Name: Ishola Rahmat Oyindamola

Matric No: 032310018

Department:Computer Science
Course code: COM 101
Class id: COM101D2013
Textbook ID:296

CHAPTER ONE
Concept of computer

Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the computer. For Better or worse,computer have infiltrated
every a space of our society.
A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or
logical operations l. According to English & word dictionary ,(2011)a computer is an electronic device
which which is capable of receiving information (data)in a particular form and of performing a sequence of
operations(process) in accordance with a predetermined but variable set procedural instructions or signals.

(1)Data:is nothing but a more collection of basic facts and figure without any sequence.

(2)Processing:is the set of instructions given by the user or the related data to output the meaningful
information.

(3)Information:i s the end point or the final output of any processed work.

Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit
(CPU)and the same forms of memory.

Computer History and Development

Early computing machine and inventors ABACUS is know to be the first mechanical calculating device.

The real beginning of computer as we known them today,however,lay within an English mathematics
professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871).Frustrated at the many errors he found while examining
calculations for the Royal Astronomical Society,Babbage declared,"I wish to God these calculation had
been performed by steam ".

Generation of Computer
First Generation (1945-1956)
With the onset of the second word war, government sought to develop computer to exploit their potential
strategic importance. This increase funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress.
By 1941 German engineer KONRAD ZUSE had developed a computer, the Z3,to design airplanes and
missiles.

Hardware Technology: The first generation of computer used VACUUM TUBE for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory.

Second Generation of computer was invented the year 1956-1963. The used magnetic core technology for
primary memory.Which was TRANSISTORS.

The Third Generation of computer (1964-1971) which was the INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

The Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-present) which was large scale integrated(LSI)

The fifth Generation Computer(present and Beyond)

The most famous example of a fifth generation computer is the fictional HAL900 from Arthur C. Clarke's
novel, 2001:A Space Odyssey.
 Classification of computer
1 classification by purpose
2 classification according to data handling
3 Classification by functions

The computer system

Computer is an electronic device that accept data as input, process the input data by performing
mathematical and logical operations on it.

Part of Computer
-Hardware
-Software

CHAPTER TWO
Computer Hardware And Configuration
When we talk of computer hardware, three related terms that require introduction are –computer
architecture refers to the structure and behavior of the computer. For example, instruction format,
instruction set and techniques for addressing memory, and how they connect to the other components .
Different kinds of computer, such as a PC or a mainframe computer may have different
organization;however,basic organization of computer remain the same.

A computer consists of three main components

1 Input/Output
2 centeral processed Unit
3 Memory unit

Generation of processor
The processor ( CPU,for central processing unit) is the computer's brain.
-Cyrix
-Digital Equipment Corporation
-Ferranti
-IDT
-Intel
-Intersil
-MIPS Technologies
-MOS Technology
-Motorola
-National Semiconductor
-NEC
-NEXGEN
-Philips
-RCA
-Rise Technology
-Sun Microsystems
-Texas Instruments
-Transmeta
-USSIR
-VIA
-Western Design Center
-Western Electric
-Zilog

Interconnecting The Unit Of A Computer

CPU send data,instructions and information to the component inside the computer as well as to the
peripherals and the device attached to it
System Buses are as fellows
-Data Bus
-Address Bus
-Control Bus
-Expansion Bus

Motherboard
The computer is built up around a motherboard. The motherboard is the most important component in the
PC

ROMBIOS
BIOS it is the basic program used as an interface between the operating system and the motherboard. The
BIOS is stored in the ROM and cannot be rewritten.

CMOS Chip BIOS ROMS are accompanied by a smaller CMOS (CMOS is a type of memory
technology)memory chip.
-Battery for CMOS chip
-Port and interface
-Expansion slots
-Ribbon cable
-Memory Chips

Single In-line Memory Module(SLMM)and Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM)

-Storage Devices
-Processor
-Human Data Entry Device
-Keyboard
-Mouse
-TrackBall
-Joystick
-Digitizing Tablet e.t.c

CHAPTER THREE
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
software,is the collection of computer programs,produres and documentation that performs different taskw
on a computer system.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1 System software
2 Application software
3 Manware

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
FEATURE OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
-Close to system
-Fast in speed
-Difficult in size
-Difficult to design
-Smaller in size
-Difficult to understand

TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE

-System control program
-System software support program
-System development program
 FEATURE OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE
-close to user
-Slow in speed
-Easy to understand
-Easy to manipulate
-Generally, written in high level language
-Easy to design

TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE

-General purpose application software
-Word processor
-Electronic spreadsheet
-Presentation software
-Desktop publishing software
-Web browser software
-Special purpose application software

PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
include tools in form of program or application that software developer use to create,debug,maintain,or
otherwise support others programs and applications.Terms are Compiler,Debugger,Interpreter,linkers,and
text editor,

CHAPTER SEVEN
Computer Languages
The most powerful tools we have for communication is language. This i s true whether we are considering
communication between two humans,between a human programmer and a computer, or between a network
of a computer.

