BIO13 December 19, 2022 by Franchez Cassandra B. Escander

FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY
Lesson 8: Plant Hormones and Tropism︱ BIO13 ︱December 19, 2022

By Franchez Cassandra B. Escander
CONTROL OF GROWTH RESPONSES • Gibberellins – effects include stem

elongation between nodes, and this
INTRODUCTION
leads to several commercial uses of
• Buttercups – track the sun as it this hormone
moves through the sky • Cytokinin - causes cell division, and
• Sun tracking – example of light in tissue culture, to auxins affects
responses differentiation and development
➢ Flowers will bend toward the • Abscisic acid – help regulate the
light within a few hours closing of stomata
became a hormone produced • Ethylene – causes fruits to ripen
by the growing tip has moved • Tropisms – growth responses in
from the sunny side to the plants toward or away from
shady side of the stem unidirectional stimuli, such as light
• Hormones - help flowering plants and gravity
respond to stimuli in a coordinated • Circadian rhythm – plants sometimes
manner exhibit theses (e.g. closing of
• Spring – where seeds germinate, and stomata), that recur approximately
growth begins if the soil is warm every 24 hours
enough to contain liquid water • Photoperiod – length of daylight
• Fall – when temperatures drop, controls plant responses, involves
shoot- and root-apical growth the pigment phytochrome
ceases • Defense mechanisms of plant:
• Phytochrome – instrumental in ➢ Barriers to entry
detecting the photoperiod and ➢ Chemical toxins
bringing about genetic changes ➢ Systemic mechanisms
• Plant defenses include: ➢ Relationship with animals
➢ Physical barriers PLANT HORMONES
➢ Chemical toxins
➢ Mutualistic animals • Stimuli – adaptive for organisms to
• Plant hormones – can be associated respond to this because it leads to
with specific responses, some longevity and ultimately to the
responses are probably influenced survival of the species
by the interaction of more than one • Flowering plants – perceive and
hormone react to a variety of environmental
• Auxins – bring about a response to stimuli
both light and gravity and are ➢ Light
involved in many other growth ➢ Gravity
responses as well ➢ Carbon dioxide levels
➢ Pathogen infection
➢ Drought • Analogy: a mother at work who

➢ Touch wants a sitter to fix lunch for her
• Short term responses include: children
➢ Opening and closing of ➢ Mother (stimulus) calls
stomata ➢ Home (receptor of cell)
• Long term responses include: ➢ Sitter (second messenger)
➢ Flowering plant responding to fixes lunch activating the
gravity by the downward ➢ Transduction pathway
growth of the root and upward • Cellular response – occurs as a
root of the stem result of the transduction pathway,
• Plant cells – utilize signal result is either
transduction when responding to ➢ the transcription of particular
stimuli genes
• Receptors – proteins activated by a ➢ the end product of an activated
specific signal, can be located in the metabolic pathway
plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, • cellular response – brings about the
the nucleus, or even the endoplasmic observed macroscopic response,
reticulum such as stomata closing or a stem
➢ Responds to light that has a that turns toward the light
pigment component • coordination – between cells is
➢ Phytochrome – has a region required for macroscopic response
that is sensitive to red light to become evident, and is often
➢ Phototropin – has a region dependent on plant hormones
that Is sensitive to blue light • hormao – “instigate” – Greek word
• Transduction pathway – series of for hormone
relay proteins or enzymes that • chemical signals – produced in very
amplify and transform the signal to low concentrations and active in
one understood by the machinery of another part of organism
the cell • hormones – such as auxin, are
➢ Stimulated receptor – in some synthesized or stored in one part of
instances, this may the plant, but they travel within
immediately communicate phloem or from cell to cell response
with the transduction pathway to the appropriate stimulus
➢ Ca2+ - in other instances, this
second messenger initiates
the response
• Auxinos – “promoting growth” – are • Terminal bud – when this is removed,

