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Wind Load of a Curved Circular Cylinder Structures

Conference Paper · October 2014

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4758.1129

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Piotr Mieczysław Szczepaniak Agnieszka Padewska-Jurczak

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 th
Proceedings of the 12 International Conference on
New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings
October 16-17, 2014 Bratislava, Slovakia
Faculty of Civil Engineering STU Bratislava
Slovak Society of Mechanics SAS

WIND LOAD OF A CURVED CIRCULAR CYLINDER

STRUCTURES
P. Szczepaniak1 and A. Padewska2

Abstract
The paper presents the way of estimating the wind force acting on straight or curved elements with circular
cross-section. These elements can be positioned at any angle to the wind direction. They may also be bent into
the form of a torus or a helix, laid horizontally or sloped. The first part of the work shows the analytical
approach to the problem, solved by decomposing the wind velocity vector to the normal, binormal and tangent
components, estimating the pressure distribution around the elements cross-section and finally integration of the
pressure over the whole surface. The second part of the article briefly presents the results of the air flow
computer simulations. Because there were observed significant differences between the data obtained from the
analytical and numerical method, some empirical correction functions had to be attached to the analytical
equations. The last part consists of the engineering applicable advices, presented on diagrams and tables of
coefficients.

Key Words
wind load; drag force; curved structure; numerical air flow computations

1 INTRODUCTION
Wind load is one of the most important load cases, acting on building structures. Procedures for calculating
the values of wind forces are precisely described in Eurocode 1 Part 1-4 [1]. However there is a specific, but
quite popular type of structure which is not covered by these standards. It means the building objects made
of various straight or curved circular cylinder elements, such as waterslides or other amusement ride devices
(Fig.1). For this type of structure the wind load is often the leading variable action, especially if the supports
have a static scheme of a vertical, fixed column with horizontal beams, where the bending moments
at the foundations level of the columns are the most important internal forces.
The problems with calculations of the wind load are caused by the fact, that the longitudinal axis of these
structures is rarely perpendicular to the wind blows direction, as it is assumed in section 7.9 of [1]. So in
the current paper there is presented the way of estimating the value and direction of the wind force acting on
a straight cylinder, positioned at certain angle to the wind direction, and on a torus shaped structure, laid
horizontally or sloped.

1
PhD Eng. Piotr Szczepaniak, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of
the Theory of Building Structures, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwce, Poland, tel.: +48 608 524 333, e-mail:
piotr.szczepaniak@polsl.pl.
2
MSc Eng. Agnieszka Padewska, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, e-mail:
agnieszkapadewska@gmail.com.
12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

Fig. 1. New waterslides at Gino Paradise Bešeňová, Slovakia

2 STANDARD PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING WIND LOAD

In Eurocode 1 [1] the standard procedure for calculating the wind load acting on straight cylindrical elements
is described with the following basic formulas:

Fw  cscd  c
elements
f  qp ( ze )  Aref (1)

where: Fw – wind load force,

cscd – structural factor, defined in section 6 of [1],
cf – force coefficient,
qp(ze) – peak velocity pressure at reference height ze (according to section 4.5 of [1]),
Aref – reference area (Aref = b l),
b – diameter of the cylinder,
l – length of cylinder
cf  cf ,0   (2)

cf,0 – force coefficient of cylinders without free-end flow,

ψλ – end-effect factor (ψλ ≤ 1)
2 qp ( ze )
b
b  v ( ze ) 
Re   (3)
 

0.18 log(10 k / b) (4)

Re  5  105  cf ,0  1.2 
1  0.4 log( Re / 106 )

where: Re – Reynolds number,

k – equivalent surface roughness, given in Table 7.13 of [1],
v – wind speed,
υ – kinematic viscosity of the air (   15 106 m2 /s ),
ρ – density of the air (   1.25 kg/m 3 )
This procedure is sufficient if the structural element is distant from other ones and its axis is perpendicular to the
wind blows direction. In this case the main drag force has almost the same direction as the wind velocity vector,
12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

with its value slightly oscillating, which is caused by the von Kármán vortex shedding. In other cases, mainly
if the axis of the cylinder is positioned at different (not straight) angle to the wind blows, the drag force
is reduced, but at the same time appears a significant lift force, which is not taken under consideration in [1].
To cover this situation a more sophisticated procedure has to be developed.

