ENGLISH 7 QUARTER 4- WEEK 3-4

MODALS
ANALOGIES

Philippine literature in the Period of Emergence as a tool to assert one’s identity; strategies in
listening to and viewing of informative and short narrative texts; word relationships and
associations; informative speech forms; and use of direct/reported speech, passive/ active
voice, simple past and past perfect tenses, and sentence connectors.

THE BIG IDEA

ACTIVITY 2.Understanding sequence

Modals are those helping verbs, which express the ‘mode’ or ‘manner’ of the actions indicated by the main verbs. They express modes such as
ability, possibility, probability, permission, obligation, etc. The most commonly used modals are shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might,
must, ought to, used to, need and dare.
Modals are used to:
• Ask permission—may, can, could
Examples: May I come in? Could I use your pen, please?
• Make a request—can, could
Example: Could you please give me the doctor’s telephone number?
• Express a possibility—may, might, could
Example: It might rain during the night.
• Give advice or suggestion—should
Example: You should wear a helmet while riding your motorbike.
• Express necessity or compulsion—must, have to
Examples: We must slow down while driving in front of a school. I have to submit my project by tomorrow.
• Express prohibition
Example: You must not talk loudly in the library.
• Express a promise or intention—will, shall
Example: I will mail you my address. • Express a wish—may Example: May you have a long life!

DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING

ACTIVITY 2.Understanding sequence

Verb Meaning / Definition
A verb is a doing word that shows an action, an event or a state. A sentence may either have a main verb, a helping verb or both. In other words, a
verb is a word that informs about an action, an existence of something or an occurrence. The verb is the main word in a sentence. No sentence can
be completed without a verb. The word ‘verb’ derived from the Latin word ‘verbum‘. A verb is a word that expresses an action, describes an
occurrence, or establishes a state of being. Every sentence needs at least one verb, which is paired with the subject. All verbs have tense, aspect,
and mood, of which there is a wide variety of combinations. These concepts are part of the foundation of accurately expressing your thoughts in
writing.
Action verbs
An action verb tells what the subject of our sentence is doing. Action verbs can be used to express physical or mental actions. Action verbs have a
power that is not found in other word types. Action verbs have impact and provide instant information. They help the reader picture the subject
engaged in the activity in a clear, precise manner. Additionally, action verbs aid the flow of an article or talk eliminating the need for throwaway
transitional words such as “also.” Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave
irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the  function of the main
verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions. Here are some characteristics of modal verbs:
 They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...
 They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)
 They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability
List of modal verbs
Here is a list of modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should,
The verbs or must expressions dare, ought to, had
better, and need not behave like modal auxiliaries to a large
extent and my be added to the above list
Use of modal verbs: Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:
1. Permission
2. Ability
3. Obligation
4. Prohibition
5. Lack of necessity
6. Advice
7. possibility
8. probability
Remember
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the bare infinitive.
Examples:
 You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
ENGLISH 7 QUARTER 4- WEEK 3-4

 You should see to the doctor.

 There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.
SUMMARY
 There are ten types of modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to.
 Can (or cannot/can't) shows ability, in the sense of knowing how or being able to do something. In informal situations, it expresses
permission, in the sense of being allowed to do something. It also shows possibility, in the sense that an action is theoretically possible.
It expresses or inquires about willingness. Lastly, in the negative, it shows inability or impossibility.
 Could (or couldn't) shows ability in the past, and expresses or inquires about permission or willingness in a more polite form. It also
identifies a possibility in the present, or a possibility in the future that is dependant upon a present action. Lastly, it can be used to
make requests or for giving suggestions.
 May is used in formal situations to express permission, in the sense of being allowed to do something. It also expresses possibility in the
present and future.
 Might is used in formal situations, and also to express permission in the sense of being allowed to do something. It also expresses
possibility in the present, future, and past.
 Will (or won't) shows willingness or interest, expresses intention, and makes predictions. It is also used to reassure someone or help
them make a decision, to make a semi-formal request, to show habitual behavior, to make a promise or a threat, and to talk about the
future or the past with certainty
 Would (or wouldn't) enquires about willingness, shows habitual activity, comments on someone's characteristic behavior, comments on
a hypothetical possibility, and comments on a likely truth. It also is used for asking permission, making a request, and to express
preferences. It can be used to talk about the past, talk about the future in the past, or to talk about a situation that is dependant upon
another action.
 Shall is used in England, to form the simple present for I and we, and to indicate a promise in the future. It's used in the United States to
form polite questions that include a polite request for permission, and universally in formal or legal situations. It can also be used for
offering someone help, for suggestions, or for asking what to do.
 Should (or shouldn't) conveys the idea of an obligation or makes a suggestion.
 Ought to is used in the same situations as should, but with a stronger sense of obligation or intensity.
 Must (or mustn't) makes a conjecture, but with some certainty. It also makes a command in a more respectful way, and it is used in
similar contexts to should and ought to, but with a sense of external obligation. It can also express prohibition in the negative form.

ANALOGIES ( WEEK 4)
An analogy is a comparison between two things, and the comparison is used to determine the relationship between different sets of things.

Bark is to dog as meow is to cat.

DIFFERENT TYPES:
• Synonym to antonym: hot is to cold
• Part to whole: core is to apple REMEMBER
• Function to thing: cook is to stove
• Characteristic to thing: slippery is to ice
• Product to thing: milk is to cow
GUIDELINES:
• decide upon the relationship between first 2 words
• state the relationship - car is to tire because___________
• examine the third word – chair
• select a fourth word that will make the third-fourth word have the same relationship as the first-second word
• be ready to explain your fourth word selection
• Car is to tire as chair is to ______.

APPLY YOUR UNDERSTANDING

ACTIVITY 2.Understanding sequence

Directions: Fill in the blanks using must, mustn’t, don’t have to, should, shouldn’t, might, can, can’t!
1. You really _________ go to the Louvre if you’re in Paris. It’s wonderful.
2. You _________ come to the party if you don’t feel well.
3. I don’t know where Kelly is. She _________ be at the sister’s house.
4. John doesn’t need a calculator. He _________ do sums in his head.
5. You _________ smoke in your car, especially if there are children sitting in the back.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

ACTIVITY 2.Understanding sequence

Directions: Complete each analogy by writing the correct word on the blank line. Then, tell why you chose each word.
ENGLISH 7 QUARTER 4- WEEK 3-4

1. Kitchen is to cooking as bedroom is to _______________________________ .

(sleeping, eating, cleaning)
2. Happy is to sad as hot is to _______________________________ .
(cold, warm, mad)
3. Pear is to fruit as steak is to _______________________________ .
(vegetable, dinner, meat)
4. Tears is to salty as sugar is to _______________________________ .
(sour, white, sweet)
5. Open is to closed as near is to ____________________________.
(far, closed, shut)