produced in shoot apical meristem the nearest axillary buds begin to
and are found in young leaves and in grow, and the plant branches
flower and fruits • Pruning of the top of a flowering
• Indoleacetic acid (IAA) – most plant – achieves a fuller look by
common naturally occurring auxin removing apical dominance and
causes more branching of the main
body of the plant
• Auxin paste – when applied to a stem
cutting causes adventitious roots to
develop more quickly than they
would otherwise
• Auxin – responsible for apical • Auxin production- by seeds,
dominance, which occurs when the promotes the growth of fruit
terminal bud produces new growth • Leaves or fruits – where auxin is
instead of axillary buds concentrated and ensures that it will
➢ Causes the growth of roots not drop off
and fruits and prevents the • Trees – can be sprayed with auxin to
loss of leaves and fruit keep mature fruit from falling to the
ground
• Synthetic auxins – used today in a will not occur if the tip of the seedling
number of applications such as: is cut off or covered by a black cap
➢ Sprayed in plants such as ➢ Some influence that causes
tomatoes to induce the curvature is transmitted from
development of fruit without the coleoptile tip to the rest of
pollination the shoot
• 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T – synthetic auxins • Frits W. Went – in 1926, cut off the tips
that have been used as herbicides to of coleoptiles and placed them on
control broadleaf weeds such as agar (a gelatin-like material), then he
dandelions and other plants placed an agar block to one side of a
• 2,4,5-T – was banned in 1979 because tipless coleoptile and found that the
of its detrimental effects on human shoot would curve away from that
and animal life side
• Defoliant Agent Orange – used in the ➢ The bending occurred even
Vietnam, a mixture of 2,4-D and though the seedlings were not
2,4,5-T exposed to light
• Gravity – when perceived by a ➢ Therefore, he concluded that
flowering plant, the auxin moves to the agar block contained a
the lower surface of roots and stems chemical that had been
➢ Roots curve downward and produced by the coleoptile tips
stems curve upward • This chemical, he decided, has
• Coleoptile – protective sheath for the caused the shoots to bend
young leaves of the seedlings • Auximos – Greek word that the word
• Charles Darwin – in 1881, together auxin is named after, means
with his son has found phototropism promoting growth
• When stem is exposed to unidirectional • Stem elongation – most obvious effect of

light, auxin moves to the shady side, gibberellins
where it enters the nucleus and attaches
to a receptor
• Proton (H+) pump – leads to this
activation and the resulting acidic
conditions loosen the cell wall because
hydrogen bonds are broken and
cellulose fibrils are weakened by • Gibberellins – were discovered in 1926,
enzymatic action the same year that Went performed on
➢ The end result of these activities classic experiments in Auxin
is the elongation of the stem on • Ewiti Kurosawa – Japanese scientist
the shady side so that it bends that was investigating a fungal disease
toward the light of rice plants called “foolish seedling
• 70 Gibberellins – include gibberellic acid, disease”
GA3 (subscript designation distinguishes ➢ Plants elongated too quickly,
it from other gibberellins) causing the stem to weaken and
• Gibbus means “bent” – latin word for the plant to collapse
Gibberellins ➢ He found the fungus infecting the
• Gibberellins – are applied externally to plant produced an excess of a
plants chemical called gibberellin
• Gibberella fujikuroi – fungus where • Zeatin – cytokinin that is naturally

Gibberrellins was named after occurring that was not isolated until
• Gibberellic acid – isolated from a 1967, was named after the kernels of
flowering plant rather than from a maize (zea)
fungus
• Young leaves, roots, embryos, seeds,
and fruits – source of gibberellin in
flowering plants
• Commercial uses of gibberellins:
➢ Induce the growth of plants
and increase the size of • Cytokinin – was discovered as a
flowers result of attempts to grow plant
➢ Used to produce larger tissue and organs in culture vessels
seedless grapes in 1940s
➢ Caused an increase in the ➢ It was found that cell division
space between the grapes, occurred when coconut milk
allowing them to grow larger (a liquid endosperm) and
➢ Hasten the development of yeast extract are added to the
flower bud culture medium
• Dormancy – is a period of time when • Cytokinin – effective components
plant growth is suspended, this can that promote cell division, have been
be broken by gibberellins isolated from various seed plants,
➢ When gibberellins break the where they occur in the actively
dormancy of barley seeds, a dividing tissues of roots and also in
large, starchy endosperm is seeds and fruits
broken down into sugars to • Cytokinin – used to prolong the life of
provide energy for growth flower cuttings as well as vegetables
➢ Amylase – makes its in storage
appearance when gibberellins • Plant tissue culturing – now common
break the dormancy of seeds practice where the ratio of auxin to
• Transduction pathway – where cytokinin and the acidity of the
gibberellins are involved that lead to culture medium determine whether
the production of amylase the plant tissue forms and
• Kytos means “cell” and kineo means undifferentiated mass
“move” – Greek word where cytokinin • Callus – undifferentiated mass that is
is derived from formed
• Cytokinin – are derivatives of adenine • Plant hormone rarely acts alone, it is
one of the purine bases in DNA and the relative concentrations of
RNA
hormones and their interactions that down and transported to other