3 GEOMETRY OF THE ELEMENT

At the first stage it is necessary to create a mathematical representation of the axis and surface of the element.
In most engineering structures made of cylindrical members its axes can be defined as a simple flat curve on
the Oxy plane, which is afterwards rotated and translated to the final position, as it is shown below.
r( )  rx ( ); ry ( ); rz ( )
T
(5)

r(a)  MRot  rb ( )  r0 (6)

where: r(α) – parametric vector equation of the axis in a Cartesian coordinate system,
rb(α) – base function,
MRot – rotation matrix,
r0 – translation vector

cos( z )  sin( z ) 0  cos( y ) 0 sin( y )  1 0 0 

    
0   0 cos( x ) sin( x ) 
(7)
M Rot   sin( z ) cos( z ) 0   0 1
 0 0 1  sin( y ) 0 cos( y ) 0  sin( x ) cos( x )

γx , γy , γz – angles of sequential rotations around the axes of the coordinate system

Formulas for the most common base functions may be as follows:

rb,line ( )   ; 0; 0
T
(8)

rb,circle ( )  R   cos( ); sin( ); 0

T
(9)

 
T

rb,helix ( )   R cos( ); R sin( );    (10)
 2
where: R – radius of the circle or helix,
δ – pitch of the helix

Having the parametric equation of the axis it is easy to calculate the unit long tangent (T1), normal (N1)
and binormal (B1) vectors, which create the Frennet-Serret basis of the local coordinate system.
r ' ( )  r ' ' ( ) (11)
   ( ) 
 r' ( )  3

r ' ( )
T1  T1 ( )  (12)
r ' ( )

r ' ( )  r' ' ( )

  0  B1  B1 ( )  (13)
r ' ( )  r' ' ( )

r ' ( )  v
  0  r' ( )  v  0  B1  B1 ( )  (14)
r ' ( )  v

N1  N1 ( )  B1 ( )  T1 ( ) (15)
12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

S( ,  )  r    N1    cos   B1    sin  

b (16)
2

n1  n1  ,    N1    cos   B1    sin  (17)

b   b  b  b 
dA   d   1  cos      dl   1  cos      r' ( )  d  d (18)
2   2  2  2 

where: x  x  x – length (norm) of vector x,

κ – curvature of the axis,
v – wind velocity vector,
S(α,β) – parametric equation of the surface of the element,
n1 – unit vector, normal to the surface

 T
N
n1 d

dA

Fig. 2. Local TNB coordinate system

4 ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF THE WIND LOAD

4.1 Decomposition of the wind velocity vector and velocity pressure

The next step, after establishing the TNB local coordinate system, is decomposition of the wind velocity vector.
v  vze   v1  vze   v1  T1   T1  v1  B1   B1  v1  N1   N1  (19)

v1T  v1  T1 ; v1B  v1  B1 ; v1N  v1  N1 (20)

v  vze   v1T  T1  v1B  B1  v1N  N1  (21)

where: v1 – unit long wind direction vector

Afterwards the velocity pressure has to be divided into the effects of longitudinal and perpendicular air flow.
  ( v) 2  vze 2  vze 2
q( v) 
2

2
  v1  v1  
2

 v12T  v12B  v12N  (22)
  
 qp  v12T  v12B  v12N  qp  v12T  qp  v12B  v12N  qT  qBN
12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

4.2 Pressure distribution around the cross-section

The longitudinal air flow causes an uniform underpressure distribution around the cross-section of the element.
pqT   qT  qp  v12T (23)

Much more complicated is the pressure distribution resulting from the perpendicular air flow. It strongly depends
on the value of Reynolds number and the surface roughness, as it is presented on figure 7.27 in [1]. Similar
graphs, obtained from experiments in wind tunnel or numerical simulations, can be found in [3,4,5].
Unfortunately there are no equations of the pressure distribution, and the only one applicable formula (25) has
been obtained from [2].
pqBN   qBN  cp0    qp  (v12B  v12N )  cp0   (24)

cp0,PN    0.356  0.322 cos   0.636 cos2   0.501 cos3   (25)

