Index

Sr. No. Contents Page No.

1. Introduction
1.1 Objective
2. Block diagram
3. Circuit diagram
3.1 Design steps
4. Specifications
4.1 Selection of components
5. Simulation results
6. PCB artwork
7. Layout versus schematic verification report
8. Testing procedures
9. Enclosure design
10. Test results
11. Conclusion
12. References

List of Figures
 Sr. No. Title Page No.

1. . LCD Pin Description 18

2. Cost Estimation

List of Tables:
Sr. No. Title Page No.

1. Tampered Gears in old energy meter 08

2. Block Diagram Of EV Energy Meter 12

Actual Energy Meter with Relay circuit 13

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

An Energy meter is a device which monitors our electricity utilization or in other words
energy consumption. It displays the units in forms of digits that help the observer to calculate the
electricity bill in terms of money. Meters usually involve real-time or near real-time sensors, power
output notification, and power quality monitoring. There have been lots of advancements and
modifications since the first meter was introduced. Initially there was meter which measured the
energy consumption based on principle of magnetism then meters with logic i.e. for every one unit
digits were rotated respectively. Now all meters have LCD screen. In these digital meters lots of
programs are involved. Therefore these meter are very hard to cheat, it requires higher degree of skill.

In Maharashtra, MSEB (Maharashtra State Electricity Board) executes billing procedure

as follows: An authorized person comes to take readings. Then he collects all the data and submits it
to the MSEB office. Now there are lots of factors that could cause the error such as human error while
noting down the readings. So the point is that system is less effective or less efficient and filled with
lots of affecting factors. What MSEB needs is a system in which a less man power is required and
most of the tasks has to be automated to a certain extent. This may also serve as primary step to
reduce corruption. That is what we have tried to implement through our EV energy meter prototype.
As of now by introducing the digital energy meter MSEB has made as significant improvement in the
matter’s of counterfeit billing of electricity, but through this prototype a new aspect has been
elaborated that not only adds some features in the design but also makes it easy for user to believe that
‘he is paying for what he will use’.Also in our EV energy meter everything will be segregated and
transparent in terms of usage and billing i.e. money that he EV for, the money that he is left will be
directly displayed on the LCD.

Fig1.1: Tampered gears

In a traditional MSEB meter anybody with a little knowledge of electronics can anipulate the process
mechanism of the MSEB meter. The above diagram shows how tampering is done by cutting off some
teeth of plastic gear present inside the meter in order to reduce an electric bill. Due to this less
efficient design it is prone to malpractices. So in this “EV energy meter” prototype we have tried to
reduce the possibilities of malpractices. As the name ‘EV’ suggest that the customer is going to pay
before the use of electricity. The name ‘smart’, because it monitors every appliance in house and
display the device which consumes more energy.

1.1:-BENEFITS OF EV ENERGY METERS

Many advantages are attributed to EV metering, including lower metering cost, energy savings for
residential customers, more reliability of supply, variable pricing schemes to attract new customers
and easier detection of fraud.

1.2:-ADVANTAGES OF OUR SYSTEM

The main advantages of our system are that it is user friendly, accurate, reliable and will avoid debt
for State Electricity Board or the Electric Power supplying companies. The user can be made more
conscious, as the system is EV, thereby reducing energy wastage. Maximum demand strategy (extra
tariff for over usage), during peak time can easily be implemented. Central station can monitor the
overall energy consumption. Attempts for tampering may be detected and reduced.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