produce an effect parts of the plant
• Oligosaccharins – chemical ➢ Does not always affect the
fragments released from the cell entire plant at once, as some
wall, are also effective in directing plants grow taller and
differentiation naturally lose their lower
• Auxin and cytokinin – hypothesized leaves
that these are part of a reception- ➢ Application of cytokinin can
transduction-response pathway, prevent the senescence of
which leads to the activation of leaves
enzymes that release the fragments ➢ Axillary buds – begin to grow,
from the cell wall despite apical dominance,
• Senescence - aging process, such as when cytokinin is applied to
when a leaf loses its natural color them
➢ During this, large molecules
within the leaf are broken
• Abscisic acid (ABA) – produced by any ➢ Produced in monocot endosperm

“green tissue” (that contains and roots
chloroplasts)
➢ Also produced in monocot • Abscisic acid – brings about the closing

endosperm and roots, where it is of stomata when a plant is under water
derived from carotenoid pigments stress
• ABA – induces rapid depolymerization of
actin filaments and formation of a new
type of actin that is randomly oriented
throughout the cell
• Actin organization – change in this may
also be part of transduction pathways
involved in stomata closure
• Abscisic acid (ABA)– sometimes called
the stress hormone because it initiates ETHYLENE
and maintains seed and bud dormancy
and brings about the closure of stomata • Ethylene (H2C = CH2) – is a gas formed
• Abcission – believed that ABA functioned from the amino acid methionine,
in this, the dropping of leaves, fruits, and involved in abscission and the ripening
flowers from a plant of fruits
• ABA – promotes abscission, this
hormone is no longer believed to
function naturally in this process,
instead the hormone ethylene seems to
bring about abscission
• Dormancy – period of low metabolic
activity and arrested growth
➢ Occurs when a plant organ
readies itself for adverse
conditions by ceasing to grow
(even though conditions at the
time may be favorable for growth)
• ABA – believed that it moves from leaves
to vegetative buds in the fall, and
• Ethylene – stimulates certain enzymes,
thereafter these buds are converted to such as cellulase, which helps cause
winter buds
leaf, fruit, or flower drop
• Winter bud – covered by thick, hardened
scales
• A reduction in the level of ABA and an
increase in the level of gibberellins are
believed to break seed and bud
dormancy
genetically modified to not produce

ethylene
➢ Facilitates shipping because
green tomatoes are not subject to
as much damage
➢ When they arrive at their
destination, they can be exposed
to ethylene so they can ripen
• Cellulase – weakens cell walls, ethylene

stimulates the production of this
➢ Also promotes the activity of
enzymes that produce the flavor
and smell of ripened fruits
➢ Breaks down chlorophyll,
inducing the color changes
associated with fruit ripening
• Ethylene – moves freely through a plant
by diffusion, and because it is a gas,
ethylene also moves freely through the
air
➢ Can be released at the site of a
plant wound due to physical
damage or infection
• Ethylene – involved in axillary bud
➢ Used in agriculture is extensive,
inhibition
is used to hasten the ripening of
• Auxin – transported down from the
green fruits such as melons and
apical meristem of the stem, stimulates
honeydews
the production of ethylene, which
➢ Applied to citrus fruits to attain
suppresses stem and root elongation
pleasing colors before marketing
• Tomato – ripen on the vine because the
plants produce ethylene but it can be
PLANT RESPONSES form that is meaningful to the