 0.058 cos4   0.128 cos5   0.034 cos6 

0  arctanv1N , v1B     ,   (26)

where: cp0,PN – pressure distribution coefficient [2],

β0 – angle of attack

Fig. 3. Air overpressure Δp(qBN) distribution around the cross-section

The main drawback of the formula (25) is that the integration of the pressure distribution over the whole
circumference gives a constant value of the force coefficient (cf,PN). It is independent of the Reynolds number
and surface roughness, which is wrong according to equation (4). So there has been introduced a correction
factor (cp,cor), that scales the values from equation (25) to produce the right force coefficient.

1
 2 b  c
p0,PN    cos  d
cf, PN  
 0.5058  const  cf,0 (27)
b

cf,0 cf,0
cp,cor    cp0    cp0,PN    cp,cor (28)
cf,PN 0.5058
12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

4.3 Distributed and resultant wind force

The next step after estimating the pressure is to calculate the wind force distribution along the element. It is done
by integration of the pressure distribution over the circumference of the cross-section.
dFw dF dF  dFw0(BN)
fw   cs cd  w0  cs cd  w0(T)  cs cd  f w0 (29)
d d d

dFw0(T)  dFw0(BN)
f w0  (30)
d

 
 b2
dFw0(T)   pqT   n1    dA  
  
4
qp  v12T    N1    r' ( )  d (31)

 
dFw0(BN)   pq   n      dA    
  
BN 1 0 0

 
 qp  (v12B  v12N )  cp,cor   c    n      dA    
  
p0 1 0 0
(32)

 b 
 qp  (v12B  v12N )  cf,0  b     2.2112  1.9752 cos2 0   cos 0   N1 
  4 
 b   
 1.9752 sin 2  0   sin  0    B1   r ' ( )  d
 4  
The resultant wind force can be obtained by integration of the distributed wind load fw0 over parameter α.
2
Fw0   f w0 d (33)
1

Fw  cs cd  Fw0 (34)

5 NUMERICAL AIR FLOW SIMULATIONS

Along with the analytical calculations, a large number of numerical air flow simulations were done. They were
made using the ANSYS software, especially the Fluent module. Computations were performed with the aid of
the PL-Grid Infrastructure.

5.1 Main parameters

First, there were modelled series of air flows past a straight cylinders with a diameter b = 1.0m, surface
roughness k = 0.15mm, positioned at the angle against the wind direction (γz) in range from 30° to 90°,
at 15° steps. The computations were performed at the free flow speed (v) equal to 11.0, 15.0, 22.0 and 33.5 m/s.
It gives the Reynolds number in range from around 7.5·105 to 2.5·106, which indicates the supercritical type of
air flow, with a strong influence of the turbulent shear flow. To avoid the necessity of a very dense FVM mesh
near the cylinder surface, the k-ω/SST model has been chosen. The remaining boundary conditions are presented
on Fig. 4.
At the second stage there has been modelled the air flow past the half of a torus, with the same diameter, surface
roughness and wind speed as mentioned above. It has been positioned at slope angle (γy) in range from 0° to 90°,
at 22.5° steps. The radius of curvature equals R = 3.0m – Fig. 5.

5.2 Results of the air flow simulations

Results of the numerical air flow simulations are presented in Tab. 1 and 2. There are also shown adequate
values obtained from the analytical calculations. It can be easily noticed, that as far as a straight cylinder is
concerned, the analytical underestimation of the wind force never exceeds 3 N/m, which is a completely
12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

insignificant value in civil engineering calculations. In most cases the wind force is slightly overestimated,
however the difference rarely exceeds 10%.
Much worse convergence of the results shows up in Tab. 2. However in the case of the not sloped torus (γy = 0)
the analytical results are acceptable, in other cases appears a significant underestimation of the y and z wind
force components. That’s why an empirical correction function has to be attached. Because it shouldn’t be an
explicit function of the main parameters, such as α and γy angles, the following formulas are proposed:
b2 
f w0   qp  cf ,0  a3  r ' 
2
   
 a3  23.69 a34  36.43 a32  9.09  a1  0.87   2.5  B1 
(35)

