Advanced Statistics Las Q1

ADVANCED STATISTICS
ELECTIVE 9 – SCIENCE
Name of Learner ; ____________________________________ Grade Level : ____________
Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Quarter 1 Week 1
DEFINING STATISTICS & RELATED TERMS and Its Uses
Background Information for Learners:
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, tabulation or presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical or quantitative data.
 Collection – refers to the process of obtaining numerical measurements
 Tabulation or presentation – refers to the organization of data into tables, graphs or charts, so
that logical and statistical conclusions can be derived from the collected measurements.
 Analysis – pertains to the process of extracting from the given data relevant information from
which numerical description can be formulated.
 Interpretation – refers to the task of drawing conclusions from the analysed data. It also
normally involves the formulation of forecasts or predictions about larger groups based on the
data collected from small groups.
 Data – are collections of any number of related observations.
Note : Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
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 Population - is any predetermined set of elements or items upon which we make observations
or measurements or refers to the set of all individuals or objects with a common
characteristics.
 Census – taking – the process of collecting, tabulating, compiling and publishing data
pertaining to each and every unit of a whole set of objects or persons.
 Sample – is a subset of the population that is studied in an experiment.
Divisions of Statistics:
1. Descriptive Statistics - concerned with the gathering, classification and presentation of data
and the collection of summarizing values to describe group characteristics of data.
a. Measures of Central Tendency
b. Measures of variability
c. Measure of Skewness and Kurtosis
2. Inferential Statistics – demands a higher order of critical judgment and Mathematical
methods.
- It aims to give information about the large groups of data without dealing with each and
every element of these groups.
- It uses only a small portion of the total set of data in order to draw conclusions or
judgments regarding the entire set.
- Included here are testing of hypothesis using the
a. Z – test
b. t – test
c. Simple Linear correlation
d. Analysis of variance
e. Chi – Square test
f. Regression Analysis
g. Time Series Analysis
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Functions of Statistics :
1. To present facts in a definite form.
2. Statistics facilities comparisons.
3. Statistics gives guidance in the formulation of suitable policies.
4. Statistics can be formulated well in advance for predictions.
5. Statistical methods are helpful in formulating, testing hypothesis and develop new theories.
Uses of Statistics in our Daily Life :
1. Predictions – something that is going to happen in the future. These will depend on many
factors like external or internal factors that may affect the future.
e.g. a. Doctors use statistics to understand the future of the disease. They can predict the
magnitude of the flue in each winter season through the use of data.
b. Engineers use statistics to estimate the success of their on going project, and they also
use data to evaluate how long it will take to complete a project.
2. Quality Testing – on a day –to-day basis, we conduct quality tests to ensure that our
purchase is correct and get the best results from what we spend.
We do a sample test of what we expect to buy to get the best. If the sample test that we have
done passes the quality test, we want to buy.
3. Weather Forecasts – the computer use in weather forecasting is based on the set of statistical
functions. All these statistics function to compare the weather condition with the pre-recorded
seasons and conditions. This helps the government.
4. Emergency Preparedness – with the help of statistics, we can predict any natural disaster that
may happen shortly. It will help us to get prepared for an emergency. It also helps the rescue
team to do the preparation to rescue the life of the people who are in danger.
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5. Predicting Disease – Statistics is even playing a role in the medical field. Statistics helps us to
know how many people are suffering from the disease. It also helps us to understand how
have died from the same disease.
But the best part of statistics is that it also helps you to find out how much you affected from
the disease. For example, a study has shown that more than 75% of people are infected with a
disease that is caused by mango. In that case, you might avoid mango to avoid this disease.
6. Political Campaigns – statistics are crucial in a political campaign. Without statistics, no one
can run a political campaign with perfection. It helps the politicians to have to win an election
in a particular area.
Statistics also helps the news channel to predict the winner of the election. It also helps the
political parties to know how many candidates are in their support in a particular voting zone.
In contrast, it helps the country to predict the future government.
7. Insurance – is a very vast industry. There are hundreds of insurance i.e. car insurance, bike,
life insurance, and many more. The premium of insurance is based on statistics. Insurance
companies use the statistics that are collected from various homeowners, drivers, vehicle
registration office and many more. They receive the data from all these resources and then
decide the premium amount.
8. Consumer Goods – Statistics are widely used in consumer goods products. The reason is
consumer goods are daily used products. The business use statistics to calculate which
consumer goods are available in the store or not.
They also used to find out which store needs the consumer goods and when to ship the
products. Even proper statistics decisions are helping the business to make massive revenue
on consumer goods.
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9. Financial Market – this completely relies on the statistics. All the stock prices calculate with
the help of statistics. It also helps the investor to take the decision of investment in the
particular stock.
10. Sports – Every sports require statistics to make the sport effective. Statistics help the sport
person to get the idea about his/her performance in the particular sports.
Nowadays sports are utilizing the statistics data into the next level. However the reason is a
sport is getting more popular and there are various kinds of types of equipment in the sports
that are used to collect data of various factor. Statistics is used to get a conclusion from the
given data.
Statistics plays an important role in every field of human activity. It holds central position in almost
every field like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Botany, Psychology, Astronomy,
Industry, Commerce, Trade, Economics, Banking, etc.
ACTIVITY A : Identification
Directions : Identify the following being described. Write your answer on the space provided before
the number.
__________ 1. It is concerned with scientific methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing,
presenting and analyzing data , as well as drawing valid conclusions and making reasonable decisions
on the basis of such analysis.
__________ 2. It refers to the task of drawing conclusions from the analyses data.
__________ 3. Refers to the organization of data into tables, graphs or charts, so that logical and
statistical conclusions can be derived from the collected measurements.
__________ 4. It is the process of obtaining numerical measurement.
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__________ 5. It is the process of extracting from the given data relevant information from which
numerical description ca be formulated.
__________6. Group of measurements, observations, or objects selected from larger group.
__________ 7. Set of elements or items upon which we make observations or measurements.
__________ 8. Involves making inferences or decisions based on the data.
__________ 9. Involves collecting, organizing and summarizing numerical facts about some group.
__________ 10. Collections of any number of related observations.
ACTIVITY B : Enumeration:
Directions : Enumerate the following.
1-2. Two divisions of statistics
3-6. Give at least four functions of statistics