organism
• Tropism – growth toward or away
• Response – after the transduction,
from a unidirectional stimulus
the organism will then show this
• Tropos means “turning” – Greek word
• Gravis means “heavy” – Latin word
for Tropism
for Gravitropism
• Unidirectional – means that the
• Tropos means “turning” – Greek word
stimulus is coming from only one
for tropism in “Gravitropism”
direction instead of multiple
• Charles Darwin – along with his son,
directions
were the first to say that roots, in
• Positive tropism – growth toward a
contrast to stems, show positive
stimulus
gravitropism
• Negative tropism – growth away
• Statoliths – sensors in root caps
from a stimulus
which are starch grains located
• Differential growth – tropisms are
within amyloplasts, a type of plastid.
due to this, one side of an organ
• Amyloplasts – due to gravity, they
elongates faster than the other, and
settle to a lower part of the cell
the result is curving toward or away
where they come in contact with
from the stimulus
cytoskeletal elements
• Best known tropisms in plants:
• Upper surface of the root – elongates
➢ Gravitropism (gravity) –
so that the root curves downward
movement in response to
• Lower surface of a stem – elongates
gravity
– so that the stem curves upwards
➢ Phototropism (light) –
• Positive phototropism – occurs
movement in response to a
because the cells on the shady side
light stimulus
of the stem elongate due to the
➢ Thigmotropism (touch) –
presence of auxin
movement in response to
• Negative tropism – a plant curving
touch
the way from light
• Several other tropisms include:
• Roots – depending on the species
➢ Chemotropism (chemicals)
examined, are either insensitive to
➢ Traumatropism (trauma)
light or exhibit negative phototropism
➢ Skototropism (darkness)
• Arabidopsis – mutant plant that is
➢ Aerotropism (oxygen)
studied to prove that phototropism
• Reception of stimulus – first step
occurs because plants respond to
toward a response
blue light
• Transduction – next step after
1. When blue light is absorbed, the
reception of stimulus, meaning that
pigment portion of the
the stimulus has been changed into a
photoreceptor, phototropin (phot)
undergoes a conformation 3. The phosphorylated

change photoreceptor triggers a
2. This change results in the transduction pathway, in some
transfer of a phosphate group unknown way, leads to the entry
from ATP to a protein portion of of auxin into the cell
the photoreceptor
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) –

rather than light can cause
thigmotropism, therefore the need
for light may simply be a need for
ATP
• Thigmomorphogenesis – touch
response related to thigmotropism
but the entire plant responds to the
presence of environmental stimuli,
such as wind or rain
• Thigmotropism – unequal growth due ➢ The same type of tree growing
to contact with solid objects in a windy location often has a
• Thigma means “touch” and tropos shorter, thicker trunk than
meaning “turning” – Greek words for one growing in a more
thigmotropism protected location
• Coiling of tendrils – example of ➢ Mechanical stimulation – such
thigmotropism as rubbing a plant with a stick
• Flowering plant – grows straight can inhibit cellular elongation
until it touches something, then the a produce a sturdier plant with
cells in contact with an object, grow increased amounts of support
less while those on the opposite side tissue
elongate NASTIC MOVEMENTS
• Thigmotropism – can be quite rapid; a
tendril has been observed to encircle • Turgor movements – dependent on
an object within 10 minutes turgor pressure changes in plant
• Couple minutes of touching – can cells
bring about a response that lasts for ➢ In contrast to tropisms, turgor
several days movements do not involve
• Tendrils – thigmotropism can be growth and are not related to
delayed in the dark, and will only the source of the stimulus
respond when illuminated
➢ Can result from touch, and allowing the walls to swell