 1.88  3.4 a  4.143 a  1.718 a  2.65 a  N 

1 2
2
2
2
3 1

 4.363  5.443 a  1.702 a  cos a  1.34 a  0.13  3.6  3.8 a

2
2
2 1 2 2  
 7.1 a22  N1

where: a1  arccos(v1N ) ,
a2  arcsin( v1B ) ,
a3  v1B ,

dFw0(T)  dFw0(BN)
f w0,cor   f w0 (36)
d
These functions were obtained by finding a constant multipliers to B1 and N1 (fB, fN) in successive ranges
of integration (αi, αi+1), which give a minimal difference of the wind force vector (37). Next these multipliers
were interpolated, using the arccos(v1N) as the independent variable. The improved analytical values are
presented in Tab. 3.
  i1    i1 
  

Fw0 | ii1    f w0 d     f B(i )  B1  f N(i )  N1 d   Fw0


num,i (37)
 i   i 

y Top view

1m z periodic b.c.
vx=v x
p=0
vy=vz=0 num
fw0
periodic b.c.
b

z Side view
vz=0
vx=vy=vz=0
vx=v x b
p=0
vy=vz=0

vz=0

Fig. 4. Boundary conditions for the air flow simulations – straight cylinder
12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

y
Top view
vy=0
vx=v i+1
num,i
Fw0 p=0
i
vy=vz=0

vy=0
x 2R
z Side view
vz=0
num,i
Fw0
vx=v y vx=vy=vz=0
x
p=0
vy=vz=0 b
2R
vz=0

Fig. 5. Boundary conditions for the air flow simulations – half of a torus

Rotation Numerical wind force Analytical wind force

angle components components
γz [°] f wnum
0 , x [N/m] f wnum
0 , y [N/m] f wan0, x [N/m] f wan0, y [N/m]
v = 11 m/s; qp = 75.6 Pa; Re = 7.33·105; cf,0 = 0.663
30 8.0 -11.6 6.27 -10.85
45 18.8 -17.4 17.72 -17.72
60 33.4 -18.4 32.55 -18.80
75 45.5 -11.8 45.17 -12.10
90 48.4 0 50.12 0
v = 15 m/s; qp = 140.6 Pa; Re = 1.0·106; cf,0 = 0.692
30 14.2 -20.7 12.16 -21.06
45 34.5 -32 34.39 -34.39
60 60.6 -32.2 63.18 -36.48
75 82.4 -21.4 87.66 -23.49
90 94.2 0 97.27 0
v = 22 m/s; qp = 302.5 Pa; Re = 1.467·106; cf,0 = 0.723
30 29.6 -42.7 27.35 -47.38
45 72.4 -67 77.37 -77.37
60 132.2 -73.1 142.13 -82.06
75 181.7 -47.2 197.21 -52.84
90 208.6 0 218.83 0
v = 33.5 m/s; qp = 701.4 Pa; Re = 2.23·106; cf,0 = 0.754
30 66.6 -95.8 66.10 -114.50
45 170.4 -158 186.97 -186.97
60 318.5 -175.6 343.49 -198.31
75 449.3 -116.7 476.59 -127.70
90 508.5 0 528.83 0
Tab. 1. Wind force components vs straight element rotation angle and wind speed
12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