7-10. Give at least four fields of human activity where statistics plays an important role to hold.
11-20. Uses of statistics in our daily lives.
ACTIVITY C : Matching type
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Directions : Match column A with column B. Write the letter on the blank provided before each
number. Use capital letter.
Column A Column B
__________ 1. Statistics will help the rescue a. Predictions
team to do the preparation to rescue the life of the
people who are in danger.
__________ 2. Statistics helps us know the no. of b. Quality testing
people affected from a virus like covid-19.
__________ 3. Vast industry. c. Weather forecasts
__________ 4. Statistics helps the sport person to d. Emergency Preparedness
get the idea about him/her preference in a
particular sports.
__________ 5. Engineers use statistics to e. Predicting disease
estimate the success of their on going project.
__________ 6. Conduct quality tests to ensure if f. Political campaigns
the purchase if correct and get the best results
from what is spend.
__________ 7. Statistics helps the politicians to g. Insurance
have an idea about their chances to win an
election in a particular area.
__________ 8. The business uses statistics to h. Consumer Goods
calculate which consumer goods are available in
the store or not.
__________ 9. Statistics helps the investor to i. Financial Market
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take the decision of investment in the particular
stock
__________ 10. Statistics helps in comparing the j. Sports
weather condition with the pre- recorded seasons
and conditions.
k. Politics
l. Business
Reflection :
Based on the lesson, complete the sentences:
1. I have learned that ____________________________________________________________
2. I have realized that ___________________________________________________________
3. I want to learn more on _______________________________________________________
Reference :
Cynthia R. Guerrero De Leon, George Garcia and Cristobal M. Pagoso, Fundamental Statistics,
SINAG – TALA Publishers, Inc. Manila. Pp. 1- 9
Contact Number of Teacher:
Minerva B. Magday - 09954346967
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ANSWER KEY :
Activity A.
1. Statistics
2. Interpretation
3. Tabulation/Presentation
4. Collection
5. Analysis
6. Sample
7. Population
8. Inferential Statistics
9. Descriptive statistics
10. Data
Activity B.
1 – 2. Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics
3 – 6.
a. To present facts in a definite form.
b. Statistics facilities comparisons.
c. Statistics gives guidance in the formulation of suitable policies.
d. Statistics can be formulated well in advance for predictions.
e. Statistical methods are helpful in formulating, testing hypothesis and develop new theories.
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7- 10. Any of the following: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Botany, Psychology,
Astronomy, Industry, Commerce, Trade, Economics, Banking, etc.
11 – 20. Predictions, Quality Testing, Weather Forecasts, Emergency Preparedness, Predicting
Disease, Political Campaigns, Insurance, Consumer Goods, Financial Market, Sports.
Activity C.
1. D
2. E
3. G
4. J
5. A
6. B
7. F
8. H
9. I
10. C
Prepared by :
MINERVA B. MAGDAY, Teacher III
Checked and Verified by :
AGNES M. TALDE, Master Teacher I
Noted :
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GEMMA ROSE B. GUILLERMO, PhD., Head Teacher III
ELIZABETH C. SORIANO, School Principal IV
ADVANCED STATISTICS
Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________
Quarter 1 Week 2 Day 1
IDENTIFYING POPULATION AND SAMPLE
 Population – is used in Statistics, refers to a set of people, objects, measurements or
happenings that belong to a defined group.
 Sample – is any subset of elements drawn by some appropriate method from a defined
population.
Study the following examples in identifying sample and population:
1. In a recent survey, 500 junior high school students at Maddela Comprehensive High
School asked were if they have internet connectivity. 200 of the students have.
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Sample : 200 junior students
Population : 500 junior high school student at Maddela Comprehensive High School
2. Thirty-eight nurses working in Quirino area were surveyed concerning their
opinions of managed health care.
Sample : opinions of 38 nurses
Population : opinions of all nurses in Quirino
ACTIVITY :
Direction: Identify the Sample and Population in each of the following situations.
1. When a housewife buys a cavan of rice, she examines only a handful of rice from the cavan to
find out whether it is of good quality or not.
2. When a doctor examines a patient’s blood, he or she extract only a few cubic centimeters of
blood to find out what causes the patient’s illness.
3. When a teacher wants to know the common height of Grade 9 students in the municipality, he
or she gets only a sample of 200 Grade 9 students.
4. When a cook wants to know the taste of the food he or she is preparing, he or she samples a
spoonful of the food.
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5. When a researcher wants to know the IQ of students in the science high schools, he or she
gets a sample of 50 grade7 to grade 10 students from each of the science high schools in
Quirino.
Reflection :
Reference :
Minerva B. Magday – 09954346967
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ANSWER KEY :
1. Sample : handful of rice
Population : cavan of rice
2. Sample : a few cubic centimeters of blood
Population : the patient’s blood
3. Sample : 200 Grade 9 students
Population : the grade 9 students in the municipality
4. Sample : a spoonful of food
Population : the food
5. Sample : 50 Students from Grade 7 to Grade 10
Population : the students in science high schools
Prepared by :
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Noted :
ADVANCED STATISTICS
Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________
Quarter 1 Week 2 Day 2 & 3
COLLECTING DATA
Data – is a collections of information about a study under investigation. It may be number
( quantitative ), or a word ( qualitative ).
 Data is quantitative if the observations or measurements made on a given variable of a sample
or population have numerical values
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Example : height, weight, number of children, blood pressure, current,voltage
Quantitative Data is discreet if the corresponding data values take discreet values and it is
continuous if the data take continuous value.
Example of discreet data : number of children, number of cars
Examples of continuous data : speed, distance, time pressure.
 Data is qualitative if words, groups and categories represents the observations or
measurements.
Examples : colors, yes- or no answers, blood group
 Two Types of data :
1. Primary data – refers to information which are gathered directly from an original sourse ,
or which are based on direct or first-hand experience.
Example : first person accounts, autobiographies and diaries
- This data are also more life – like, interesting and relevant because the researchers are
directly involve in the process
2. Secondary data – refers to the information which are taken from published or unpublished
data which were previously gathered by other individuals or agencies
Example : Published books, newspapers, magazines, biographies, business reports.
3 Advantages of primary over secondary data:
1. Primary data frequently give detailed definitions of terms and accurate statistical units used in
the survey.
2. Primary data lend more relevance to the researcher’s study because of his direct participation
in the project.
3. Primary data are more reliable because of their firs – hand nature.
 Methods used in the collection of data:
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1. Direct or Interview Method – this is a method of person – to – person exchange between
the interviewer and the interviewee.
It provides consistent and more precise information since clarification may be given by
the interviewee. Questions may be repeated or modified to suit each interviewee’s level of
understanding. However this method is time-consuming, expensive, and has limited field
coverage.
2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method – In this method written responses are given to
prepared questions.
Questionnaire – list of questions which are intended to elicit answers to the problems of a
study.
-may be mailed or hand carried.
