Minges, A i r Force Wright A e r o n a u t i c a l L a b o r a t o r i e s ,
Materials L a b o r a t o r y , MLP, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
OH 45433
81. Vladimir V. Mirkovich, Mineral S c i e n c e s L a b o r a t o r y , Canada Center
f o r Mineral and Energy Technology, O t t a w a , Canada
82. P. J. Reardon, Brookhaven N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y , Upton, NY 11973
83. T. C. Reuther, Reactor Technologies Branch, D i v i s i o n of Development
and Technology, O f f i c e of Fusion Energy, Department of Energy,
Mail Stop G-256, Washington, DC 20545
84. Harry J. Sauer, Jr., U n i v e r s i t y of M i s s o u r i , R o l l a , MO 65401
85. L. L. S p a r k s , Cryogenic D i v i s i o n , NBS I n s t i t u t e f o r Basic
S t a n d a r d s , Boulder, CO 80302
86. W. M. S t a c e y , J r . , School of Nuclear E n g i n e e r i n g , Georgia I n s t i t u t e
J
of Technology, A t l a n t a , GA 30332
 87. E. E. S t a n s b u r y , Dept. of M e t a l l u r g i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y of
T e n n e s s e e , K n o x v i l l e , TN 37916
88. D. S t e i n e r , R e n s s e l a e r P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e , Troy, NY 12181
89. R. E. T a y l o r , Purdue U n i v e r s i t y , 2595 Yeager Road, W. L a F a y e t t e , I N
47096
90. R. P. '&e, Dynatech Research and Development Company, Cambridge, MA
02 138
91. P a u l Wagner, Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c L a b o r a t o r i e s , U n i v e r s i t y of
C a l i f o r n i a , CMB-8 MS 734, Los Alamos, NM 87545
92. G. K. White, CSIRO D i v i s i o n of Applied P h y s i c s , Sydney,
A u s t r a l i a 2070
93-262. DOE, TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER, OFFICE OF INFORMATION SERVICES,
P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831

For d i s t r i b u t i o n as shown i n TID-4500 D i s t r i b u t i o n 'Category ,

UC-20 (Magnetic Fusion Energy) and UC-2Oc (MFE-Reactor M a t e r i a l s )