Slope Limits of
Numerical wind force components Analytical wind force components
angle integration
γy [°] αi [°] αi+1 [°] Fwnum ,i
0 , x [N] Fwnum ,i
0 , y [N] Fwnum ,i
0 , z [N] Fwan0,,xi [N] Fwan0,,yi [N] Fwan0,,zi [N]
0 22.5 87.1 -16.5 102.07 -19.54
22.5 45.0 52.0 -33.3 53.49 -33.56
45.0 67.5 5.5 -1.9 4.51 -3.49
67.5 90.0 -2.5 37.4 -6.17 34.86
0 0 0
90.0 112.5 12.9 58.8 9.46 45.76
112.5 135.0 38.4 49.9 37.37 54.39
135.0 157.5 68.9 42.9 77.98 51.07
157.5 180.0 53.5 11.9 110.37 21.59
F (i )
w0 315.8 149.2 0 389.08 151.09 0
0 22.5 91.1 -13.9 24.4 103.85 -17.10 17.49
22.5 45.0 59.5 -27.4 37.2 62.31 -29.77 26.66
45.0 67.5 20.0 2.5 51.9 17.93 -4.25 30.91
67.5 90.0 11.0 48.6 18.3 3.33 31.12 21.96
22.5
90.0 112.5 19.1 64.4 10.8 15.78 49.10 11.20
112.5 135.0 39.4 42.4 26.4 44.18 57.36 4.10
135.0 157.5 83.9 22.8 38.6 82.12 51.19 -5.40
157.5 180.0 72.9 13.5 31.5 110.99 21.12 -13.61
F (i )
w0 396.9 152.9 239.1 440.48 158.78 93.32
0 22.5 98.6 -6.0 70.9 108.11 -10.44 31.03
22.5 45.0 79.3 -8.8 77.2 83.87 -17.97 43.35
45.0 67.5 55.7 6.9 71.9 54.89 -0.41 52.63
45 67.5 90.0 43.2 34.3 50.0 40.69 28.57 47.49
90.0 112.5 43.8 66.7 32.9 46.53 50.70 31.31
112.5 135.0 56.6 63.7 3.6 67.38 58.88 10.69
135.0 157.5 66.8 30.3 -13.2 93.85 48.80 -10.70
157.5 180.0 50.0 8.8 -22.5 112.60 19.22 -25.45
F (i )
w0 494 195.9 270.8 607.92 177.35 180.35
0 22.5 110.0 12.3 78.1 112.39 -1.37 38.26
22.5 45.0 103.3 35.5 68.0 105.51 0.85 44.29
45.0 67.5 94.4 52.0 53.4 96.44 13.18 48.79
67.5 90.0 84.2 54.3 40.6 90.95 31.55 43.87
67.5
90.0 112.5 77.0 53.2 22.3 92.11 46.76 27.55
112.5 135.0 72.7 49.3 -6.7 99.09 50.65 3.90
135.0 157.5 70.0 35.1 -31.9 108.10 39.39 -19.54
157.5 180.0 66.4 12.6 -42.3 114.29 14.90 -34.25
F (i )
w0 678 304.3 181.5 818.88 195.91 152.87
0 22.5 107.0 11.1 76.7 114.59 7.75 38.96
22.5 45.0 105.0 36.9 61.0 114.59 22.07 33.03
45.0 67.5 103.2 61.0 36.9 114.59 33.03 22.07
67.5 90.0 102.4 76.7 11.1 114.59 38.96 7.75
90
90.0 112.5 102.4 76.5 -11.0 114.59 38.96 -7.75
112.5 135.0 103.4 60.7 -36.0 114.59 33.03 -22.07
135.0 157.5 105.2 36.0 -60.7 114.59 22.07 -33.03
157.5 180.0 107.2 11.0 -76.5 114.59 7.75 -38.96
F (i )
w0 835.8 369.9 1.5 916.75 203.60 0.00