shaking, or thermal rapidly by osmosis
stimulation 2. The cells in the inner portion of
• Mimosa pudica – a sensitive plant the lobes and the midrib rapidly
which has compound leaves, lose ions, leading to a loss of
meaning that each leaf contains water by osmosis and collapse of
many leaflets these cells
➢ Touching one leaflet collapses
SLEEP MOVEMENTS AND CIRCADIAN
the whole leaf
RHYTHMS
➢ Mimosa – has a progressive
response to the stimulus that • Sleep movements – examples
takes only a second or two include leaves closing at night, occur
• Pulvinus – thickening, a portion of in circadian rhythms
flowering plant that is involved in • Circadian rhythms – 24-hour cycles
controlling turgor movement • Prayer plant – circadian rhythms can
• Motor cells – lose potassium ions be observed because at night the
and then water follows by osmosis leaves fold upward into a shape
that causes the leaf folding resembling hands at prayer
• Collapse – what happens to the ➢ May also be due to changes in
leaflets of the leaf when the pulvinus turgor pressure of motor cells
cells lose turgor in a pulvinus located at the
• Electrical mechanism – cause the base of the leaf
response to move from one leaflet to • Morning glory (Ipomea leptophylla) –
another after a leaflet collapse plant that opens its flowers in the
• 1 cm/sec – speed of electrical charge early part of the day and closes them
measured and its transmission at night
• Venus flytrap – closes its trap in less • Stomata – in most plants, this is open
than 1 second when three hairs at the in the morning and close at night
base of the trap (trigger hairs) are • To qualify as circadian rhythm, the
touched by an insect activity must:
• Lobes of the leaf – where the 1. Occur every 24 hours
electrical charge is propagated in 2. Take place in the absence of
venus flytrap external stimuli (such as dim
• What causes this electrical charge: light)
1. Cells located near the center near 3. Be able to reset if external cues
the outer region of the lobes are provided
rapidly secrete hydrogen ions into
their cell walls, loosening them BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
• Biological clock - the internal • Circadian rhythms – outwardly very

mechanism by which a circadian similar in all species
rhythm is maintained in the absence • clock genes - not the same in all
of appropriate environmental stimuli species
➢ Are synchronized by external
PHOTOPERIODISM
stimuli to 24-hour rhythm
➢ Photoperiod – the length of • seasonal change – many
daylight compared to length of physiological changes in flowering
darkness, sets the biological plants are related to this in day
clock length
- Also indicates seasonal ➢ seed germination
changes better than ➢ breaking of bud dormancy
temperature changes ➢ onset of senescence
➢ Temperature – has little no to • photoperiodism - a physiological
effect response prompted by changes in
• Clock genes – work with Arabidopsis the length of day or night in a 24-hour
and other organisms suggest that daily cycle
biological clock involves the ➢ in some plants, influences
transcription of this flowering
• Cyclical - one model proposes that ➢ violets and tulips – flower in
the information-transfer system the spring
from DNA to RNA to enzyme to ➢ asters and goldenrod flower –
metabolite, with all of its feedback flower in the fall
controls, is intrinsically what and ➢ requires the participation of a
could be the basis for biological biological clock (can measure
clocks time), and activity of a plant
• 5 percent – how much is the photoreceptor (phytochrome)
biological involved in the genome of • photos means “light” and periodus
Arabidopsis meaning “course” – Greek words for
• Genes – control sleep movements, photoperiodism
the opening and closing of stomata, • phytochrome – blue-green leaf
the discharge of floral fragrances, pigment that is present in the
and the metabolic activities cytoplasm of plant cells
associated with photosynthesis • phyton meaning “plant” and chroma
• Biological clock – also influences meaning “color” – Greek words for
seasonal cycles that depend on phytochrome
day/night lengths, including the • phytochrome – composed of two
regulation of flowering identical proteins
➢ larger portion – where a light-

sensitive region is located
➢ smaller portion – kinase that
can link light absorption with a
transduction pathway within
the cytoplasm
PHYTOCHROME
• phytochrome – can be said to act like

a light switch because, like a light
switch, it can be in the down
(inactive) position or in the up
(active) position
• red light – prevalent in daylight that
FUNCTIONS OF PHYTOCHROME
activates phytochrome, and it
assumes its active conformation • Pr -> Pfr – a conversion cycle that is
known as Pfr known to control various growth
• Pfr – when it moves to the nucleus, it functions in plants
interacts with specific proteins, such • Pfr – promotes seed germination and
as a transcription factor inhibits shoot elongation
• Pfr and transcription factor • Presence of Pfr – indicates to some
interaction – activates certain genes seeds that sunlight is present and
and inactivates others conditions are favorable for seed
➢ Pfr – active form of germination
phytochrome is called this ➢ Why some seeds are only
way because it absorbs far- partly covered with soil when
red light. planted
➢ Far red light – prevalent in the ➢ Following germination,
evening and it serves to indicates that sunlight is
change Pfr to Pr available and the seedlings
➢ Pr – inactive form of begin to grow normally
phytochrome • Germination of other seeds, such as
those of Arabidopsis – inhibited by
light, so they must be planted deeper
• Etiolate – what happens to seedlings
that grow in the dark characterized
by the:
➢ Shoots increasing in length
➢ Leaves remaining small
• Conversion of Pr to Pfr – only when ▪ Spinach