-inexpensive and can cover a wide area in a shorter span of time.
-Informers may feel a greater sense of freedom to express views and opinions because
their anonymity is maintained.
-there is a strong probability of no response especially if the questionnaires are mailed.
-questions not easily understood will also probably not be answered.
3. Registration Method – this method of gathering information in enforced by certain laws.
Examples : births, deaths, motor vehicles, marriages, and licences
-advantage of this method is that information is kept systematized and made available to
all because of the requirement of the law.
4. Observation Method – in this method, the investigator observes the behaviour of persons
or organizations and their outcomes.
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-it is usually used when the subjects can not talk or write.
-the method makes possible the recording of behaviour at the appropriate time and
situation.
5. Experiment Method – this method is used when the objective is to determine the cause
and effect relationship of certain phenomena under controlled conditions. This is usually used by
scientific researchers.
Types of questions :
1. Structured question
This is a type that leaves only one way or few alternatives ways of answering it.
Example 1. Are the articles below essential to your household?
Please check.
Golf set. . . ( ) Yes ( ) No
Perfume. . . ( ) Yes ( ) No
Wrist Watch. . . ( )Yes ( ) No
Example 2. What is your civil status?
( ) Single
( ) Married
( ) Widow or widower
Example 3. Please check the appliances you currently possess.
Refrigerator ( )
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Air-condition ( )
Electric fan ( )
TV set ( )
Notice that the aforementioned questions do not admit ambiguity. the questions are clear,
simple, and objective. All that the respondents have to do is to check the appropriate answer.
Structured questions are easy to tabulate.
2. Unstructured or open-ended questions
As the name suggests, there are questions which can be answered in many ways. Probing
questions or questions that want to elicit reasons are normally of this type. Here are some
examples of this type of question.
Example 1 Do you want to engage in business?
( ) Yes ( ) No
Why do you want/ not want to engage in business?
Please state your reasons.
Example 2 In your opinion, to the training programs of your company help you to be
more productive in your work?
( ) Yes ( ) No
Why?
Features of good questionnaire
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1. Make the questions short and clear.
2. Avoid leading questions.
3. Always state the precise units in which you require the answer in order to facilitate tabulation
later on.
4. As much as possible ask questions which can be answered by just checking slots or stating
simple name and brands.
5. Arrangement of questions should be carefully planned.
6. Limit questions to essential information
ACTIVITY A
Directions : Identify whether the following is QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE data. Write your
answer on the blank provided before the number.
_______________ 1. The airplane can hold 93 passengers.
_______________ 2. My dog ways weighs 95 pounds.
_______________ 3. The skin on her hand is smooth and silky.
_______________ 4. There are three silver cars in the parking lot.
_______________ 5. The cake was black with orange frosting.
_______________ 6. The room was bright and airy with blue curtains.
_______________ 7. I received 20 emails this morning.
_______________ 8. The man was brown hair and blue eyes.
_______________ 9. The water in the deep end of the pool is nine feet deep.
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_______________ 10. It takes three minutes to heat soup in the microwave.
ACTIVITY B : Identification
Directions : Identify what is being described. Write your answer before the number.
__________ 1. Type of data that refers to the information which can be taken from published or
unpublished data.
__________ 2. Type of data that refers to information which are gathered directly from an original
source or which are based on direct or first – hand experience.
__________ 3. Autobiographies is an example of ___________ data.
Note : Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times
__________ 4. Newspapers is an example of _____________ data.
__________ 5. List of questions which are intended to elicit answers to the problems of a study.
__________6. Method that is time consuming, expensive and has limited field coverage.
__________ 7. Method used by scientific researchers.
__________ 8. Method of gathering information is enforced by certain laws.
__________ 9. Method that is inexpensive and may be mailed or hand carried.
__________ 10. Method that is usually used when the subject can not talk or write.
ACTIVITY C: Enumeration
Directions: Enumerate the following:
1-2. Types of questions
3-7. Methods used in the collection of data.
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8.-9. Types of data
10-12. Features of a good questionnaire.
13-15. Advantages of primary over secondary data
Note : Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times
Reflection :
Reference :
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ANSWER KEY ;
Activity A. Activity B.
1. Quantitative 1. Secondary data
2. Quantitative 2. Primary data
3. Qualitative 3. Primary data
4. Quantitative 4. Secondary data
5. Qualitative 5. Questionnaire
6. Qualitative 6. Direct or Interview
7. Quantitative 7. Experiment
8. Qualitative 8. Registration
9. Quantitative 9. Indirect or Questionnaire
10. Quantitative 10. Observation
ACTIVITY C
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1-2. Structured question and unstructured or open-ended question
3-7. Direct or interview, Indirect or Questionnaire, Registration, Observation and Experiment
8-9. Primary and Secondary
10-12. any of the following:
1. Make the questions short and clear.
2. Avoid leading questions.
3. Always state the precise units in which you require the answer in order to facilitate
tabulation later on.
4. As much as possible ask questions which can be answered by just checking slots or stating
simple name and brands.
5. Arrangement of questions should be carefully planned.
6. Limit questions to essential information.
13-15. 1. Primary data frequently give detailed definitions of terms and accurate statistical units used
in the survey.
2.Primary data lend more relevance to the researcher’s study because of his direct
participation in the project.
3.Primary data are more reliable because of their firs – hand nature.
Prepared by :
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Noted :
ADVANCED STATISTICS
Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________
Quarter 1 Week 3
SUBSCRIPT AND SUMMATION NOTATIONS
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Subscript – is a number or letter representing several numbers placed at the lower right of a
variable. It is used to specify the item referred to.
Summation means summing up.
Summation Notation - an expression which means sum of the values of x, starting from x 1 and
ending with xn. It means sum of the values of the variable.
In dealing with raw data in statistics, we always need to add several numbers. Usually, the
symbol ∑ ( the Greek capital letter Sigma ) which means sum up is used in the process. It is read as
the sum of and it tells us to add certain expressions.
∑ xi
i=1
It is read as summation of x1 where i is from 1 to n. The numbers below and above it are called lower
and upper limits respectively of the summation. Here, 1 is the lower limit and n is the upper limit. x i is
a term or summand of the summation and n is the index of summation.
Illustrative Examples :
1. Consider the number of participants in the Math Olympiad coming from the four cities of the
National Capital Region:
Manila 28 Las Pinas 25
Quezon City 35 Makati 21
a. What will x represent in the information given?
b. What will the subscript i indicate ?
c. Write an expression for the sum
d. What are the lower and upper limits in your expression?
e. Write the formula for the summation and find the sum of the given information.
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Answers :
a. x will represent the number of participants in the Math Olympiad.
b. i will indicate the position of each value in the given set of data.
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c. The expression for the summation is ∑ x i
i=1
d. The lower limit is 1 and the upper limit is 4.

