A/AN

A is used before singular countable nouns that start with consonant letters (s,r,n,t….etc.)
Examples:

This is a book.

This is a table.

That is a big car.

An is used before singular countable nouns that start with vowel letters (a,e,i,o,u)
Examples:

This is an apple.

This is an egg.

That is an old man.

Countable nouns are nouns that we can count and they have singular and plural forms.

Examples: book, table, house, man, car…..

Noncountable nouns are nouns that we can not count and they have no plural forms.

Examples: milk, salt, cheese, advice, equipment, money, evidence, information,…..

Much/many/some/any

Much is used with noncountable nouns. Example: there is much sugar.

Many is used with countable plural nouns. Example: There are many books.

Some is used with affirmative statements (with countable and uncountable nouns)

Examples: I have some sugar. He has some pens.

Any is used with negated or interrogated structures.

Examples: There is not any milk. Is there any milk?