Tab. 2. Wind force components vs torus slope angle at v = 15m/s, R = 3.0m

12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

Slope Limits of Improved analytical wind force

Numerical wind force components
angle integration components
γy [°] αi [°] αi+1 [°] Fwnum ,i
0 , x [N] Fwnum ,i
0 , y [N] Fwnum ,i
0 , z [N] Fwan0,,xi [N] Fwan0,,yi [N] Fwan0,,zi [N]
0 22.5 87.1 -16.5 102.07 -19.54
22.5 45.0 52.0 -33.3 53.49 -33.56
45.0 67.5 5.5 -1.9 4.51 -3.49
67.5 90.0 -2.5 37.4 -6.17 34.86
0 0 0
90.0 112.5 12.9 58.8 9.46 45.76
112.5 135.0 38.4 49.9 37.37 54.39
135.0 157.5 68.9 42.9 77.98 51.07
157.5 180.0 53.5 11.9 110.37 21.59
F (i )
w0 315.8 149.2 0 389.08 151.09 0
0 22.5 91.1 -13.9 24.4 89.47 -14.16 25.57
22.5 45.0 59.5 -27.4 37.2 58.48 -25.85 33.59
45.0 67.5 20.0 2.5 51.9 16.40 4.34 41.21
67.5 90.0 11.0 48.6 18.3 5.04 50.19 35.52
22.5
90.0 112.5 19.1 64.4 10.8 24.59 63.34 26.50
112.5 135.0 39.4 42.4 26.4 47.00 50.12 26.49
135.0 157.5 83.9 22.8 38.6 66.10 33.15 29.12
157.5 180.0 72.9 13.5 31.5 83.81 12.97 28.76
F (i )
w0 396.9 152.9 239.1 390.89 174.10 246.77
0 22.5 98.6 -6.0 70.9 94.45 -1.78 81.04
22.5 45.0 79.3 -8.8 77.2 81.32 -2.01 76.38
45.0 67.5 55.7 6.9 71.9 60.77 8.44 67.59
45 67.5 90.0 43.2 34.3 50.0 44.35 37.14 53.25
90.0 112.5 43.8 66.7 32.9 46.98 63.32 28.34
112.5 135.0 56.6 63.7 3.6 59.31 57.99 4.83
135.0 157.5 66.8 30.3 -13.2 66.07 34.56 -6.51
157.5 180.0 50.0 8.8 -22.5 69.54 11.46 -11.82
F (i )
w0 494 195.9 270.8 522.78 209.12 293.10
0 22.5 110.0 12.3 78.1 111.10 7.03 83.47
22.5 45.0 103.3 35.5 68.0 102.63 24.25 81.12
45.0 67.5 94.4 52.0 53.4 91.08 44.60 69.62
67.5 90.0 84.2 54.3 40.6 81.68 57.12 46.09
67.5
90.0 112.5 77.0 53.2 22.3 75.06 57.97 18.53
112.5 135.0 72.7 49.3 -6.7 72.10 53.48 -9.16
135.0 157.5 70.0 35.1 -31.9 73.08 40.15 -35.22
157.5 180.0 66.4 12.6 -42.3 74.72 15.01 -51.14
F (i )
w0 678 304.3 181.5 681.44 299.62 203.30
0 22.5 107.0 11.1 76.7 113.49 14.30 71.91
22.5 45.0 105.0 36.9 61.0 113.49 40.74 60.97
45.0 67.5 103.2 61.0 36.9 113.49 60.97 40.74
67.5 90.0 102.4 76.7 11.1 113.49 71.91 14.31
90
90.0 112.5 102.4 76.5 -11.0 113.49 71.91 -14.31
112.5 135.0 103.4 60.7 -36.0 113.49 60.97 -40.74
135.0 157.5 105.2 36.0 -60.7 113.49 40.74 -60.97
157.5 180.0 107.2 11.0 -76.5 113.49 14.31 -71.91
F (i )
w0 835.8 369.9 1.5 907.90 375.84 0.00

Tab. 3. Improved wind force distribution

12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

6 CONCLUSIONS
For simplifying the manual calculations, the total effects of the axis curvature and rotation can be compressed
into a single vector coefficient μ, named position coefficient.
2
~  c c  q  c  A  μ
Fw  cs cd  Fw0  cs cd   f w0,cor d  cs cd  qp  cf ,0  Aref  μ ~; μ
~; μ~ T (38)
s d p f ,0 ref x y z
1

2
Aref  b  l  b   r' ( )  d
1
(39)

2

f w0,cor d
~  ~
μ μx ; ~ μz  
μy ; ~
T 1
(40)
2
qp  cf ,0  b   r ' ( )  d
1

μ    x  ;  y  ;  z   
T f w0,cor (41)
qp  cf ,0  b  r' ( )

where: μx – longitudinal force position coefficient,

μy – horizontal side force position coefficient,
μz – vertical lift force position coefficient,
~x , ~y , ~z – averaged position coefficients
Distribution of this coefficient for sloped torus is presented on Fig. 6-8 and averaged values are also shown in
Tab. 4. All of these results were obtained using fixed values of the following parameters: wind direction
v1 = {1; 0; 0}T (wind blows along the x axis of the global coordinate system), rotation angles γx = γz = 0, relative
curvature ratio b·κ = 1/3.
For a straight cylinder the position coefficient has a constant value, given by equation (42).