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e. ∑ x i=x 1 + x 2+ x 3 + x 4 =28+35+25+21+¿ 109
i=1
Consider four observations. If the sum of the four observations is represented as
∑ x i=x 1 + x 2+ x 3 + x 4
i=1
The sum of the squares of the four observations is represented as
∑ x i2=¿ ( x1 )2+ ¿ ¿
i=1
And the sum of the products of pairs of four observations can be expressed as
∑ ai x i=a1 x 1 +a2 x 2+ a3 x 3 +a 4 x 4
i=1
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2. Write this in expanded form: ∑3k
k =1
Answer :
∑ 3 k=3 ( 1 ) +3 ( 2 )+ 3 (3 )+ 3 ( 4 )+3 (5)

k =1
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3. Write in expanded form : ∑ (−3)
m=1
Answer :
∑ (−3¿)=( − 3 ) +( −3 ) + ( − 3 ) +( −3 ) +( − 3 ) +(− 3)¿

m=1
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4. Evaluate : ∑ n
2
n =1
Answer :
∑ n2=12 +22+ 32+ 4 2+ 52=1+4 +9+16+ 25=55

n =1
5. Give the summation notation of the following :
a. (y1)3 + (y2)3 + (y3)3 + (y4)4
b. (a1b1 + c1) + (a2b2 + c2) + ………. + (anbn + cn)
Answers:
a.
4
∑ y n3
n =1
b.
n
∑ (ai bi + ci ¿ )¿
i=1
ACTIVITY A :
Directions : Expand the following as a sum.
5
1. ∑ x i
i=1
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2.
∑ yj
j=1
3.
8
∑ xk
k =1
4.
10
∑ yi
i=1
5.
20
∑xj
j=1
ACTIVITY B :
Directions : Express the following sums in summation notation.
1. x1 + x2 + x3 + ………. + x15
2. x12 + x22 + x32 + x42 + x52
3. a1y1 + a2y2 + a3y3 + a4y4
4. 2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 + ………. + 2x12
5. (x1 + y1) + (x2 + y2) + ( x3 + y3) + (x4 + y4)
ACTIVITY C :
Directions : Use summation notation to find the following.
1. The sum of the first four positive multiples of 5.
2. The sum of the squares of the first four positive multiples of 5.
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3. The sum of the positive even integers less than 10.
4. The sum of the positive odd integers less than 15.
5. The sum of the squares of positive even integers less than 15.
ACTIVITY D :
Directions : Evaluate the following. Show your solutions.
6
1. ∑ 3
j=1
2.
7
∑2
j=1
3.
8
∑6
j=1
4.
3
∑ a1 b1
i=1
5.
4
∑ x i3
i=1
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Reflection :
Reference :
31
ANSWER KEY :
ACTIVITY A :
1. b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 + b5
2. y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6
3. x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8
4. y1 + y2 + y3 + ………. + y10
5. x1 + x2 + ………. + x20
ACTIVITY B :
1.
15
∑ xk
k =1
2.
∑ x n2
n =1
3.
4
∑ ai yi
i=1
4.
12
∑ 2 xi
i=1
5.
4
∑ xi + yi
i=1
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ACTIVITY C :
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1. ∑ x i =x 1 + x 2+ x 3 + x 4 =5+10+15+20=50
i=1
2.
∑ x i2=x 12+ x22 + x 32+ x 42=52 +102 +152 +202=25+ 100+ 225+400=750
i=1
3.
∑ x i=x 1 + x 2+ x 3 + x 4 =2+4 +6+8=20

i=1
4.
∑ x i=x i + x 2+ …+ x 7=1+3+5+7 +9+11+13=49

i=1
5.
∑ x i2=x 12+ x22 +…+ x 72=22+ 42 +6 2+ 82+ 102+ 122+14 2=4+16+ 64+100+144+ 196=560
i=1
ACTIVITY D :
1.
∑ 3=3+3+3+ 3+3+3=18
i=1
2.
33
7
∑ 2=2+2+2+2+2+2+2=14
J =1
3.
∑ 6=6+6+6 +6+6+ 6+6+6=48

