LECTURE # 04 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS FINALS

 Data – facts or information about people, places, things, events, and so on

 Quantitative data – when these data appear in numerical forms such as fractions, numbers, and
percentages
 Quantitative data analysis - it involves series of examinations, classifications, mathematical
calculations, and graphical recording, among others.
Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis (Badke 2012; Letherby 2013; Mc Bride 2013)
Step 1: Preparing the Data
 Keep in mind that no data organization means no sound data analysis.

Coding System
 To analyze data means to quantify or change the verbally expressed data into numerical
information. Converting the words, images, or pictures into numbers makes any analytical
procedures requiring knowledge of arithmetic and mathematical computations.
Example:
 Sex Educational attainment

1 – Male 2 – elementary
2 – Female 4 – high school 9 – MA 6 – college 12 – PhD
 By coding each item with a certain number in a data set, you are able to add points or values to the
respondents’ answers to a particular interview question or a questionnaire item.
2. Data Tabulation
 For easy classification and distribution of numbers based on a certain criterion, you have to collate
them with the help of a graph called TABLE.
 Used for frequency and percentage distribution

 An excellent data organizer that researchers find indispensable

Gender Male: 11 (46%)

Female: 13 (54%)
Course Fine Arts: 9 (37%)
Architecture: 6 (25%)
Journalism: 4 (17%)
Com. Arts: 5 (20%)
School FEU: 3 (12%)
MLQU: 4 (17%)
PLM: 3 (12%)
PUP: 5 (20%)
TIP: 4 (17%)
EU: 5 (20%)

Attended in 2016 Summer Arts Seminar-Workshop Yes: 18 (75%)

 No: 6 (25%)
Role in the 2016 Seminar-Workshop on Arts Speaker: 4 (17%)
Organizer: 3 (12%)
Demonstrator: 5 (20%)
Participant: 12 (50%)
Satisfaction with the demonstration and practice Strongly agree: 11 (46%)
exercises Agree: 5 (20%)
Neutral: 2 (8%)
Disagree: 4 (14%)
Strongly disagree: 2 (8%)
Step 2: Analyzing the Data
 Data coding and tabulation are the two important things you have to do in preparing the data for
analysis.
 Decide on the kind of quantitative analysis whether to use simple descriptive statistical techniques
or advanced analytical methods.
1. Descriptive Statistical Technique – used often by college students
 Used to tell some aspects of categories of data such as frequency distribution, measure of central
tendency (mean, median, mode) and standard deviation
 Does not give information about population from where the sample came

 Provides a summary of the orderly or sequential data obtained from the sample through the data
gathering instrument used.
The results of the analysis reveal the following: (Morgan 2014; Punch 2014; Walsh 2012)
 Frequency Distribution – gives the frequency of distribution and percentage of the occurrence of
an item in a set of a data.
It gives the number of responses given repeatedly for one question

Question: By and large, do you find the Senators’ attendance in 2015 legislative sessions awful?

Measurement scale code Frequency Distribution Per cent Distribution

Strongly agree 1 14 58%

Agree 2 3 12%

Neutral 3 2 8%

Disagree 4 1 4%

Strongly disagree 5 4 17%

Measure of Central Tendency – indicates the different positions or values of the items, such that in a
category of data, you may find item or items serving as the:
 Mean – average of all the items or scores

Example: 3+8+9+2+3+10+3 = 38
38/7 = 5.43 (mean)
  Median – the score in the middle of the set of items that cuts or divides the set into two groups

Example: the numbers in the example for the mean has 2 as the median.
 Mode - refers to the item or score in the data set that has the most repeated appearance in the
set.
Example: 3 is the mode
 Standard Deviation – shows the extent of the difference of the data from the mean.

An examination of this gap between the mean and the data gives you an idea about the extent of
similarities and differences between the respondents.
Advanced analytical methods – fits graduate level research studies taking MA or PhD degrees
Involves more complex statistical methods needing computer software like the SPSS, STATA, or
MINITAB, among others
Some of the advanced methods of quantitative data analysis: (Argyrous 2011; Levin & Fox 2014; Godwin
2014)
 Correlation – uses statistical analysis to yield results that describe the relationship of two variables.
The result, however, are incapable of establishing causal relationships.
 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – the results of this statistical analysis are used to determine if the
difference in the means or averages of two categories of data are statistically significant.
Example: If the mean of the grades of a student attending tutorial lessons is significantly different
from the mean of the grades of a student not attending tutorial lessons.
 Regression – has some similarities with correlation, in that, it also shows the nature of relationship
of variables, but gives more extensive result than that of correlation.
It also determines whether a variable is capable of predicting the strength of the relation between
the treatment (independent variable) and the outcome (dependent variable).
It is also incapable of establishing cause-effect relationships.
Example: If reviewing with music (treatment variable) is a statistically significant predictor of the
extent of the concept learning (outcome variable) of a person.
Statistics is prerequisite in any research, and the researcher has to have sufficient knowledge of various
statistical techniques.
There are two branches of statistics: descriptive and inferential.
Descriptive statistics is concerned with the collection of summarizing values to describe group
characteristics of the data.
Inferential statistics allows to test significant differences among samples that were treated similarly or
differently.
Inferential statistics is concerned with a higher degree of critical judgement and advanced mathematical
modes such as parametric (interval and rational scale) and non-parametric (nominal and ordinal).

Levels of Measurement of Variables

1. Nominal – attributes only one variable. Ex. Male, female
2. Ordinal – is used for ranking purposes, mainly used in Likert Scale
3. Interval – shows distance from one another. Ex. Difference between 10 to 12
4. Ratio – has absolute zero. Ex. Temperature

Considerations in Choosing the Appropriate Statistical Tool

1. Objective of the study
2. Variable type and level of measurement
3. Related or Independent samples
a. Independent sample - probability of selection of samples in one group is not affected by the selection in the other
group
b. Related sample - sample in one is dependent on/ affected by the other group (paired, matched).
4. Assumption about the test
a. parametric test – can be used if the assumptions about the parameter like normality, independence, and
homogeneity of variance hold true.
b. non-parametric test – when the assumptions for the use of parametric tests are questionable data.
5. Frequently used inferential statistics in Scientific Research
a. t – test for correlated samples
b. T – test for uncorrelated samples
c. One – way ANOVA

Interpretation of Data
Analysis should be done first before interpretation.
An analysis is useless without an interpretation,
while an interpretation is impossible without an analysis.
Inferential Statistics used in testing hypothesis - whether you will accept or reject.

Steps in Hypothesis Testing

1. State the problem.
2. Formulate your hypothesis.
Ho (null hypothesis): There is no significant difference among means.
Ha (alternative hypothesis): There is significant difference among means.
3. Specify the level of significance (alpha). £ = 0.01, £ = 0.05
4. Identify the appropriate test.
t-test for correlated samples
T-test for uncorrelated samples
One-way or Two-way ANOVA
5. Compute the statistic or run the test.
6. Make a decision rule on Ho.
7. Interpret the results.