CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMICS-I
CLASS – A & B

Agus Prasetya, Ph.D.

Dr-Eng. Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman Y.
Dept. of Chemical Engineering UGM
 Overview of the Course
• 3 credit points (3 hrs Mon. (Kelas B) and Thu (Kelas A))
• Fundamental and conceptual understanding (Major Part)
• Engineering applications (exercises, cases/problems).

• Assessment:
Mid Semester Exam : 40%
Final Exams : 40%
Quiz/Assignments/Homework/Project: 20%
Overview of the Course
 Textbook:
Smith, J.M., H.C. Van Ness, M.M. Abbot, “Introduction to
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics”, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill
Book Co., NY.

 Other References:
 Smith, J.M., H.C. Van Ness, M.M. Abbot, “Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics”, 6th ed., 2001, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
NY.
 Sandler, S. I., “Chemical and Engineering Thermodynamics”, 2nd ed.,
1989, John-Wiley and Sons Inc.
 Other Thermodynamics Textbooks
Content of the Course
 Content:
Chapter 1 to Chapter 7 of Smith, van Ness and Abbot, 7th ed.
1. Introduction:
Dimensions and Unit, Force, Temperature, Volume, Pressure, Work and
Heat/ Energy
2. First Law of Thermodynamics:
First Law, Thermo state and state functions, Internal Energy and Enthalpy,
Open and Closed System, Steady-state Flow Process, Phase rule and
Equilibrium, Reversible and Non-Reversible Process, Thermodynamics
processes (isotherm, isovolume, isobaric, adiabatic), Heat Capacity.
Content of the Course
3. Volumetric Properties of Pure Fluids:
PVT behaviour, Equations of States (EoS) of Gases: Ideal Gas, Non Ideal
Gas: Van der Waals, Virial EoS, Cubic EoS, Redlich-Kwong, BWR etc.
Generalized Correlations for Gases and Liquids.
4. Heat Effects:
Internal Energy: microscopic view, Sensible Heat, Latent Heat, Heat
of Reaction, Heat of Combustion, Heat of Formation, Temperature
Dependence, Industrial Applications.
5. Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Heat Engines, Second Law Statements, Entropy and Entropy Change:
concept and mathematical statement, Industrial Applications.
Content of the Course
6. Thermodynamics Properties of Fluids:
Property Relations for Homogeneous Phase: Maxwell Correlations,
Residual Properties, Two Phase Systems, Thermodynamics Diagrams,
Applications.

7. Thermodynamics of Flow Processes (Introduction)

Balance equations: Heat and Mass, Compressible Fluids, Compression
and Expansion Processes.
 About Thermodynamics

Arnold J. W. Sommerfeld (5 Dec.1868 – 26 April1951) was a German theoretical

physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS - 1
Chapter 1: Introduction:
• Dimensions and Unit
• Force, Temperature, Volume, Pressure
• Work and Heat/ Energy
• Intensive and Extensive Variables and Units
Agus Prasetya, PhD
Dept. of Chemical Engineering - UGM
THERMODYNAMICS:

“The study of the changes in the state or condition of a substance or system

when changes in internal energy are important” (Sandler, 1987)

“Thermodynamics originally means heat power, or power developed from heat.

Hence, thermodynamics is the study of transformation of heat into other forms
of energy and/or work” (Smith & van Ness)

“Thermodynamics, science of the relationship between heat, work, and

energy. In broad terms, thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy
from one place to another and from one form to another” (Encyclopedia
Brittanica).

Heat related to (Internal) Energy and Work – How it relates?

Fundamental Question: What is Internal energy?
DIMENSION AND UNITS
SCALE FACTOR
B. VARIABLES - EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE

Example: Example:
Volume, Mass, Mol, Energi, etc. Temperature, Pressure, Density, Molar Volume,
What is the Units? Concentration, etc. What is the Units?

Mana Intensive variable

dan mana Extensive
Variables?
There are 2 types of Variables:
1. Intensive:
• independent of the quantity/size of the system/substance.
e.g. P, T, ρ, C, µ (viscosity), etc.
These variables are also called STATE VARIABLES  determine the
state of the system/substance.
2. Extensive:
• dependent on the quantity / size of the system / substance.
e.g. mass (m), volume (V), total energy (E), etc.
C. FORCE, PRESSURE ( ABSOLUTE AND GAUGE ) AND WORK

Pressure
= Normal force per unit area
= Normal stress
PRESSURE
Defined as: “normal force exerted per unit area of surface”
Units: N.m-2 = Pa (Pascal) - SI
psi = lbf.in-2 - English

Other units:
torr = 1 mmHg at 0oC = 133.322 Pa
atm = pressure exerted by earth atmosphere at sea level
= 101.325 kPa
bar = 105 Pa.
Pressure reading:
Gauge Pressure: the difference between pressure of interest and the
pressure of the surrounding atmosphere.

Pgauge = (∆P)absolut-surrounding = (Pabsolut – Psurrounding)

Vacuum Pressurized
FORCE, WORK AND ENERGY

Kinetic Energy:

Potential Energy:
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
Absolute Absolute
Relative Relative

T (K) = t(oC) + 273.15 T (R) = t(oF) + 459.67

t (oF) = 1.8 t (oC) + 32 T(R) = 1.8 T(K)
∆t (oF) = 1.8 ∆t (oC) ∆T (R) = 1.8 ∆T (K)
INTERNAL The temperature changes from T1  T2 (T1 < T2),
due to the addition of heat, Q.
ENERGY
No change in:
• potential energy
System: • (bulk) kinetic energy
Fluid of mass, Because there is NO MACROSCOPIC CHANGE of
m position and NO MACROSCOPIC MOTION of the
system.

But, the energy content of the system must increase

due to Q! But, what kind of energy?
Heat, Q
There will be change in INTERNAL ENERGY
The Internal Energy:
• Independent of macroscopic position or movement of the system.
• It is the energy of the molecules in the system.
Kinetic Energy: molecular motions Potential Energy: interactions
(translation, rotation, internal among molecular force fields
vibration) (attraction and repulsion)
In (the Classical) Thermodynamics:
The Internal Energy is expressed in term of macroscopic properties
(e.g. Temperature, Pressure), instead of in term of the extent of molecular
motions and interactions, and the properties of molecules.

Thermodynamics is a MACROSCOPIC Science: “ ... it deals with the

average changes that occur among the large number of molecules,
rather than the detailed changes that occur in a single molecule”
 TOTAL ENERGY of the SYSTEM:
INTERNAL ENERGY + EXTERNAL ENERGY
Change in microscopic Macroscopic change of
(molecular) level: the system:
“movement and interaction
of molecules in the system” Motion of the Position/Existing cond.
system: of the system:
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

Measured/expressed in level of “heat”  TEMPERATURE

THINGS TO THINK ABOUT
Energy (heat) enters
the system 
• Change in the internal
energy
• Change system
condition (state of the
system)

Why different amount of

energy needed? What’s the
difference between those
two?
HOMEWORK:
Reference:
Smith, van Ness and Abbott, “Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics”, 7th ed., Mc. Graw Hill.

Chapter I:
1.1; 1.5; 1.11; 1.13; 1.14; 1.17; 1.20; 1.22.

Submission Date: 27 Pebruari 2023 (Kelas B)

02 Maret 2023 (Kelas A)