J =1
4.
3
∑ ai b1=1 ( 1 )+ 2 ( 2 ) +3 ( 3 )=1+ 4+3=14

i=1
5.
4
∑ x i3=13 +23 +33 + 43 =1+ 8+27+64=100

i=1
Prepared by :
Noted :
ADVANCED STATISTICS
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Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________
Quarter 1 Week 4
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Sampling Techniques:
1. Random Sampling is a method by which every element of a population has a chance of being
included in a sample. That is, the elements that compose the sample are taken without
purpose. The more elements in the sample, the better the chances of getting a true picture of
the whole population.
 Several ways of drawing sample units at random:
a. Lottery Sampling is usually carried out by assigning numbers to check member of the
population.
b. Table of random numbers – the selection of each member of the population is left
adequately to chance and every member of the population has an equal chance of being
chosen.
2. Systematic Sampling – is a sampling procedure with random start. It uses prior knowledge of
the individuals comprising a universe with the end in view to increasing precision and
representation of samples.
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 Types of Systematic Sampling :
a. Stratified Sampling – is specifically used when the population can naturally be classified
into groups or strata. In this method the population is first divided into groups, base on
homogeneity in order to avoid the possibility of drawing samples whose members come
only from one stratum. This is also often called stratified proportional sampling.
b. Cluster Sampling – sometimes referred as an area sample because it is frequently applied
on a geographical basis.
c. Multi – stage Sampling – this technique uses several stages or phases in getting the
sample from the general population. However, selection of the sample is still done at
random. It is useful in conducting nation-wide surveys or any survey involving a large
universe. As an example, let us see how this technique can be used by picking a sample
from the regional division of the Philippine.
First stage – Enumerate all the 12 regions of the Philippines including their respective
municipalities.
Second stage – From the 12 regions, select 3 at random. This can be done through the
table of random numbers or lottery. We can use marbles or pieces of papers and assign
numbers from1 – 12 to each marble or piece of paper. Each represents different region
then place in a box or lottery drum. Shake them thoroughly and then pick 3 marbles or
pieces of paper. These three marbles or pieces of paper which contain the numbers og the
regions they represent will then be used as our sample units.
Third stage – We now have three regions out of 12 we had before. From these three
regions, we select two provinces from each region. The process of selection should also
be done at random.
Fourth stage – With two provinces from the three regions , we have in our list right now
six provinces. We enumerate all the municipalities and cities in all these provinces. Form
this list, we select three municipalities or cities from each province. The process of
selection should be done at random. Thus, we have six provinces from where we can pick
36
our sample. From each of these provinces we select three municipalities or cities. In the
final analysis, we will only survey 18 municipalities/cities ( 3 x 6 = 18 ) in our study.
3. Non – random Sampling – not all members of the population are given equal chances to be
chosen. It is also called non-probability sampling or judgment sampling.
 Reasons why researchers might adopt non – random sampling :
a. Lack of logistics or inadequate knowledge in the use of random or systematic sampling.
b. Researchers are just contented with the non-random sampling.
 Types of non-random or judgment Sampling :
a. Purposive Sampling – based on certain criteria laid down by the researcher.
b. Quota Sampling – This is a relatively quick and inexpensive method to operate.
c. Convenience Sampling – a researcher might want to find out the popularity of a radio
program.
Consider this situation as an example of a simple random sampling :
A Math teacher wants to study the average grade of the members of the Mathematics Club,
compose of 45 students, who excel in math from the four curriculum year levels.
Below are the respective grades of students whose student number is given according to the
alphabetical listing of names. The data are entered in four columns representing the four curriculum
year levels.
Grades of Members of the Mathematics Club
Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10
37
3
Student x Student x Student x Student x
number number number number
3 90 6 90 1 88 2 85
4 85 8 92 5 86 9 90
10 92 11 86 7 88 12 90
20 86 14 88 16 85 13 88
29 92 17 85 21 85 15 90
38 92 22 85 23 91 18 86
40 85 26 95 25 88 19 87
43 88 33 90 30 87 24 87
44 93 34 85 31 92 27 88
36 89 28 91
37 89 32 88
45 86 35 89
39 89
41 90
42 89
Let x be the grade of each student.
What is the total grade for each curriculum year level?
How many students got a grade of 85?
List the students numbers of students who got a grade of 90.
How many of them are grade 7 students? grade 10 students?
A. Study the how the simple random sampling is used.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
With the given data in the table consider the a sample size of 15. How can you randomly select the 15
from the population? Follow these steps.
1. Write the student’s number with his or her corresponding grade in uniform short-sized slips of
paper.
38
2. Roll the pieces of paper uniformly and place them in a box.
3. Draw a slip of paper at a time, shaking the box after each draw until samples are taken.
What is the average grade of the 15 sample students drawn?
Compare this sample average with the population average.
B. With the same data written chronologically as listed below consider again a sample size of 15.
Study how to use Systematic random sampling.
Student x Student x Student x Student x
19 88 1210 90 239 91 328 85
210 85 1310 88 2410 87 3510 89
37 90 148 88 259 88 369 89
47 85 1510 90 268 95 379 89
59 86 169 85 2710 88 387 92
68 90 178 85 2810 91 3910 89
79 88 1810 86 297 92 407 85
88 92 1910 87 309 87 4110 90
910 90 207 85 319 92 4210 89
107 92 219 85 3210 88 437 88
118 86 228 85 338 90 447 93
459 86
Legend : Subscript stands for year level, 19 means student number 1 is grade 9; 447 means student number 44 is
grade 10.
The steps are as follows :
39
1. A student with eyes closed points a number in the list. If the number pointed to is 9, student
number 9 becomes a part of the sample (sample number 1). This is a “random start”.
2. From student number 9, skip count by 9’s repeatedly until all 15 sample students are taken.
Numbers which are previously selected are eliminated in the counting.
Following these steps may result in samples which consist of students numbered 9, 18, 27, 36,
45, 10, 20, 30, 40, 5, 16, 28, 39, 6, and 19.
What is the average grade of the 15 sample students drawn in this procedure? Compare this
sample average with the population average.
C. With the data in B, consider again a sample size of 15. How can you obtain a random after
classifying the data into groups? Follow these steps to learn the actual procedure of the
stratified random sampling.
1. Classify the population into groups or strata representing the four year levels like the one
shown in A.
2. Get a proportional number of samples from each group or strata. Example : The number
9 1
of samples from grade 7 will be or of 15 which is 3.
45 5
How many students from the other three groups will be taken to complete a stratified
random sampling?
3. Place the slips of paper, with the name of each student is separate boxes for each group.
4. One at a time, draw the required number of samples from each group. What is the average
grade of the 15 sample students drawn ? again compare this sample average with the
population average.
From the results obtained in the different sampling techniques, you can now compare the average
from the sample in relation to the average from the population.
40
ACTIVITY A : Given :
A researcher wants to know the average age of teachers in a certain school. All the fifty teachers
from the elementary, junior and senior were interviewed for the purpose. Listed below are the ages of
the teachers.
Ages of Teachers in a Public School
27 E 42 E 29 E 31 S 27 E
22 E 29 J 50 S 32 S 35 S
56 J 27 S 43 J 42 S 37 E
45 S 28 E 42 S 50 J 33 J
43 J 45 J 40 E 28 S 32 S
28 E 55 J 52 E 29 S 40 J
35 J 37 J 25 S 22 E 42 E
52 J 35 S 28 E 56 S 38 S
31 E 32 J 45 E 48 J 28 E
39 E 30 E 42 E 42 E 29 E
Legend : E – Elementary J – Junior S – Senior
Answer or do the following :
1. What is the average age of all the teachers ?
2. Find the average age of a sample size of 15 using : Show your data/solutions following the
steps.
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic random sampling
c. Stratified random sampling
41
Reflection :
Reference :
42
ANSWER KEY :
1. 37.1
2. A. 39.09
B. 36 53
C. 36.53
RUBRICS :
1. - 1 pt.
2. A – C 3 pts. each - ( 9 pts. )
Total pts. - 10
Prepared by :
Noted :
43
ADVANCED STATISTICS
Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________
Quarter 1 Week 5
PRESENTING DATA
Data is a collection of information about a study under investigation. It may be a number
(quantitative) or a word (qualitative).
Any set of information or data collected for study should be organized and analyzed
systematically for easier and faster interpretation. To do this, collected data may be presented in any
of the following forms :
1. Textual form is used when data to be presented are few.
2. Tabular and graphical forms are used when more detailed information is to be presented.
Using tables and graphs has the following advantages :
a. Data is presented in a more practical and convenient way.
Instead of writing text on the information gathered, items can be enumerated in tabular
form or shown in graphical form.
44
b. Data can be compared easily.
Reading tables and graphs can be done more easily because the needed information can
be seen at a glance.
c. Data can be analyzed comparatively.
Tables and graphs enable a thorough analysis of data because all needed information is
clearly shown.
 Three forms of presenting data :
1. Textual Method – data is presented in paragraph form. It includes the enumeration of
important characteristics, emphasizing the most significant features and highlighting the
most striking attributes of the set of data.
In the presentation of the text, the writer can emphasize the importance of some figures or
can call attention to the relevance of other figures. The following are examples of textual
presentation of data:
1. Of the 150 sample interviewed, the following complaints were noted: 27 for
lack of books in the library, 25 for a dirty playground, 20 for lack of laboratory
equipment, 17 for a not well maintained university buildings.
2. In the Statistics class of 40 students, 3 obtained the perfect score of 50. Sixteen
students got a score of 40 and above while only 3 got 19 and below. Generally,
the students performed well in the test with 23 0r 70% getting a passing score
of 38 and above.
2. Tabular Method – data is presented in rows and columns.
Table is used to present data in a most systematic and organized manner to make reading and
interpretation simpler and easier.
Tabulation – the process of condensing classified data and arranging them in a table.
Classification – process of putting together similar items from the mass of data collected
based on such characteristics as occupation, sex, height, income weight, nationality etc.
Statistical table is systematic arrangement. It should be brief, easy to comprehend an more
convenient for any readers than a textual presentation.
45
Parts of statistical table:
1. Table heading – consist the table number and the title. The title should be briefly
explained the contents of the table.
2. Stubs (Row Classifier) – classification or categories which are found at the left side of the
body of the table.
3. Box head (Column Header) – top of the columns. It identifies what are contained in the
column. It also includes the stub head, the master caption and the column captions.
4. Body – main part of the table. This contains the substance or the figures of one’s data.
5. Source note – this is included if the figures are original. This is usually place below the
table or below the footnotes to the table.
Types of tables:
1. General or reference table is used mainly as a repository of information. It is
frequently extensive. The primary purpose of this type of table is to present data in
such a way that individual items may easily be found by a reader. It is also often
placed in an appendix.
2. Summary or text table is usually small in size and designated to guide the reader in
analysing the data. It usually accompanies a text discussion and thus is normally
referred to as a text table. It should be simple and easy to understood since many
reader have tendency to skip long and complicated tables.
3. Comparison uses columns for the products or services, and rows for the attributes. It
allows for quick and easy comparison between each offering’s features and
characteristics.
4. Emphasis. The proper placing of an item in a table enables it to be given suitable
emphasis. Normally, the most prominent position in the stub is at the top and the least
important is at the bottom.
46
Example of Tabular data:
Table 5. YOUTH ACTIVITIES

