ELPIDIO QUIRINO

Elpidio Quirino y Rivera (Tagalog: [ˈkiɾino];

November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956) was
a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as
the sixth president of the Philippines from
1948 to 1953.
A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered
politics when he became a representative of
Ilocos Sur from 1919 to 1925. He was then
elected as a senator from 1925 to 1935. In
1934, he became a member of the Philippine
Independence Commission that was sent to
Washington, D.C., which secured the passage
of Tydings–McDuffie Act to the United States
Congress. In 1935, he was also elected to the
1935 Constitutional Convention that drafted
the 1935 Philippine Constitution for the newly
established Philippine Commonwealth. In the
new government, he served as secretary of
the interior and finance under the cabinet of President Manuel L. Quezon.
After World War II, Quirino was elected vice-president in the April 1946 presidential
election, consequently the second and last for the Commonwealth and first for the Third
Republic. After the death of incumbent President Manuel Roxas in April 1948, he
succeeded to the presidency. He won a full term under the Liberal Party ticket,
defeating Nacionalista former president José P. Laurel as well as fellow Liberalista and
former Senate President José Dira Avelino.
The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the HukBaLaHap, who
ransacked towns and barrios. Quirino ran for president again in November 1953 but
was defeated by Ramon Magsaysay in a landslide.
 DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr. GCrM, KGCR
(Tagalog: [makapaˈɡal];[1] September 28, 1910 –
April 21, 1997) was a Filipino lawyer, poet and
politician who served as the ninth president of the
Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and the sixth
vice president, serving from 1957 to 1961. He also
served as a member of the House of
Representatives, and headed the Constitutional
Convention of 1970. He was the father of Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo, who followed his path as
president of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
Known as "the poor boy from Lubao," he was a native
of Lubao, Pampanga, Macapagal graduated from the
University of the Philippines and University of Santo
Tomas, both in Manila, after which he worked as a
lawyer for the government. He first won the election in
1949 to the House of Representatives, representing the 1st district in his home province
of Pampanga. In 1957, he became vice president under the rule of President Carlos P.
Garcia, whom he later defeated in the 1961 election.
As president, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the
growth of the Philippine economy. He introduced the country's first land reform law,
placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign
exchange and import controls. Many of his reforms, however, were crippled by a
Congress dominated by the rival Nacionalista Party. He is also known for shifting the
country's observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, commemorating the
day President Emilio Aguinaldo unilaterally declared the independence of the First
Philippine Republic from the Spanish Empire in 1898. He stood for re-election in 1965,
and was defeated by Ferdinand Marcos.
Under Marcos, Macapagal was elected president of the 1970 constitutional convention
that would later draft what became the 1973 Constitution, though the manner in which
the charter was ratified and modified led him to later question its legitimacy. He died of
heart failure, pneumonia, and renal complications, in 1997, at the age of 86.
Macapagal was also a reputed poet in the Spanish language, though his poetic oeuvre
was eclipsed by his political biography.
 MANUEL ROXAS

Manuel Roxas y Acuña (Tagalog: [maˈnwel a

ˈkuɲa ˈɾɔhas]; January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948)
was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as
the fifth president of the Philippines, from 1946
until his death due to heart attacks in 1948. He
served briefly as the third and last president of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines from May 28,
1946, to July 4, 1946, and became the first
president of the independent Third Philippine
Republic after the United States ceded its
sovereignty over the Philippines.