Surface Form and Meaning

A language is a set of surface forms and meanings,and a mapping between the surface forms and their
associated meaning.
A natural language is a language spoken by human,such as English or Swahili.
A simply communication system can be describe using a tableof surface forms and their associated
meaning. For example, this table describe a communication system between traffic light and drivers:
Surface Form Meaning
Green Go
Yellow Caution
Red stop

Language and Infinity

A useful language must be able to express infinitely many different meaning. Hence,there must be a way to
generate new surface form and guess their meaning
Language Construction
To define more expensive infinite language, we need a richer system for construction new surface form and
associated meanings.
Component of Language

A language is composed of :
Primitive the smallest unit of meaning.
means of combination rules for building new language elements by combining simpler ones.
The primitive are the smallest meaningful unit( morphemes)

Means of Abstraction
In addition to primitive and means of combination, powerful language have an additional type of
component that enables economic communication: means if abstraction.
 Recursive Transition Network
A recursive transition network (RTN)is define by a graph of nodes and edges. A string is in the language if
there exist some path from the start node to a final node in the graph where the output symbols along the
path edges produce the string

CHAPTHER EIGHT
Introduction To Computers Programming
What distinguish a computer from other machine is its programmability,without a program, a computer is
an overpriced for stopper. With the right program, though, a computer can be a tool for communication
across the continent, discovering a new molecule that can cure cancer,composing a symphony e.t.c .

Programming is the act of writing instructions that make the computer do something useful. It is an
intensely creative activity,e.t.c.

The ideal programmer would have the vision of Isaac Newton, the intellect of Albert Einstein, the creativity
of Miles Davis, the aesthetic sense of Maya Lin, the wisdom of Benjamin Franklin, the literary talent of
William Shakespeare,e.t.c .

Python
It is a high-level programming language that supports imperative, object-orientend,and functional
programming paradigms. In its feature like the dynamic types systemand automatic memory management.

Rexx
Short for restructured extending executor,REXX is an interpreted language developed by IBM. It was
desined with an intent to be an casilylearmable and readable language

Ruby
The efforts for developing this language initiated in Japan in the 1990s.

S-Lang
Originally developed as a stack-based language,It has evolved as a language similar to C. It was developed
by john E. Davis.

Spin
It is a multitasking object-oriented programming language whose compiler convert the spin code into
bytecodes.
Functional programming language
define every computation as a mathematical evaluation. They focus on the application of function

Charity
It is a purely functional,not-Turning-complete language,which means that all its programs are guaranteed to
terminate

Clean
It is a purely functional programming language that support portability across platforms, automatic garbage
collection.

Curry
It is a functional logic programming language that implements functional and logic programming as well as
constraint programming.

Erlang
It is a concurrent programming language that include a sequential subset.

Frink
Game marker language
ICT
J
Lisp
M
Pascal
PCASTL
perl
Postscript

Computer Programming Languages

Computer programming language are used to communication instructions to a computer.
List of programming language as they are divided into following categories
Interested programming language
Functional programming language
Compiled programming language
Scripting programming language
Makeup programming language e.t.c

Interested programming language

An interpreted language is a programming language for which most of its implementations execute
instructions directly.

APL
Autolt
Basic
Eiffel
Forth
F#
Haskell
Joy
Kite
ML
Nemerle
OPAL
OPS5
Q
Compiled programming language
Is a programming language whose implementation are typically compiler (translator that generate machine
code from source code).
Ada
ALGOL
C
C++
C#
CLEO
COBOL
Cobra
D
DASL
DIBOL
Fortran
Java
JOVIAL
Objective-C
SMALL
Smalltalk
Turing
Visual Basic
Visual FoxPro
XL

Procedural programming Language

Implies specifying the step that the program should take to reach to an intended state.

Bliss
Chuck
CLIST
Hyper Talk
Modula-2
Oberon
Component Pascal
MATLAB
Occam
PL/C
PL/L
Rapira
RPG

Scripting languages
Are programming language that control an application.scripts can execute independent of any other
application.

Apple script
AWK
Bean shell
Coldfusion
F-script
JASS
Maya Embedded language
Mondrian
PHP
Revolution
Tel
VBScript
Widows Powershell
Markup Language
Curl
SGML
HTML
XML
XHTML

logic-based programming language

Is a type of programming paradigm which is largely based on formal logic.

ALF
Frill
Janus
Lada
OZ
Poplog
Prolog
ROOP

Concurrent programming language

Is a computer programming technique that provide for the execution of operations within a single
computer,or across a number of systems.

ABCL
Afnix
Cilk
Concurrent Pascal
E
Joule
Limbo
Pict
SALSA
SR

Objective-oriented programming languages

OOP is a programming paradigm based on concept of "objects", which may contain data, in form of fields,
often known as attributes; and code, in form of procedure,often known as methods.

Agora
BETA
Cecil
Lava
Lisaac
MOO
Moto
Objective-Z
Obliq
Oxygene
Pliant
Prograph
REBOL
Scala
Self
slate
XOTel
IO