Philippine Youth, April 1996, and US Youth, 1993
Philippine Youth April US Youth 1993 *
1996
Listen to radio almost daily 74% -
Watch TV almost daily 57 73%
Read books, magazines or 31 46
news papers almost daily
Get together with friends 66 87
almost weekly
Watch movies at least once 44 61
a month
Exercise almost daily 5 44
*Monitoring the Future: A study of the Life Style and Values of the Youth, 1993, n = 2,700
Identify the parts:
1. Table Heading: Table number : Table 5; Table Title: YOUTH ACTIVITIES
2. Stubs (Row Classifier): All the items placed in the first column
3. Box Head (Column Header): Philippine Youth April 1996 and US Youth 1993 *
4. Body: All the items placed in the second and third columns
5. Source Note: Monitoring the Future: A study of the Life Style and Values of the Youth,
1993, n = 2,700
ACITIVITY A
Directions: Identify the following.
1. Data is presented in paragraph form.
2. Data presented in rows and columns.
47
3. Part of a table usually placed below the it.
4. Main part of the table.
5. It contains the table number and the title.
6. Top of the columns.
7. Main part of the table.
8. Type of a table whose purpose is to present a data in such a way that individual items may
easily be formed by a reader.
9. It is usually accompanied by a text discussion.
10. It is used to present data in most systematic or organized manner to make reading and
interpretation simpler and easier.
Activity B
Direction: Given the table name/answer the following.
Table 1.1. Data on the Population of the Philippines
by Regions, Year 2000 (In thousands)
Region Population Region Population
Region 1 4174 Region 9 3045
Region 4 11 321 Region 12 2494
Region 6 6147 NCR 10 492
Region 7 5404 ARMM 2192
Region 8 3589 CAR 1352
Source: Philippine statistical Yearbook, 2000
1. Table number
48
2. Title
3. Stub
4. Box Head
5. Body
6. Source Note
7. Which region has the biggest population?
8. Which region has the smallest population?
9. By how many thousands do their population differ?
10. What is the ratio of the population in NCR to the total population of the Philippines?
Reflection :
Reference :
SINAG – TALA Publishers, Inc. Manila. Pp. 50 - 55
49
ANSWER KEY:
Activity A
1. Textual Method 6. Box Head
2. Tabular Method 7. Body
3. Source Note 8. General or reference table
4. Body 9. Summary or textual
5. Table Heading 10. Table
Activity B
1. Table 1.1 6. Source: Philippine statistical Yearbook, 2000
2. Data on the Population of the Philippines 7. Region 4
3. Regions 1 – 12, NCR, ARMM, CAR 8. CAR
4. Population 9. 9969
203
5. Population from 4174 – 1352 10.
4823
Prepared by :
Noted :
50
ADVANCED STATISTICS
Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________
Quarter 1 Week 6
CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Frequency Distribution – refers to the tabular arrangement of data by classes or categories
together with their corresponding class frequencies.
Class frequency – refers to the number of observations belonging to a class interval or the
number of items within a category. n represents the total number of observations in the entire data set.
Class interval is a grouping or category defined by a lower limit and an upper limit.
To make a simple frequency distribution of ungrouped data, the following steps are suggested:
1. List the items either is ascending or descending order.
2. Make tally marks to record how often each item occurs.
51
3. Count the marks to determine the frequency of each item.
Example: Make a simple frequency distribution table given the following data on
mathematics scores of 15 students in the first quarter.
85 88 87 90 92
86 88 89 86 85
88 92 90 89 88
Answer:
Score Tally Frequency
85 II 2
86 II 2
87 I 1
88 IIII 4
89 II 2
90 II 2
91 0 0
92 II 2
n = 15
For the group data, follow these steps in constructing frequency distribution of the following raw data:
52
1. Determine the range by getting the difference between the highest and lowest values in the set
of data. ( R = HS – LS )
In the example, the highest value is 175 and lowest is 118. So R = 175 – 118 = 75. So
the range is 75.
2. Determine the number of class intervals or categories desired. The ideal number of class
intervals is somewhere between 5 and 15. Here, it could be 7 or any number from 5 to 15.
3. Determine the approximate size of the class interval by dividing the range by the desired
number of class interval.
Range
Class size ( i ) =
number of classes
In the example, since the desired number of class is 7, then the size of the class interval
Range 57
(symbolized by i) is Class size ( i ) = = = 8.14 = 8 ( rounding off
number of classes 7
your answer to the nearest whole number ). So the class size is 8.
4. Write the class intervals starting with the lowest lower limit as determined by the researcher’s
choice. The upper limit is determined by the size of the class interval minus 1. Subsequent
classes shall be obtained in the same manner.
53
2
Lower limit is the smallest value in the class or data. On the other hand, the upper limit
is the greatest value in the class or data.
In the example, if you choose 118 as the lowest lower limit, then its upper limit is 118
+ (8 - 1) which is 125. So, the first class interval is 118 - 125. The succeeding intervals are
126 - 133, 134 - 141,142 – 149, etc.
5. Determine the class frequencies for each class interval by referring to the tally column.
6. Compute the class mark by adding the lower limit an upper limit of the class interval, then
lower limit +upper limit

dividing the sum by 2. Class Mark =
2
The class mark is the representative value of the corresponding interval. In the example
118+125
the class mark of the first class interval is = 121.5. For the second class interval,
2
the
126+133
class mark = = 129.5 and so on.
2
 Class Boundaries are more precise expression of the class limits by at least 0.5 of their values.
They are called the true class limits. It is situated between the upper limit of one interval and
the lower limit of th next interval. Thus, since 118 – 125 and 126 – 133 as two consecutive
intervals, the class boundary is125.5 because it is between 125 and 126 ( the upper limit of the
first interval and the lower limit of the next interval, respectively ).
 Frequency Distribution of the given data:
Class Intervals Tally Frequency Class Mark Class

