EM 2 MODULE 2 LESSON 4

INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Objectives:

1. To be able to identify the integration formula of the six trigonometric functions.

2. To be able to determine the integral of trigonometric functions.

3. To use transformations to determine the integral of four types of trigonometric

functions.
The Integration Formulas of Trigonometric Functions

The following are the basic formulas involving trigonometric functions:

(4) ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + C,

(5) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + C,

(6) ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 + C,

(7) ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 + C,

(8) ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + C,

(9) ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 + C

If you recall the differentiation formulas for trigonometric functions:

The inverse of these formulas is your integration formulas, so its is wise to recall or
remember these formulas.
 This illustration shows the direct use of formulas (4) – (9). Take note of how these
formulas are used and how the quantity u is identified.

Illustration 1.

Find the integral of the following:

1. ∫ sin 3𝜃 d𝜃

2. ∫ sec 2 4x dx

3. ∫ cos ½ y dy

4. ∫ csc2 2t dt

5. ∫ csc 5t cot 5t dt

6. ∫ sec ½ z tan ½ z dz

Solution:

1. ∫ sin 3𝜃 d𝜃 = ∫ sin u d𝑢

u = 3𝜃
du = 3𝑑𝜃 Missing factor is 3. Put 3 inside the integrand and put 1/3 before
the integral sign.

1 1
∫ sin 3𝜃 (3) d𝜃 = ∫ sin u d𝑢
3 3

1
= (−cos 𝑢 + C)
3

1
= − 3 cos 3𝜃 + C
2. ∫ sec 2 4x dx = ∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

u = 4x
du = 4dx Missing factor is 4. Put 4 inside the integrand and put 1/4 before
the integral sign.

1
¼ ∫ sec 2 4x (4) dx = 4 ∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1
= (tan 𝑢 + C)
4

1
= tan 4x + C
4

3. ∫ cos ½ y dy = ∫ cos u d𝑢

u =½y
du = ½ dy Missing factor is ½ . Put ½ inside the integrand and put 2 before
the integral sign.

2 ∫ cos ½ y ( ½ ) dy = 2∫cos u d𝑢

= 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 + C)

= 2 sin ½ y + C

4. ∫ csc2 2t dt = ∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

u = 2t
du = 2dt Missing factor is 2. Put 2 inside the integrand and put ½ before
the integral sign.

½ ∫ csc2 2t (2) dt = ½ ∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1
= (− 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 + C)
2

1
= − 2 cot 2t + C
 5. ∫ csc 5t cot 5t dt = ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖

u = 5t
du = 5dt Missing factor is 5. Put 5 inside the integrand and put 1/5 before
the integral sign.

1
1/5 ∫ csc 5t cot 5t (5) dt = 5 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖

1
= (− 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 + C)
5

1
= − 5 csc 5t + C

6. ∫ sec ½ z tan ½ z dz = ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖

u =½z
du = ½ dz Missing factor is ½ . Put ½ inside the integrand and put 2 before
the integral sign.

2 ∫ sec ½ z tan ½ z dz = 2∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖

= 2 (sec 𝑢+ C)

= 2 sec ½ z + C
Example (a). Evaluate ∫ x cos x2 dx

Solution:

∫ x cos x2 dx , resembles ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

where u = x2,

checking for du = d( x2)

= 2x dx

2 presents as the missing factor. Introduce (2) inside the integrand and its reciprocal

1
(2) is placed before the integral sign:

1
∫ x cos x2 dx = ∫ cos x2 (2x dx)
2

Applying Formula No. 4

∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + C,

1
∫ x cos x2 dx = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 x2 + C Ans.
2
Example (b). Evaluate ∫ tan2 y dy

Solution:

Since there’s no direct formula to evaluate the integral, apply transformation using

trigonometric identities tan2 y = sec 2 y – 1:

∫ tan2 y dy = ∫ ( sec 2 y – 1) dy

= ∫ sec 2 y dy – ∫ dy

= tan y – y + C Ans. (Using directly formula (6).)

Example (c). Evaluate ∫ sin y tan y dy

Solution:

Transform tan y in the integrand by its equivalent in sine and cosine function:

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
∫ sin y tan y dy = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 dy = ∫ cos 𝑦 dy
cos 𝑦

Transforming further using the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 :

1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑦
= ∫ dy
cos 𝑦

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑦
=∫( − ) dy
cos 𝑦 cos 𝑦

= ∫ (sec 𝑦 − cos 𝑦) dy

= ∫ sec 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

The ∫ sec 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 can be found by multiplying the numerator and

denominator by sec y + tan y as shown in the previous example.

= ln (sec 𝑦 + tan 𝑦) − sin 𝑦 + C Ans.

 In these exercises, formulas (4)-(9) may or may not be applied directly, some of
these, must be transformed using trigonometric identities before applying any of the
formulas for integration already introduce. Take careful steps in analyzing each problem.
Specific numbers for your assignment will be posted tomorrow.

Exercises.

A. Evaluate the following:

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
1+4 tan 3𝑥

sin 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2. ∫
1+3 cos 4𝑡

cos ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
𝑥

𝑑𝑦
4. ∫
𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑒 −𝑦

5. ∫ cot 2 y dy

6. ∫ tan 2 by dy

sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑
7. ∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝜑

𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜑 𝑑𝜑
8. ∫
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜑

9. ∫ ( tan 𝜃 – 1 ) 2 d 𝜃

10. ∫ ( 1 + cot 2𝜃) 2 d 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
11. ∫
1−sin 𝑦
 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
12. ∫
1+cos 𝑦

𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
13. ∫
1−sin 𝑦

𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
14. ∫
1+cos 𝑦

15. ∫ sin 2 x csc 2 2x dx

16. ∫ (tan ( y – ¼ 𝜋) dy

17. ∫ ( cos 4 x - sin 4 x ) dx

18. ∫ sin 3x sin 6x dx

(cos 𝑥+2 sin 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥

19. ∫
cos 𝑥

(2cos 𝑥− sin 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
20. ∫
sin 𝑥

21. ∫ (cos C + 1) dC

22. ∫ cot (C – ¼ 𝜋) dC