A survey on similar projects available in the market was done and we found out that this
project has a variety of use in daily life in different ways. These are mentioned below:-Over 40
countries have implemented EV meters in their markets. In United Kingdom, the system has been in
use for well over 70 years with about 3.5 million consumers. The EV program in South Africa was
started in 1992, since then they have installed over 6 million meters. Other African counties such as
Sudan, Madagascar are following the South African success. The concept has found ground in
Argentina and New Zealand with few thousands of installations. The Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd
(SESB), Malaysia, has awarded a contract to a local manufacturer to supply 1,080 EV meters.
Countries such as Thailand, Bangladesh, Singapore, and Iran have been showing increased interest in
adopting EV system. In India, the State of West Bengal has decided to introduce the smart card
operated EV energy meters in remote islands of Sunder bans. In Mumbai, pre-paid power
is provided by the Brihan Mumbai Electricity Supply and Transport (BEST) Undertaking, Tata Power
plans to introduce pre-paid electricity in Delhi. Tata Steel is likely to install EV electricity meters at
its employee township in Jamshedpur. 
Over the last few years, EV Energy Meter has been proposed as an innovative solution aimed at
facilitating affordability and reducing the cost of utilities. This mechanism, essentially, requires the
users to pay for the electricity before its consumption. In this way, consumers hold credit and then use
the electricity until the credit is exhausted. If the available credit is exhausted then the supply of
electricity is cutoff by a relay. But their use is still controversial. On the one hand, those that support
the diffusion of  EV meters claim that they benefit both consumers and utilities because they help
users to consume more efficiently and to improve the management of their budget, while allowing
firms to reduce financial costs, as well as the costs of operation and bad debts. On the other hand,
those that are against EV meters argue that their adoption is expensive for firms and risky for low
income consumers, as the insecurity and volatility of their income may force them to make little use
of the service, or ultimately, bring about involuntary self-disconnection. EV meters are usually
installed by electricity supplier, if it feels that the customer cannot keep up payments on their energy
bill. However, they can also be requested by the customer themselves and are often seen as a good
method of budgeting.
Generally speaking they are used by lower income households, such as people on welfare benefits,
lone parents or those with no bank account. From a technological point of view, the prepayment
system consists of three well differentiated components. The first is a service meter installed at
the unit where energy will be consumed, such as a household dwelling or a store. In general, these
meters are of the “two-gang” type, and consist of a user’s interface unit and a current measuring set.
The interface unit is a device installed inside the building, which allows the user to “interact” with
the meter.
The metering unit, on the other hand, is the intelligent component that stores credit and
consumption information, and makes up the element that either clears or switches off electricity
supply. The second component of the system is the so-called credit dispensing unit, which is
the vending machine where consumers can purchase electricity credit. In general, these sales outlets
are located at the utility’s commercial offices, as well as in stores with long opening hours. The third
component is the supporting device that links the various sales outlets to the utility’s management
system.
 CHAPTER 3
HISTORY OF WORK

3.1:- BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig3.
1: Block Diagram of EV Energy Meter

 In our prototype EV energy meter we are displaying the loaded amount (Recharged amount)
which will be entered through a keyboard using a recharge voucher as well as the amount of
unit’s consumed by the appliances.
For the above requirement we need to interface a LCD along with a keyboard. Also to get the
input pulse from the energy meter a port is required.
All the above requirements are fulfilled using ARDUINO microcontroller 18f4550.
 Interfacing ARDUINO microcontroller with the energy meter:
 Relay cutt’s the supply automatically when belance is over.
  Lcd display display the various information like balance, consummation of light when load is
connecting,recharge amount,etc.
 Buzzer on automatically when the balance is 75% consumed by the load and recharge and
balance is over.
 Green LED indicates the amount is 25% remaining of initial balance.

3.2:-METER
An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric
energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device.
Electricity meters are tyArduinoally calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the
kilowatt hour. Periodic readings of electric meters establish billing cycles and energy used during a
cycle.
When energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may measure demand, the maximum
use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be changed during a
day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-costperiods.
Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and current
(amperes) and finding the product of these to give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then
integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services
(such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and customer.
For larger loads, more than about 200 ampere of load, current transformers are used, so that the meter
can be located other than in line with the service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories,
electromechanical and electronic.

CHAPTER 4
COMPONENT SPECIFICATION

1) Energy meter:
 Voltage rating: 230 volts.
 Current rating:5A
 Single phase.
 2) Display: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
 16*2 alphanumeric display.
 Backlight optional and adjustable contrast.

3) EV as per voucher along with authentication using 4*4 matrix keypad.

4) Programmable audible beep with the help of buzzer.

5) Load is switched through RELAY as per program.

6) Current sensor (ACS712).

7) Special features:-
 Automatic billing system
 No need for customer to go into the billing center office For paying bills.
 Based on ‘Pay and used’.

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1:-CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 Fig5.
1 :

Circuit diagram of EV energy meter

5.2:-POWER SUPPLY SECTION

The basic step in the designing of any system is to design the power supply required for that
system. To operate Microcontroller, LCD, Buzzer a supply of 5V is required and to drive the relay
12V supply is needed. The steps involved in the designing of the power supply are as follows,
- Determine the total current that the system sinks from the supply.
- Determine the voltage rating required for the different components.
 Fig5.2: Power supply
In our system most of the components used require 5V as operating Voltage such as Microcontroller,
LCD. The total current, which our circuit sinks from the power supply, is not more than 200 mA. We
have used Regulator IC 7805 that gives output voltage of 5V.Therefore we have used the transformer
with the voltage rating 230V-10V and current rating 500mA. The output of the transformer is 12V
AC. This AC voltage is converted into DC by Bridge rectifier circuit. The reasons for choosing the
bridge rectifier are –The TUF is increased to 0.812 as compared the full wave rectifier. The PIV
across each diode is peak voltage across the load=Vm, not 2Vm as in the two diode rectifier Output of
the Bridge rectifier is not pure DC and contains some AC ripples in it. To remove these ripples, we
have used capacitive filter, which smoothens the rippled output that we apply to 7805 regulators IC
that gives 5V DC. We preferred to choose capacitor filters since it is cost effective, readily available
and not too bulky. Same procedure is followed for design of 12V supply. Only transformer rating and
regulator IC is different.

