EM 2: CALCULUS 2

MODULE 2 LESSON 2: LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Objectives:

1. To be able to identify the integration formula for logarithmic functions.

2. To be able to determine the integral of logarithmic functions.

Integration Formulas of Logarithmic Functions

The following are the different logarithmic formulas, depending on the values

of u whether it is positive, negative or zero:

𝒅𝒖
(1) ∫ = 𝐥𝐧 𝒖 + C, 𝒖>𝟎
𝒖

𝑑𝑢
(1’) ∫ = ln(−𝑢) + C1, 𝑢<0
𝑢

𝑑𝑢
(1’’) ∫ = ln|𝑢| + C2, 𝑢≠0
𝑢
 In general the logarithmic form can be easily identified.

First, the integrand is in the form of a fraction or it is in rational form (rational in

the sense it is in the form of a ratio having a numerator and a denominator) or du/ u.

Second, the denominator is a quantity raised to the power of one (1).

Third, the term in the numerator is differential of the quantity in the denominator
or du.

Other than these, it could be in the form of powers or can be solved using the
general power formula.

Analyzing a few examples below:

𝒅𝒙
∫
𝒙+𝟏

1. It is in the form of a fraction.

2. The quantity in the denominator, x + 1 is raised to the power of 1, specifically it
is in the form: (x + 1)1.
3. The numerator of contains the differential of the quantity (x + 1)
to check:
d( x + 1) = dx

𝑑𝑢
Therefore the integrand is in the form of ∫ .
𝑢

𝑑𝑥
∫ = ln u = ln (x + 1) + C
𝑥+1
∫ (𝟐 + 𝒙)−𝟏𝒅𝒙

1. The integrand may not be in the form of a fraction but the exponent of the
quantity is negative, hence to make it positive, we bring it down into the
denominator.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫
(2 +𝑥)1
= ∫
2+𝑥

2. The quantity in the denominator, 2 + x is explicitly raised to the power of 1,

3. The numerator of contains the differential of the quantity (2 + x)
to check:
d( 2 + x) = dx

𝑑𝑢
Therefore the integrand is in the form of ∫ .
𝑢

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ (2 + 𝑥 )−1 𝑑𝑥 ∫
(2 +𝑥)1
= ∫ = ln u = ln (2x + 1) + C
2+𝑥

𝒅𝒙
∫
(𝒙+𝟏)𝟑

1. The integrand is in the form of a fraction.

2. The quantity in the denominator, x + 1 is raised to the power of 3, hence this is
not in the form of the logarithmic function. Obviously it is in the form of powers.
So the solution would be:

𝑢𝑛+1 (𝑥+1)−2 −1
∫ (𝑥 + 1)−3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = = + C or +C
𝑛+1 −2 2(𝑥+1)2
where: n = –3
du = d (x + 1) = dx
 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example (a). Evaluate ∫
𝟏−𝒙𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ , resembles ∫
1−𝑥 2 𝑢

where u = 1 − 𝑥 2
checking for du:
d( 1 – x2) = –2x dx

–2 presents as the missing factor. Introduce (–2) inside the integrand and
1
its reciprocal (− 2) is placed before the integral sign:

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 (–2) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = −2∫
1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2

1
= − 2 ln u
1
= − 2 ln (1 − 𝑥2) + 𝐶

𝒘𝟐−𝒘
Example (b). Evaluate ∫ dw
𝒘+𝟐

Solution:

The formula for integration of logarithmic functions cannot be applied

directly. This can be done only after performing division.

𝑊 2 −𝑤 6
∫ dw =∫ (w–3+ ) dw
𝑊+2 𝑊+2
𝑑𝑤
= ∫ w dw – 3∫ 𝑑𝑤 + 6∫
𝑤+2
1
= 2 w2 – 3𝑤 + 6 ln (𝑤 + 2) + C Ans.

RULE. As the first step toward integrating a rational fraction, carry out the
indicated division until the numerator is of lower degree than the
denominator.
Exercises

EM 2 Module 2 Lesson 2 Activity 1

Evaluate each integral.

2 𝑑𝑦
1. ∫
3𝑦−4

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
𝑥 2 +2

(2𝑥−5) 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+3

(1−2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫
𝑥

𝑦 𝑑𝑦
5. ∫
(1+𝑦2)4

(𝑣+3) 𝑑𝑣
6. ∫
𝑣−1

7. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8. ∫
2+3 sin 𝑥

𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫
1+cot 𝑥

𝑑𝑧
10. ∫
(2+𝑧)3/2
EM 2 Module 2 Lesson 2 Assignment 1

Write your solutions on a white bond paper. Write at least two (2) problems per
sheet. Submit to google classroom.

Evaluate each integral.

𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
𝑥−1

sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2. ∫
2 sec 𝜃+3

𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. ∫ 𝑦
𝑒 −1

𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. ∫
𝑒 𝑦 −1

𝑑𝑥
5. ∫
𝑥 ln 𝑥

sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
6. ∫
1+sin2 𝜃

(𝑥+6) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+6) (𝑥+2)+4

7. ∫ Hint: =
(𝑥+2)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑥+2)2

𝑑𝑥 1 (1+𝑥 2)− 𝑥2
8. ∫ Hint: =
𝑥 (1+ 𝑥 2) 𝑥 (1+ 𝑥2 ) 𝑥 (1+ 𝑥2 )

9. ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃. (Multiply and divide by sec 𝜃 – tan 𝜃.)

𝑑𝑥
10. ∫
sin 2𝑥