1. Categorize the different types of chemical messenger.

Hormones Sending signals into the bloodstream and

tissues. Work slowly over time.

Neurotransmitters A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule

secreted by a neuron to affect another cell
across a synapse Chemical messengers
that your body can't function without

Neuropeptides Modulate the activity of co-released

neurotransmitters to either increase or
decrease the strength of synaptic
signaling.

Pheromones Substances which are secreted to the

outside by an individual and received by a
second individual of the same species.

2. Name 5 examples of asexual reproduction. Discuss each of them.

a. Binary Fission - the parent cell divides into two cells. The cell division patterns
vary in different organisms, i.e., some are directional while others are non-
directional. Amoeba and euglena exhibit binary fission.
b. Budding - results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to
a separation from the original organism into two individuals.
c. Fragmentation - cloning, where an organism is split into fragments. Each of
these fragments develops into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of
the original organism.
d. Vegetative Propagation - plant propagation. Produce new plants from vegetative
parts of the original plant, such as the leaves, stems and roots.
e. Sporogenesis - Spore formation or sporogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction
that involves spores. Spores, from “sporā”, meaning “seed” and “genesis”,
meaning “birth” or “origin”, are dormant, reproductive cells that are similar to
seed by serving as dispersal units.

3. Cite six excretory / osmoregulatory structures that are found in invertebrate and vertebrate
animals.
 Invertebrate Vertebrate

Contractile Vacuole Kidneys

Nephridium Skin

Renal Gland Lungs

Coxal Gland Urinary Bladder

Malpighian Urethra

Tubule Ureter

1. REGULATES TEMPERATURE

2. MUSCLE ATTACHMENT

3. FIGHT INFECTION

4. ABSORBS NUTRIENTS

5. RELAYS MESSAGES