3.1 5.3:- Arduino Uno

3.1.1 Description

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button.

Figure 3.3: Arduino Uno

3.1.2 Tech. Specifications

Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
3.1.3 Pin Configuration

Figure 3.4 Arduino Uno Pin Configuration

5.4:LCD DISPLAY
It is a liquid crystal display. It is 5*7 dot matrix display. We can interface 8 bit
data using it. We are using 16*2 LCD display (2 line display) to display the information
about the recharge status, how much power is consumed and how much amount is
remaining.

Fig5.4: LCD Interface with Microcontroller

PIN SYMBOL FUNCTION

NUMBER

1 GND GROUND

2 VCC +5V

3 CONTRAST CONTRAST CONTROL

4 E ENABLE

5 RS REGISTER SELECT

6 R/W READ WRITE

7 DB0 DATA LINES

8 DB1 DATA LINES

 9 DB2 DATA LINES

10 DB3 DATA LINES

11 DB4 DATA LINES

12 DB5 DATA LINES

13 DB6 DATA LINES

14 DB7 DATA LINES

15 VCC +5V

16 GND GROUND

Table5.1: LCD Description

 We have interfaced the LCD to PORTB of the ARDUINO microcontroller. The

data lines D0 to D7 are connected to RB0 to RB7,

 The command lines RS, RW, EN are connected to RC0, GND, RC1 respectively.
Supply to the LCD is given to pin no. 2, and grounded through pin no.3.

5.5:BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, tyArduinoally
used in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows.
It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit
that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually
illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the
form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was
based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the
metal gong (which makes the ringing noise). Often these units were anchored to a wall or
ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Buzzer is nothing but an
indicator. It requires 5 Volts supply. If amount is less than 75% then buzzer will ON
indicating to make recharge.

Fig5.5:Buzzer

5.7:CURREN SENSOR(ACS712)
In low-frequency applications, it is often desirable to add a simple RC filter circuit at
the output of the device to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
The ACS712 contains an internal resistor (RF) connected between the output of the on-
chip signal amplifier and the input of the output buffer stage.
It should be noted that the use of external capacitor increases the rise time of the sensor
output, and therefore, sets the bandwidth of the input signal.
The maximum bandwidth of the input signal is 80 KHz at zero external filter capacitor.
The bandwidth decreases with increasing CF.
The datasheet of ACS712 recommends to use 1 nF for CF to reduce noise under nominal
conditions.

Features:-
- Device bandwidth is set via the filter pin

- 1.2 m ohm internal conductor resistance

- 2.1 k VRMS minimum isolation voltage from pins 1-4 to pins 5-8.
- Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents
- Low-noise analog signal path

- Factory-trimmed for accuracy

- Extremely stable output offset voltage

- Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis

- Ratio metric output from supply voltage

Fig5.7:Current Sensor
5.8:RELAY
A Relay is an electromagnetic switch which is used to switch high voltage/current using
low power circuits. Relay isolates low power circuits from high power circuits. It is
activated by energizing a coil wounded on soft iron core. A Relay should not be directly
connected to a microcontroller. It needs a driving circuit.
A Relay should not be directly connected to a microcontroller due to following reasons:-
-A microcontroller is not able to supply current required for the working of relay. A
maximum current that a ARDUINO microcontroller can source or sink 25 mA while a
relay needs about 50-100 mA current.
-A Relay is activated by energizing its coil. Microcontroller may stops working by the the
negative voltages produced in the Relay due to its back emf.
Relay requires 12V supply and a separate driving circuit to drive it. Recharge amount
decreases as per the power consumption .If the amount is equal to zero then the relay will
ct electricity (Fan will off).

Fig.5.8: Relay Interface with Microcontroller

CHAPTER 6
PCB DESIGN AND LAYOUT

6.1:PCB LAYOUT

Fig.6.1:PCB layout
Fig6.2:PCB design
CHAPTER 7
ALGORITHM AND CODE

7.1:ALGORITHM
Step 1 :Start
Step 2:Initial ADC & LCD
Step 3:Set RA0 as input, PORT D as input & PORT B as output
Step 4:Set RC0,RC1,RC2,RC6,RC7 as output
Step 5:Display on lcd
Step 6:Check for keypress(voucher no.)
Step 7:After enter key pressed,display on lcd & start ADC
Step 8:For 25% balance ,glow green led & turn on buzzer
Step 9:For 0% balance ,glow red led & turn on buzzer
Step 10:Display on lcd(Balance over , recharge again)
Step 11:goto step 5(display(Enter voucher:))
Step 12:Stop
7.2:CODE
 CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE MODIFICATIONS