this happen does the seedling grow 3. Day neutral plants – are not
normally dependent on day length for
flowering
FLOWERING
▪ Tomato
• Flowering plants can be divided into ▪ Cucumber
three groups on the basis of their • Critical number – criterion for
flowering status: designating plants as short-day or
1. Short-day plants flower – when long-day
the day length is shorter than a • Spinach – has a critical length of 14
critical length hours
▪ Cocklebur • Cocklebur – scientists discovered
▪ Goldenrod that it will not flower if required long
▪ Poinsettia dark period is interrupted by a brief
▪ Chrysanthemum flash of white light
2. Long-day plants flower – length • Long-day plant – will flower if an
is longer than a critical length overly long dark period is interrupted
▪ Wheat by brief flash of white light
▪ Barley • Therefore, it is concluded that the
▪ Rose length of the dark period, not the
▪ Iris length of light period, controls
▪ Clover flowering
• Cocklebur (fig 26.18, left) - short day • Primary growth – refers from the
plant activity of apical meristems in which
1. When the night is longer than a cell division is followed by
critical length, cocklebur flowers progressive cell enlargement,
2. The plant does not flower when typically elongation
the night is shorter than the • Secondary growth – involves two
critical length lateral meristems: the vascular
3. Does not flower if the longer- cambium and the cork cambium
than-critical-length is ➢ Vascular cambium – gives rise
interrupted by flash of light to secondary xylem and
• Clover (fig 26.18, right) - long-day phloem
plant ➢ Cork cambium – produces the
4. When the night is shorter than periderm, consisting of many
critical length, clover flowers cork cells
5. The plant does not flower when • Vascular cambium – a lateral
the night is longer than a critical meristem that gives rise to the
length secondary xylem and secondary
6. Clover does flower when a phloem
slightly longer-than-critical-
length night is interrupted by a
flash of light
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
• Growth – irreversible changes in cell

size and plant organs due to cell
enlargement and division • External factors that affect growth:
• Development – transition from ➢ Leaves exposed to sunlight
embryonic stages up to its later ➢ Part exposed to strong winds
stages in maturation. ➢ Cooler, shaded part of the
It involves the following plant
➢ Growth ➢ Heavy branches resisting
➢ Morphogenesis gravity
➢ Differentiation ➢ Upright growth of trunk
• Determinate – kind of growth ➢ Water and nutrient avail
wherein an organism stops growing
as it reach a certain size
• Indeterminate – a kind of growth
wherein cell keeps on dividing
indefinitely
➢ cytokinin
- bud activation
- cell division
- fruit/embryo development
- prevents leaf senescence
➢ gibberellic acid
- converts some juveniles
into adult condition and
vice versa
• Responses to environmental stimuli:
- release seed from
➢ Tropic – growth response
dormancy
oriented with regard to the
- stem elongation
stimulus
- stimulates pollen tube
➢ Nastic – stereotyped
growth
nongrowth response that is
➢ abscisic acid
not oriented with regard to the
- initiation of dormancy
stimulus
- resistance to stress
➢ Taxis – response in which a
condition
cell swims toward (positive
- stomatal closure
taxis) or away (negative taxis)
➢ ethylene
a stimulus
- fruit ripening and
• Tropic responses:
abscission
1. Phototropism
- initiation of root hairs
2. Gravitropism
- latex production
3. Thigmotropism
- formation of aerenchyma
4. Chemotropism
in submerged roots
• Nastic responses:
1. Photonasty SUMMARY
2. Thigmonasty
• behavior in plants – can be
3. Nyctinasty
understood in terms of three
4. Thermonasty
different levels of organization
• Plant hormones – organic chemicals
➢ species level – plant
produced in one part of the plant and
responses that promote
then transported to other parts,
survival and reproductive
where they initiate a respond
success have evolved through
➢ Auxin
natural selection
- abscission suppression,
➢ organismal level – some part
- apical dominance
or the entire plant responds to
- cell elongation
a stimulus
- root formation in cuttings
➢ cellular level – receptors • Growth and/or movement - when