(i) (n) Boundaries
118 – 125 III 3 121.5 117.5 - 125.5
126 – 133 IIII 5 129.5 125.5 – 133.5
134 - 141 IIII 5 137.5 133.5 – 141.5
142 – 149 IIII – IIII - I 11 145.5 141.5 – 149.5
150 – 157 IIII - I 6 153.5 149.5 – 157.5
54
158 – 165 IIII 5 161.5 157.5 – 165.5
166 – 173 III 3 169.5 165.5 – 173.5
174 - 181 II 2 177.5 173.5 – 181.5
n = 40
As it was said earlier that the class mark is the repsentative value of the corresponding
interval. Hence, since the interval 118 – 125 has a frequency of 3 and the class mark is 121.5,
assume that the items belonging to the interval 118 – 125 are all 121.5.
Activity A. Identification
Directions: Identify what is being described. Write the answer on the blank provided before the
number.
__________ 1. Difference between the highest and the lowest value.
__________ 2. Grouping or category between the lower limit and upper limit.
__________ 3. Number of times the score or event occurred.
__________ 4. Result of dividing the range by the number of classes.
__________ 5. It is half the sum of lower limit and the upper limit.
Activity B.
Directions: Given the following data, give what is asked. Write your answer on the blank provided
after each item.
55
1. Give the range. ____________________________
2. Arrange the data in ascending order. _____________________________________________
3. Make a simple frequency distribution of the data given.
4. What is the total frequency? ____________________________________________
5. What number occurred most? __________________________________________
6. What is/are the number/s least occurred? __________________________________
Rubrics:
1, 2, 4 – 6. 1 pt. each 5 pts.
3. 5 pts. 5 pts.
Total pts. = 10 pts.
Activity C.
Direction: The following are scores of 40 students in statistics class. Answer/Do the following.
56
23 24 25 17 15 16 15 14 10 32
37 21 17 16 15 19 18 13 12 11
26 25 13 28 29 30 37 36 35 34
17 16 15 28 25 24 23 27 22 21
1. What is the range of the given data?
2. If the desired number of class interval is 10, what is the class size?
3. Make a frequency distribution including the class boundaries of the scores in the data.
4. What is the total frequency?
5. In the class interval 16 – 18, what is the lower limit?
6. What is the upper limit in the class interval 25 – 27?
7. How many students got score of approximately 29?
8. What is the approximated score of the 2 students in the class?
9. How many students got 32?
10. What is the class mark of the class interval 19 – 21?
11. What is the class boundary of the class interval 28 – 30?
Rubrics:
1, 2, 4 – 11. 1 pt. each 10 pts.
3. 10 pts 10 pts.
Total pts. = 20
Reflection :
57
Reference :
Answer Key:
Activity A.
1. Range
2. Class interval
3. Frequency
58
4. Class size
5. Class Mark
Activity B
1. 9
2. 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11
3.
Number Tally Frquency

2 I 1
3 IIII 4
4 III 3
5 III 3
6 I 1
7 I 1
8 II 2
9 IIII – I 6
10 II 2
11 I 1
4. 24
5. 9
6. 2, 6, 7, 11
Activity C:
1. 27
2. 3
3.
Class Interval Tally Frequency Class Mark Class Boundary