8.1: APPLICATIONS
1) The major application of our EV energy meter is the replacement of the traditional
analog energy meter used for energy monitoring of home appliances.
2) Energy requirement for rural and tribal areas is very less as compared to cities.
Postpaid services are inefficient and hectic in these areas as bill collection becomes a
hectic job.
3) PEM provides a better option which replaces postpaid billing services and provides
uninterrupted power supply in these areas.
4) EV energy meter provides best solution for MSEDC (Maharashtra State Electricity
Distribution limited to avoid electricity theft which is a major problem for Government
5) Today’s method of meter reading and billing is laborious which required large number
of manpower which increases overall cost of production. EV billing facility will simplify
these problems and will give a techno-commercial model of billing.
6) As in many applications of EV billing, user can monitor and reduce excess use of
electricity which is a win situation for both consumer and producer as energy is used as
per the real need.

8.2:FUTURE MODIFICATION

 It is used for Domestic purpose.

 It is used in Industrial purpose.
 In short wherever we required electricity this system is used.
So what is the future of EV metering? Is it a hype that stops after some (demonstration)
projects or will it become common technology for utilities within the next decade?
 EV meters appear to be the biggest innovative development of the last year, and
indispensable for all market parties:
 For metering companies to decrease meter reading costs;
 For grid operators who want to prepare their grid to the future;
 For energy suppliers who want to introduce new, customer made services and
reduce call center cost;
 For governments to reach energy saving & efficiency targets and to improve free
market processes;
 For end users to increase energy awareness and decrease energy use and energy
cost.

Fig8.1. Modification Diagram Of EV Energy Meter

CHAPTER 9
COST ESTIMATION
COMPONENT QUANTITY COST
ARDUINO 1 295
MICROCONTROLLER

ACS712(CURRENT 1 390
SENSOR)
LCD (16X2) 1 150
BUZZER 1 12
LED’S 2 4
RESISTER(ALL VALUES) - 1/-
CAPACITORS(ALL - 1/-
VLAUES)
7805 IC 1 15
CRYSTAL OCCILATOR 1 18
(20MHz)
2 Channel Relay Board 1 120
Fan 1 30
Dc motar 1 20
Adopter 1 100

TOTAL - 1326

Table 9.1:Cost Estimation

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
 The design of EV Energy Meter using ARDUINO microcontroller can
make the users to pay for the electricity before its consumption. If the available
credit is exhausted then the electricity supply is cut-off by a relay. This system
has been proposed as an innovative solution to the problem of affordability in
utilities system. Since a microcontroller based system is being designed, the
reading can be continuously recorded. This reduces human labour and at the same
time increases the efficiency in calculation of bills for used electricity. EV Energy
Meter will bring a solution of creating awareness on unnecessary wastage of
power and will tend to reduce wastage of power.

CHAPTER 11
REFERENCES
11.1:WEBSITES
 www.electronicsforu/electronicsforu/lab
 www.Wikipedia.com
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.engadget.com
 www.ieee.org
 www.edgefxkits.com
 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore

11.2:REFERENCE BOOKS
 Op-amp and linear integrated circuit – By Ramakant Gaikwad.
 Applied electronics –By R. S. Sedha.
 Electronics devices and Circuit Theory - By Robert L. Bolystad.
 Electronics Devices and Circuit – By David A. Bell.
 Basic Electronics solid state -By B. L. Theraja.
 Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in
frequency standards- By L. S. Cutler and C. L. Searle  
 A Two-Phase Audio-Frequency Oscillator- By D. P. M. Millar 
 Noise in relaxation oscillators-By A. A. Abidi and R. G. Meyer
 A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum-By D. B. Leeson s


Note: Students should write the references as per the format given
below
 References

1 Papers
1. Author name, “name of paper”, name of journal, Issue no, Volume, page no.
2 Books
1. Author name, “name of book”, name of publisher, edition
3 Website
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.engadget.com
 www.ieee.org
 www.edgefxkits.com
 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore
 Format Instructions:
font: Times New Roman
No page borders from Sr No 1

1) Heading=size:16
2) Sub heading=size:14
3) All text=size:12; spacing :1.5; alignment : justified
4) Caption for tables(on top of tables, to be centered):10 bold
5) Caption for figures(at bottom of figures, to be centered):10
bold , italic
6)page numbers at bottom right extreme(should start only from
chapter 1)
7) Header: right aligned: Title of project
8) Footer : Left aligned: DYPCOE, Dept of E&TC