Mathematical Logic

statement in its types

Logic
If a sentence is either true or false but
not both is called statement in
Logic
Atomic statement A single statement

D 3 is odd number
2 5 is prime number

Compound statement Two or more atomic

statements connected connective
by a

iffier aid
connective
Eiggber
Truth values truth tables

2Nd of
variables
No of cases
1 Not Negation Np
not
P n
p p
T F
F T
2 Or
disjunction Pva

p g p v g p or a
T T T
T F T
F T T

FFT
3 And conjunction paa
p g pA g p and a
TTI
T F F
F T F
F F F

4 If p then a p implies a Conditional p a

p g p g
T T T

THI
F T
F F I
5 p if and only if a p bi implies al
Bi conditional pea

p a pas g p bi implies q
T T
É
I
F F T

symbolic verbal form

verbal form 27 is divisible 3 and
by
13 is a
prime number

Let p 27 is div 3
by
i3 is
q prime no

symbolic form p Aq

Tautology contradiction contingency

If all truth values are true then st is
called tautology
If all truth values are false then st is
called contradiction
If st is neither tautology nor contradiction
then it is called contingency
 Converse inverse contrapositive
Conditional st p q
Converse as p
Inverse up nq
contrapositive na up

Pq up ng p q gyp up nq nq up
T T F F T T T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T

conditional st contrapositive
p q ramp
converse inverse
as p up ng
Dual
Replace by
a V
t tautology
V X
C contradiction
T F
F T
t c
c t
1 O

O 1
Quantifiers quantified statements

open sentence
Set 9 15
I 16

Quantifiers
U for all Universal quantifier
F there exists atleast one

Existential
quantifier

Open sentence
1 set 22 25
2 2270

1 Free N such that set 22 Quantified

253 St
2 Ya E R 227,0

Quantifiers are used to convert open

sentence into statement
a
logical
 Negation
Replace by
A V
V X

p rip
up p
T F
F T
t c

c t
1 O

O 1

P q para
pas q pana repxa
V Every All F not
7 Some Y not

Rules Laws

1 Pta exp commutative laws

2
pre qup
3 x qar paa ar Associative laws
P
4
pucqur pug ur
5
pacqur Pag u par Distributive
6 a laws
 7 NCPA a up v a De Morgan's laws
8 pre up ng
9 p at p
10 put t
Identity laws
ID P X C E C

12 P V C E p
13 P X NP E C complement laws
19 pump t
15 PAP p Idempotent laws
16 p up p
17 Cup p Involution law
18 p q Npr q Conditional law
19 pose p a a q p Bi conditional
laws
20
per q Cpr a a pung
21 Papua p Absorption laws
22 pv png p
 straight Line

Locus st lines
I Louis
Locus is set of points
satisfying given
condition
geometrical
examples
1 Set of points
equidistant from two
fixed points
locus st line
Is
P i m i
p
i i

Rj
T

2 Set of points equidistant from a fixed pt

Rs circle
pylons
Ra c
r

Formulae
Distance formula P g
2,4 22,72
PG 2 2,7 72 71
 Internal Division Section Formula

If R divides
Isis Cory 26,72
in ratio
seg Pg internally
min then

RE I
m2 that MY thy
x y Mtn my

External Division Section Formula

If R divides
tÉ
seg Pg externally
in ratio
min then

MM ha myo ny
R E x y m n n n

Midpoint Formula

If R is
midpt of seg Pg then

I Q
21,4 Coe y 22,72

Y
R E Ca y IM I
 A 41,4
Centroid formula
If G is centroid of SABC
s
then
a 23 Y 73
9 s
GI ay 32 73
B 24,42 CCR 737