10 – 12 III 3 11 9.5 – 12.5
13 – 15 IIII – II 7 14 12.5 – 15.5
16 – 18 IIII – II 7 17 15.5 – 18.5
19 – 21 III 3 20 18.5 – 21.5
59
22 – 24 IIII 5 23 21.5 – 24.5
25 – 27 IIII 5 26 24.5 – 27.5
28 – 30 IIII 4 29 27.5 – 30.5
31 – 33 I 1 32 30.5 – 33.5
34 – 36 III 3 35 33.5 – 36.5
37 – 39 II 2 38 36.5 – 39.5
n = 40
4. 40 8. 38
5. 16 9. 1
6. 27 10. 20
7. 4 11. 27 – 30.5
Prepared by :
Noted :
ADVANCED STATISTICS
60
Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________
Quarter 1 Week 7
KINDS OF GRAPHS
Data presented in tabular form can also be presented in the form of a graph. The third method of
presenting data .
Advantages of graphical presentation:
1. Graphs enable students, readers and busy executives to easily grasp the essential facts that
numerical data intend to convey.
Private and government agencies use charts and graphs in their reports.
2. They can easily attract attention and are more readily understood.
It is easier to go through graphs than through quantitative data. Facility in the “reading”
of graphs can be bolstered by the use of colors and pictorial diagrams.
3. Graphs simply concepts that would otherwise have been expressed in so many words.
 Kinds of graphs or diagrams:
1. Bar graphs – one of the most common and widely used graphical devices. This consists of
bars or heavily lines of equal widths, either all vertical or all horizontal. The lengths of
bars represent the magnitudes of a quantities being compared.
61
The data on the population of the Philippines by region for year 2000 is shown in a bar
graph below.
ACTIVITY A. Study the graph and answer the following:
1. What information does the graph provide the reader?
2. Give an approximation for the population of each region.
3. How do the two largely populated regions compare? Approximately, by how many
millions do they differ?
4. Which regions comprise Luzon? Visayas? Mindanao?
Add the approximate populations of the regions for each group.
Which group has the greatest number of people?
Rubrics for scoring:
1. 1 pt. 3. 1 pt.
2. 16 pts. 4. 7 pts.
Total pts. = 25
62
a. Compound ( Multiple ) bar chart – 2 or more bars are drawn for each item. It is used
to compare 2 or more variables.
This is an example of compound/multiple bar chart/graph.
ACTIVITY B. Study the graph and answer the following: ( 2 pts. each )
1. What does the graph tell you?
2. What does each type of bar represent?
3. Which year has the highest population?
4. Which year has the least population?
5. What is the total population of UK resident in 1999?
b. Component bar chart – divides or breaks down total quantities into their component
parts. Descriptions of the items involved may be written on or beside the bars. Actual
amounts or percentages may also be written in the same manner.
63
This is an example of a component bar chart/graph.
ACTIVITY C. Study the graph and answer the following:
1.What is all about the graph?
2. Which division has the highest total sales?
3. Which division show the same total sales from 2009 – 2013?
4. In what year has the least sales?
5. By how much is the approximated total sales of the West in 2011?
64
6. 2. Line graphs – another important tool for the graphical representation of data. It shows
the relationship between 2 or more sets of quantities.
ACTIVITY D. Study the line graph and answer the following: ( 2 pts. each )
1. What two quantities are being considered in the line graph?
2. When did the highest consumption occur? The lowest consumption?
3. Which months show the same amount of electric consumption?
4. What is the approximate difference between the consumption for January 2001 and January
2002?
5. What is the approximated electric consumption in February 2001?
65
Reflection :
Reference :
66
ANSWER KEY:
ACTIVITY A.
1. Population of the Philippines by Region
2. 1 – 4 million 9 – 3 million
2 – 3.5 million 10 – 2 million
3 – 9.5 million 11 – 2.5 million
4 – 11 million 12 – 2.4 million
5 – 5 million 13 – 2.1 million
6 – 6 million ARMM – 2.1 million
7 – 5.5 million CAR – 1 MILLION
8 – 3.5 million NCR – 10 MILLION
3. 1 million
4. LUZON: 1 – 5 and NCR Population: 44 million
VISAYAS: 6 – 8 Population: 15 million
MINDANAO: 9 – 13 AND ARMM Population: 14.1 million
Luzon has the greatest number of people
ACTIVITY B.
1. Total UK resident population in 1969-1999
2. Violet – male White – female Blue – total UK resident Population
3. 1999
4. 1959
5. 60,000
67
ACTIVITY C.
1. Total sales by division
2. West, East, South, North
3. North
4. 2009
5. $600,000
ACTIVITY D.
1. Electric consumption and months
2. January 2002, February 2001
3. August, September and October
4. 137.5 kwh
5. 165 kwh
Prepared by :
Noted :
68
ADVANCED STATISTICS
Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________
Quarter 1 Week 8
KINDS OF GRAPHS
3. Circle graph – is represented by a circle divided into parts. It shows the relationships among
parts as well as the relationship of a part to a whole.
Example: a college student has totalled his expenses for the last school year and
represented his findings in a circle graph.
69
ACTIVITY A. Study the circle or pie graph and answer the following:
1. Which two items account for the greatest expenses?
2. What percent of the budget is spent for food?
3. What percent of the budget is saved?
4. Which three items incur the same expense?
5. If the yearly allowance amounts to ₱80,000, how much is spent for each item?
4. Pictogram – sometimes known as picture graphs. Picture symbols are used to represent
values.
ACTIVITY B. Study the picture graph and answer the following:
70
1
1. What does the picture graph tell you?
2. What does each coconut fruit represent?
3. Estimate the value of coconut production per year as shown by the graph.
4. Which years are the most productive?
5. How much is the difference between the production in 1995 and 1998?
5. Map graph or cartogram – one of the best ways to present geographical data. Map is drawn
and divided into the desired regions. Each region may be distinguished from other regions by
using varied lines, shadings with different colors or other symbols like pins
( as in war films ). A map graph is always accompanied by a legend which tells the
meaning of the lines, colors or other symbols used.
71
ACTIVITY C. Study the sample map graph and answer the following: (2 pts. each)
1. How many trees are in the park?
2. Are there how many flower gardens in the park?
3. Where can you find the only seesaw?
4. How many slides are there?
5. How many ducks are in the pond?
Reflection :
Reference :
72
3
ANSWER KEY:
ACTIVITY A.
1. House rent and food
2. 20%
3. 5%
4. Clothing, Entertainment and utilities
5. House rent = ₱24,000
Tuition/books = ₱12,000
Clothing = ₱8,000
Entertainment = ₱8,000
Savings = ₱6,000
Utilities = ₱8,000
Food = ₱6,000
ACTIVITY B.
1. Value of coconut production in 1995 – 1999
2. 5 million pesos
73
3. 1995 – 22.5 million
1996 – 27.5 million
1997 – 32.5 million
1998 – 40 million
1999 – 35 million
4. 1998 and 1999
5. How much is the difference between the production in 1995 and 1998?
ACTIVITY C.
1. 10
2. 4
3. North
4. 2
5. 4
Prepared by :
74
Noted :
75

Advanced Statistics Las Q1

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ADVANCED STATISTICS

Name of Learner ; ____________________________________ Grade Level : ____________

Section : ____________________________________________ Date : __________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

DEFINING STATISTICS & RELATED TERMS and Its Uses

Background Information for Learners:

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, tabulation or presentation,

analysis and interpretation of numerical or quantitative data.

 Collection – refers to the process of obtaining numerical measurements

which numerical description can be formulated.

data collected from small groups.

 Data – are collections of any number of related observations.

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or measurements or refers to the set of all individuals or objects with a common

pertaining to each and every unit of a whole set of objects or persons.

 Sample – is a subset of the population that is studied in an experiment.

and the collection of summarizing values to describe group characteristics of data.

a. Measures of Central Tendency

c. Measure of Skewness and Kurtosis

2. Inferential Statistics – demands a higher order of critical judgment and Mathematical

every element of these groups.

judgments regarding the entire set.

- Included here are testing of hypothesis using the

c. Simple Linear correlation

e. Chi – Square test

g. Time Series Analysis

1. To present facts in a definite form.

2. Statistics facilities comparisons.

3. Statistics gives guidance in the formulation of suitable policies.

4. Statistics can be formulated well in advance for predictions.

Uses of Statistics in our Daily Life :

use data to evaluate how long it will take to complete a project.

done passes the quality test, we want to buy.

seasons and conditions. This helps the government.

have died from the same disease.

In contrast, it helps the country to predict the future government.

decide the premium amount.

consumer goods are available in the store or not.

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Industry, Commerce, Trade, Economics, Banking, etc.

__________ 1. It is concerned with scientific methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing,

on the basis of such analysis.

statistical conclusions can be derived from the collected measurements.

__________ 4. It is the process of obtaining numerical measurement.

numerical description ca be formulated.

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__________6. Group of measurements, observations, or objects selected from larger group.

__________ 7. Set of elements or items upon which we make observations or measurements.

__________ 8. Involves making inferences or decisions based on the data.

__________ 10. Collections of any number of related observations.

Directions : Enumerate the following.

1-2. Two divisions of statistics

3-6. Give at least four functions of statistics

11-20. Uses of statistics in our daily lives.

ACTIVITY C : Matching type

number. Use capital letter.

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__________ 1. Statistics will help the rescue a. Predictions

team to do the preparation to rescue the life of the

people who are in danger.

__________ 2. Statistics helps us know the no. of b. Quality testing

people affected from a virus like covid-19.

Name of Learner ; ________________________ Grade Level :

Section : __________________________ Date :

Name of Learner ; ________________________ Grade Level :

Section : __________________________ Date :