receive signals, transduction flowering plants respond to stimuli
pathways transform them, this occurs
and genes or metabolic • Tropisms – growth responses
pathways react to them toward or away a unidirectional
• flowering plants – use a reception- stimuli
transduction-response pathway • Positive phototropism – examples
when they respond to a stimulus are stems that result in a bending
➢ involves receptor activation toward light
➢ transduction of the signal by • Negative phototropism – examples
relay proteins are stems resulting in a bending
➢ cellular response (turning on away from the direction of gravity
a gene or enzymatic pathway) • Positive gravitropism – roots that
• auxin-controlled cell elongation – bend toward the direction of gravity
involved in phototropism and • Thigmotropism – occur when a plant
gravitropism. When a plant is part makes contact with an object
exposed to light, auxin moves with an object, as when tendrils coil
laterally from the bright to the shad about a pole
side of the stem • Nastic movements – not directional
• gibberellin – causes stem elongation ➢ Due to turgor pressure, some
between nodes. parts respond to touch and
➢ After this hormone binds to a some perform sleep
plasma membrane receptor, a movement
DNA-binding protein activates ➢ Exhibit circadian rhythms -
a gene leading to the believed to be controlled by a
production of amylase biological clock
➢ Amylase – an enzyme that • Examples include:
speeds the breakdown of ➢ Sleep movements of prayer
amylase plants
• Cytokinin – cause cell division, the ➢ Closing of stomata
effects of which are especially ➢ Daily opening of certain
obvious when plant tissues are flowers have 24-hour cycle
grown in culture • Phytochrome – pigment involved in
• Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene – photoperiodism, the ability of plants
two plant growth inhibitors to sense the length of the day and
• ABA – well known for causing night during a 24-hour period
stomata to close Can lead to:
• Ethylene – known for fruits to ripen ➢ Seed germination
➢ Shoot elongation
➢ Flowering during favorable

times of the year
• Daylight – causes phytochrome to
exist as Pfr
• Pr – during the night can be
reconverted to this by metabolic
processes
• Phytochrome in Pfr – leads to a
biological response such as
flowering
• Short-day plants – flower only when
the days are shorter than a critical
length
• Long-day plants – flower only when
the days are longer than a critical
length
• Flowering plants – have defenses
against predators and parasites
• Outer covering – first line of defense
• Secondary metabolites – routinely
produced that protects plants from
herbivores, particularly insects
• Wounding – causes plants to produce
systemin
• Systemin – travels about the plant
and causes cells to produce
proteinase inhibitors that destroy an
insects digestive enzymes
• During a hypersensitive response,
an infected area is sealed off
• Indirect response: plants temporarily
attract animals that will destroy
predators
• Ants – plants have permanent
relationships with them, will attack
predators

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BIO13 December 19, 2022 by Franchez Cassandra B. Escander

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FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY

Lesson 8: Plant Hormones and Tropism︱ BIO13 ︱December 19, 2022

CONTROL OF GROWTH RESPONSES • Gibberellins – effects include stem

➢ Drought • Analogy: a mother at work who

• Auxinos – “promoting growth” – are • Terminal bud – when this is removed,

• When stem is exposed to unidirectional • Stem elongation – most obvious effect of

• Gibberella fujikuroi – fungus where • Zeatin – cytokinin that is naturally

hormones and their interactions that down and transported to other

• Abscisic acid (ABA) – produced by any ➢ Produced in monocot endosperm

➢ Also produced in monocot • Abscisic acid – brings about the closing

genetically modified to not produce

• Cellulase – weakens cell walls, ethylene

PLANT RESPONSES form that is meaningful to the

undergoes a conformation 3. The phosphorylated

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) –

➢ Can result from touch, and allowing the walls to swell

• Biological clock - the internal • Circadian rhythms – outwardly very

➢ larger portion – where a light-

• phytochrome – can be said to act like

• Conversion of Pr to Pfr – only when ▪ Spinach

• Growth – irreversible changes in cell

➢ cellular level – receptors • Growth and/or movement - when

➢ Flowering during favorable

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