Centroid Ortho centre H

in I
11 11 7

Pt of inth of medians Pt of int of altitudes

In centre I Circumcentre ole

00

ii
I

Pt of int
of angle Pt of inth of 1
bisectors bisectors of sides
If a
point lies on the locus then its
coordinates satisfy egy of the locus
vice versa
Line Hse 7 0
24
Point 3,2
 LHS 413 2 2 7 15 Ries
Point does not lie on the line

shift of origin If origin is shifted to

Chile axes remaining parallel new
coordinates of foe y become Xt

New X a h
coordinates Y y K

old R X th
coordinates Y Y le

I Straight Lines

Inclination O
made the line with positive
Angle by
direction of yanis measured anticlockwise is
called inclination of the line

a
L2
all
102 Yo
I toe

L j L

001 O 21800 O E O A

O E O 1800 O E Lo A
 slope of a line m

D m tan o

ii If a line
passes through 2
points
124,4 Cola Ya then its slope
M Ya Y
2 24
Iii If eqh of line is an
by c o then
its slope is
m
E
Manos at y
m ve
r the
0 80
my
M 0
gobtuse 98 Acute
Ise
9 go
0 Ix
V
g r
y
Parallel lines If two lines are
parallel
then their slopes vice
are equal versa

M my
Perpendicular lines If two lines are perpendicular
then product of their slopes is 1 vice
versa M Ma I
 M
try my t

Li Me 3
L2 2

Acute
angle O between two lines
If slopes of two lines are m fry then
acute O bet them is
angle given by
tano
Mi Mz
I M Ma Mi Ma 1

Eq of line
1
Eg of Xanis 7 0

2
Eq of Yanis n o

3
Eg of line 11 to Xanis y const
4
Eg of line 11 to Yanis se const
5 line not
Eg of passing through origin
ant o mate
by c s y
6
Eg of line
passing through origin
an 0 m se
by or
y
Different forms to
get eq of line
1 Two points form ay
I
If two points on
hi
line are 124,4 it
Cuz then its is
go
a
eq
y y Ya Y
2 2 24 2

slope point form

2
ay
If slope of line is m em l
it
passes through
12,4 then its is y
egh
M x se a
y y

ay
3 Slope intercept form
by intercept y int
f
If slope of line is m
f Hc
its is
y intercept c then
its te
eq is y mate em v

ay
4 Double intercepts form Yint
If Xint c
a X int
then its
p
Y int b a o
is so u
a
 I If 1

5 form
Normal
ay
from origin
If length of normal
is p

by
is
f angle made
normal
x then
with

eat of
xanis
line is
II se
se

a cost ty sins p
6 Parametric form x y t
If inclination of line
f r is distance
cnn.EE
is o y y
bet
point G Y

2,4 on the line they z

ear of line is y
se se y y
r
Go since

Coordinates of two points on the line at

a distance r from point ay on the line
are
given by
a 2 I r cos 0
Y Y Ir si no
 Xintercept s intercept
If egh line is an
by c o then
of
Xint
E Y int 5
To
get pt on Xanis
put y
o

To
get pt on Yanis put a o

Egs of parallel lines

Egs of parallel lines differ only in
constant terms
Lines an
by C 0

ant a o
by
are parallel

Perpendicular distance of a
point from a line

4,7
d
T
ant by to 0

dist of 121,4 from line an by c o is

given by
an by t c
d
Jatt be
 Distance between two parallel lines
Dist bet th a set
d
by 9 0

parallel lines
an by C O f
d
I
an by 2 0 is a
5 9 0

given by a
a a
Jab
To find point of intersection of two lines
We have to solve their eggs
simultaneously
Concurrent lines
r
ga byte so

an
by C 0 L o e
lat myth 0
In my th 0

r so then
poetry
a b c p
e m vice versa
n o
f
p g r

Family of lines infinite concurrent lines

If ears of two lines are u o then
fro
ed of any line which passes through point
of intersection of these lines is given by
utter o k o
 4 0
s

lat myth 0
I o

n Ut k V o

Ut kzv o

Circle

standard circle at

Centre is at
origin r a Pay
CI 0,0 a x
o
radius r a

Ed Setya v

Non Std circle

Centre is not at
origin cq.io
CE Ch k
radius r a
Ra PG y

Eg se h t Cy K at
centre radius form
Diameter form Pla y

Eg 21,4 F 22 Ya

Ge se Ca 2 Cy 7 Cy 727 0
 General eat of the circle is in the form
a't y't 2g set 2fy 0 0

