ans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET An Introduction to SDH and SONET SONET (Synchronous Optical Network): The standard for fiber optic transport In brief, SONET defines optical carrier (OC) levels and electrically equivalent synchronous transport signals (STSs) for the fiber-optic based transmission hierarchy. The standard SONET line rates and STS- equivalent formats are shown below. Braco SC ca a) cay STS-12 Co po oc-24 0 grggg aang oz Ao cam MOTE: The igh ow ates are tej multiples ofthe base rate of 5184 Mops. For exapl, (00-2 = 12x 5184 Mips = 622.08 Migs. Theis fikropterates ae te most wide suport SONET Heirarchy and Multiplexing The next figure illustrates the basic multiplexing structure of SONET. Any type of service, ranging from voice to high-speed data and video, can be accepted by various types of service adapters. A service adapter maps the signal into the payload envelope of the STS-1 or virtual tributary (VT). New services and signals can be transported by adding new service adapters at the edge of the SONET network. All inputs are eventually converted to a base format of a synchronous STS-1 signal (51.84 Mbps or higher). Lower speed inputs such as DS-1s are first bit- or byte-multiplexed into virtual tributaries. Several synchronous STS-1s are then multiplexed together in either a single- or two- stage process to form an electrical STS-n signal (n = one or more). ® mapping—used when tributaries are adapted into VTs by adding justification bits and POH information. » aligning—takes place when a pointer is included in the STS path or VT POH, to allow the first byte of the VT to be located. © multiplexing—used when multiple lower order path-layer signals are adapted into a higher- order path signal, or when the higher-order path signals are adapted into the line overhead. » stuffing—SONET has the ability to handle various input tributary rates from asynchronous signals; as the tributary signals are multiplexed and aligned, some spare capacity has boon designed into the SONET frame to provide enough space for all these various tributary rates; ‘therefore, at certain points in the multiplexing hierarchy, this space capacity is filled with fixed stuffing bits that carry no information but are required to fill up the particular frame itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him a0ans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET > >> Hlectrical 10 Optical Sy Cony = (20 max per STS-1) or Cad i) Sd ena) — (1 max per STS-1) 151.84 Mbps + Video SISA pot (concatenated STS) WE Wnt try + Broadband ISDN Ss: Secon asp Sil in {:optealcaner + MPEG-2 Bian ‘Supplementary Slide 25a 622m» —| 185 Mb seal seme 45 Mb itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him 200ans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET {SDN Channels (CCITT) cod Peed Voice Frequency 3.2.MHz analog —_—_wocefoice band data modemsfacsimile Digital caps POM voicetwideband speech Kin ata Digital or 64 kbps jing chanmelpacke ype dataltelemetry Digital 4 Kips signaling for high-capacity users equipment (PABX) Digital Broadband 384 kbps high-quality aiohigh-speod digital into Digital Broadband 1.536 Mbps video fr telecoferencinghigh-sped gta! info Digital Broadband 1.92 Mbps ‘ideo fr teleconferencinghigh sped gta info Digital Broadband 150 Mbps high-definition TV (approximate at) Voice Servica| uw High Speed Packet ‘Switch Service High-Definition TV Video Private Lines ‘cADICAM New Services TolaxiTeletex ‘Message Suitching Fax Videotex Electronic Mail Telemetry Home Consumer Services Electronic Banking ‘eleshopping Distance Learning ‘Multi-Bandicth Medical Imaging Digital Rosess Remote Arraignment STS-1 Frame Structure STS-1 Is a specific sequence of 810 bytes (6,480 bits), which includes various overhead bytes and an envelope capacity for transporting payloads. It can be depicted as a 90-column by 9-row structure. With a total frame length of 125 us (8,000 frames per second), STS-1 has a bit rate of 51.840 Mbps -- viz. (9) x (90 bytesiframe) x (8 bits/byte) x (8,000 framesis) = 51,840,000 bps = 51.840 Mbps The order of transmission of bytes is row-by-row from top to bottom and from left to right (most significant bit first). As shown in the figure below, the first three columns of the STS-1 frame are for the transport overhead. The three columns contain 9 bytes. Of these, 9 bytes are overhead for the section layer (for example, each section overhead), and 18 bytes are overhead for the line layer (for example, line overhead). The remaining 87 columns constitute the STS-1 envelope capacity {payload and POH). itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him anoans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET Overhead ‘Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) 125 ys Supplementary Slide ed u Terminating Regenerator Regenerator Terminating Equipment Equipment SONET SONET ‘Terminal Hub sch Virtual Tributaries itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him anoans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET In addition to the STS-1 base format, SONET also defines synchronous formats at sub-STS-1 levels. The STS-1 payload may be subdivided into virtual tributaries, which are synchronous signals used to transport lower-speed transmissions. There are three sizes of VTs: Seat ey) 1CETP 1 2.048 Mbps 6.312 Mbps 6.912 Mbps Because all virtual aa ia sy ei zg 3 Ceres 254s v2 Pet Perry ‘Supplementary Slide Pointers SONET uses a concept called “pointers” to compensate for frequency and phase variations. Pointers allow the transparent transport of synchronous payload envelopes (either STS or VT) across plesiochronous boundaries, i.e., between nodes with separate network clocks having almost the same timing. The use of pointers avoids the delays and loss of data associated with the use of large (125-microsecond frame) slip buffers for synchronization. itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him 510ans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET STS-1 Pointer indicates where SPE begins bist sucess eta antag) Transport Overhead Concatenated Payloads For future services, the STS-1 may not have enough capacity to carry some services. SONET offers the flexibility of concatenating STS-1s to provide the necessary bandwidth. The next illustrates ‘SONET flexibility by concatenating three STS-1s to 155.52 Mbps to provide the capacity to transport an Hé digital-video channel. STS-1s can be concatenated up to STS-3c. Beyond STS-3, concatenation is done in multiples of STS-3c. For ATM services, concatenation is done in multiples of STS-12c. itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him 10ans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET pie a — a cr Secor eaters ois “Transport Overhead ‘STS-3e Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) ‘roH Example: STS-80 (155.52 Mbps) Formed by Three Concatenatod STS-1s (51.84 Mbps) eer SONET Network Elements. itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him moans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET SONET Switch interface (switching at 0S-0 level) eck ee tee ‘Channels are dropped and ropeatod at each node and passed onto the next node err Pred Why and How Synchronous (vs.Asynchronous or Plesiochronous ) Networks? Simple Asynchronous Signal ~- terminal ser A Basic Synchronous (or Plesiochronous) Signal structure. High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) frame + Asynchronous — simple, cheap and inefficient (slow) © Synchronous -- complex, expensive and efficient (fast) itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him anoans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET Nodes ~ ee External Reference Ting Master Mode) Incoming 0. provides timing frm lok. and outgoing OC pera ae SONET oe eT 51.04 Mbps me 155.52 _ Mbps sm (622.08 Mops sm STS-24// 06-24 1244.16 Mbps = STS-48 /0C-48 2488.32 Mbps sme ‘STS-192 / 06-192 (9953.28 Mbps smm64 itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him a0ans2017 Introduction SOH & SONET This page was prepared and is maintained by R. Victor Jones Comments to: jonestdeas. harvard. edu last updated May 5, 2004 itpsipeople sas harvard.odujoneslescie28!u_locturesilecture sonetsenet. him ro10