sin  y   cos  y   sin  z 
2 2 2 3/ 2
 

μ straight   x ;  y ;  z    cos  y   cos  z   sin  z   sin  y   cos  y   sin  z  
T  2 2 2 2 (42)



cos  y  cos  z  sin  y  sin  y 2  cos  y 2  sin  z 2 

Fig. 6. Longitudinal force position coefficients μx

12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

Fig. 7. Side force position coefficients μy

Fig. 8. Lift force position coefficients μz

12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

Slope Limits of integration Averaged position coefficients

angle
αi [°] αi+1 [°] ~x [-] ~y [-] ~z [-]
γy [°]
0 22.5 0.891 -0.170
22.5 45.0 0.467 -0.293
45.0 67.5 0.039 -0.030
67.5 90.0 -0.054 0.304
0 0
90.0 112.5 0.083 0.399
112.5 135.0 0.326 0.475
135.0 157.5 0.680 0.446
157.5 180.0 0.963 0.188
0 22.5 0.781 -0.124 0.223
22.5 45.0 0.510 -0.226 0.293
45.0 67.5 0.143 0.038 0.360
67.5 90.0 0.044 0.438 0.310
22.5
90.0 112.5 0.215 0.553 0.231
112.5 135.0 0.410 0.437 0.231
135.0 157.5 0.577 0.289 0.254
157.5 180.0 0.731 0.113 0.251
0 22.5 0.824 -0.016 0.707
22.5 45.0 0.710 -0.018 0.667
45.0 67.5 0.530 0.074 0.590
45 67.5 90.0 0.387 0.324 0.465
90.0 112.5 0.410 0.553 0.247
112.5 135.0 0.518 0.506 0.042
135.0 157.5 0.577 0.302 -0.057
157.5 180.0 0.607 0.100 -0.103
0 22.5 0.970 0.061 0.728
22.5 45.0 0.896 0.212 0.708
45.0 67.5 0.795 0.389 0.607
67.5 90.0 0.713 0.498 0.402
67.5
90.0 112.5 0.655 0.506 0.162
112.5 135.0 0.629 0.467 -0.080
135.0 157.5 0.638 0.350 -0.307
157.5 180.0 0.652 0.131 -0.446
0 22.5 0.990 0.125 0.628
22.5 45.0 0.990 0.355 0.532
45.0 67.5 0.990 0.532 0.355
67.5 90.0 0.990 0.628 0.125
90
90.0 112.5 0.990 0.628 -0.125
112.5 135.0 0.990 0.532 -0.355
135.0 157.5 0.990 0.355 -0.532
157.5 180.0 0.990 0.125 -0.628
Tab. 4. Averaged position coefficients

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research has been partially supported by PL-Grid Infrastructure.

REFERENCES
[1] EN 1991-1-4:2005: Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions. CEN,
Brussels, 2005.
 12th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings October 2014, Bratislava

[2] PN-B-02011:1977/Az1:2009: Obciążenia w obliczeniach statycznych. Obciążenie wiatrem (Loads in static

calculations. Wind loads). PKN, Warszawa 2009.

[3] Mallick M. – Kumar A.: Study on drag coefficient for the flow past a cylinder, International Journal of
Civil Engineering Research, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2014), pp. 301-306.

[4] Merrick R. – Bitsuamlak G.: Control of flow around a circular cylinder by the use of surface roughness:
A computational and experimental approach, Internet publication at http://www.ihrc.fiu.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2014/03/MerrickandBitsuamlak_FlowAroundCircularCylinders.pdf

[5] Lakehal D.: Computation of turbulent shear flows over rough-walled circular cylinders. Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 80, Issues 1-2 (March 1999), pp. 47-68.

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