9 F C constants

Eg represents a circle if g't fl c o

Centre C E 9 f

radius r J g't f e

Concentric circles
Circleshaving same
centre but different I
radii

Egs of concentric circles differ only in

constant terms
Circles atty't 2g at 2fy c o

set
y't 2g at 2fy 2 0

are concentric

If circle touches at
Xanis then Chik
radius r lkl
x
y coordinate of centre or
 MY
If circle touches
Yanis then r lhl
Chik
radius
se coordinate of centre s
r
X

r
If circle touches
both axes then Cca a

radius a

Ise or
y
coordinate
of centre r

t
Externally touching circles
ti
Ci g s
C G 2 82 r v2 7
to
Common tangents 3
v

circles
Internally touching
GG

Common tangents
ri ra

I
c
ÉÉ
ut
Circles intersecting s

in two points t
Vi
v2 s

cigar try c iz
to
common tangents 2 a
 Circles which do not r
it
intersect each other

as r tra Ci r I to

common tangents h u ta
Parametric MY
Egs
O parameter Pla y
i Std circle go
o x
x ago ng
y a sino
v Coo Za
Parametric Point
PLO acoso a Sino
sin La

Parameter If two variables are expressed

in terms of third variable then third variable
is called parameter

in Non std circle

sesh tacos 0
y ktasino

Parametric point
PCO htacoso let asino
 Point of
A line which an contact
Tangent t
intersects circle in
a
only
one
point is called tangent C

Normal I to tangent at
the point of contact is v

called normal
Normal always passes through centre of
the circle

1
Eg of tangent to
zesty at at Ca Y is
sea tyg at

2
Eg of tangent to a
y't 2g at 2fy c o at
x y is sea t yy g at se flyty c o

3
Eg of tangent to circle zesty a having
slope m is
y ma I at Itm

4
Eg of tangent to circle a'ty at at
parametric point Plo nano t
y si no a

Condition of tangency point of contact

tangent to circle
Line Y use to is
zesty as
if c I a Jit m2 condition of tangency
 Point of contact and E
Length of tangent segment In
y Pla Y
Circle
atty't Ign 2fy c o

Point PE 21,4
Tz
PT Pta J Rft y t
2ga 2fy te

To check if a line is
tangent to the circle

d I dist of line from centre

r e
k
r
Ed
d
k
I
d
d r de r
r
Line does not line is tangent line intersects
n to circle circle in 2
pts
 Matrices
RT CT

I I 1 11
1 EH
shortcuts
1 Inverse of 2 2 matrix

I 3 be Ec
If A then A a'd bad

of 3 matrix
2
Adjoint 3

Do notchange sign of minor

I change sign of minor

f

V
Ft as
interchange the positions

adj Cady A 1am

I KAI K IAI
A Cady A A A Al I
adj
n
adj Al IA
I Pal I Pl lol
IPT I I PI
 I p l
I
adj ladyA IA A

If A B A BA B

then AZ A B B

Linear eds
Non
V Imp
homogeneous eggs
I a set b C
y
ape t
by a
A D o
Unique sot
B D O

ai bi
I bat E 9 E
infinite solutions No son

I a set b y c di
3
Aza bay azz dz
asset by 033 do
A D O
Unique Sol
B D O

D
atleast one
of
D2 03 0
Di Da Da is not
infinite solutions zero
No sot
 Homogeneous eds
a set b y C
3 0

Aza t
boy G 3 0

a set
by 93 0

A D o
unique sol
trivial sot
y 3 zero Sol
0

D Sol
B
infinitely many Sol's
o non
zero
non trivial Solh

Consistent eg's Eg's which have same sot

Inconsistent eghs Eg's which do not have
same Sol