Early life and career

Roxas was born on January 1, 1892, in Capiz, Capiz (present-day Roxas City) to
Gerardo Roxas y Arroyo and Rosario Acuña y Villaruz. He was a posthumous child, as
his father died after being mortally wounded by the Spanish Guardia Civil the year
before. He and his older brother, Mamerto, were raised by their mother and her father,
Don Eleuterio Acuña. His other siblings from his father included Leopoldo and
Margarita, while he also had half-siblings, Consuelo, Leopoldo, Ines, and Evaristo
Picazo after his mother remarried.
Roxas received his early education in the public schools of Capiz and attended St.
Joseph's College in Hong Kong at age 12, but due to homesickness, he went back to
Capiz. He eventually transferred to Manila High School, graduating with honors in 1909.
Roxas began his law studies at a private law school established by George A. Malcolm,
the first dean of the University of the Philippines College of Law. On his second year, he
enrolled at University of the Philippines, where he was elected president of his class
and the student council. In 1913, Roxas obtained his law degree, graduated class
valedictorian, and subsequently topped the bar examinations with a grade of 92% that
same year. He then became professor of law at the Philippine Law School and National
University.[6] He served as secretary to Judge Cayetano Arellano of the Supreme
Court.
 FERDINAND MARCOS
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos
Sr. (UK: /ˈmɑːrkɒs/ MAR-koss, US: /-koʊs, -
kɔːs/ -kohss, -kawss,[5][6] Tagalog: [ˈmaɾkɔs];
September 11, 1917–September 28, 1989) was
a Filipino politician, lawyer, dictator,[7][8]
[9]
 and kleptocrat[10][11][12] who was the
10th president of the Philippines from 1965 to
1986. He ruled under martial law from 1972 until
1981[13] and kept most of his martial law powers
until he was deposed in 1986, branding his rule
as "constitutional authoritarianism"[14][15]: 414  under
his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society
Movement). One of the most controversial
leaders of the 20th century, Marcos's rule was
infamous for its corruption,[16][17][18] extravagance,
[19][20][21]
 and brutality.[22][23][24]
Marcos gained political success by claiming to
have been the "most decorated war hero in the
Philippines",[25] but many of his claims have been
found to be false,[26][27][28] with United States
Army documents describing his wartime claims
as "fraudulent" and "absurd".[29][30] After World
War II, he became a lawyer then served in the Philippine House of
Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965. He
was elected the President of the Philippines in 1965 and presided over an economy that
grew during the beginning of his 20-year rule [31] but would end in the loss of
livelihood, extreme poverty,[32][33] and a crushing debt crisis. [34][33] He pursued an
aggressive program of infrastructure development funded by foreign debt, [35][36] making
him popular during his first term, although it triggered an inflationary crisis which led to
social unrest in his second term. [37][38] Marcos placed the Philippines under martial
law on September 23, 1972,[39][40] shortly before the end of his second term. Martial law
was ratified in 1973 through a fraudulent referendum.[41] The Constitution was revised,
media outlets were silenced,[42] and violence and oppression were used [24] against the
political opposition,[43][44] Muslims,[45] suspected communists,[46][47] and ordinary citizens.[44]
After being elected for a third term in the 1981 Philippine presidential election and
referendum, Marcos's popularity suffered greatly, due to the economic collapse that
began in early 1983 and the public outrage over the assassination of opposition leader
Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. later that year. This discontent, the resulting
resurgence of the opposition in the 1984 Philippine parliamentary election, and the
discovery of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records led
Marcos to call the snap election of 1986. Allegations of mass cheating, political turmoil,
and human rights abuses led to the People Power Revolution of February 1986, which
removed him from power.[48] To avoid what could have been a military confrontation in
Manila between pro- and anti-Marcos troops, Marcos was advised by US
President Ronald Reagan through Senator Paul Laxalt to "cut and cut cleanly".
[49]
 Marcos then fled with his family to Hawaii.[50] He was succeeded as president by
Aquino's widow, Corazon "Cory" Aquino.[51][52][53]
According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good
Government (PCGG),[54] the Marcos family stole US$5 billion–$10 billion from
the Central Bank of the Philippines.[55][56] The PCGG also maintained that the Marcos
family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle, taking away billions of dollars [57] from the
Philippines[58][59] between 1965 and 1986. His wife, Imelda Marcos, made infamous in
her own right by the excesses that characterized her and her husband's conjugal
dictatorship,[60][61][62] is the source of the term "Imeldific". [63] Two of their children, Imee
Marcos and Bongbong Marcos, are still active in Philippine politics, with Bongbong
having been elected president in the 2022 Philippine presidential election. Ferdinand
and Imelda Marcos held the Guinness World Record for the largest-ever theft from a
government for decades,[64] although Guinness took the record down from their website
while it underwent periodic review a few weeks before the 2022 election.
 RAMON MAGSAYSAY
Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay
Sr. QSC GCGH KGE GCC (August 31, 1907 – March 17,
1957) was a Filipino statesman who served as the
seventh president of the Philippines, from December 30,
1953, until his death in an aircraft disaster on March 17,
1957. An automobile mechanic by profession, Magsaysay
was appointed military governor of Zambales after his
outstanding service as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific
War. He then served two terms as Liberal
Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before
being appointed Secretary of National Defense by
President Elpidio Quirino. He was elected president under
the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He was the first
Philippine president born in the 20th century and the first to
be born after the Spanish colonial era.

Biography
Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Tagalog, Kapampangan, Ilocano,[3] Spanish,
and Chinese[4] descent, was born in Iba, Zambales on August 31, 1907, to Exequiel Magsaysay
y de los Santos (April 18, 1874 in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a
blacksmith, and Perfecta del Fierro y Quimson (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – May 5,
1981 in Manila), a Chinese mestizo schoolteacher, nurse.[5][4]
He spent his grade school life somewhere in Castillejos and his high school life at Zambales
Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.[6] After college, Magsaysay entered the University of the
Philippines in 1927,[6] where he enrolled in a pre-medical course. He first worked as a chauffeur
to support himself as he studied engineering; and later, he transferred to the Institute of
Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,[6] where he
received a baccalaureate in commerce. He then worked as an automobile mechanic for a bus
company[7] and shop superintendent.
At the outbreak of World War II, he joined the motor pool of the 31st Infantry Division of
the Philippine Army.
When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese
arrest on at least four occasions. There he organised the Western Luzon Guerrilla Forces, and
was commissioned captain on April 5, 1942. For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col.
Merrill's famed guerrilla outfit & saw action at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a
supply officer codenamed Chow and later as commander of a 10,000-strong force.[5]
Magsaysay was among those instrumental in clearing the Zambales coast of the Japanese prior
to the landing of American forces together with the Philippine Commonwealth troops on January
29, 1945.