Name : _____________________

Teacher: ______________________
Acids, bases and salts – an introduction!

Hydrogen, hydrochloric acid, pH, water, pure water, neutral, hydroxide ions,
hydrogen,

An example of an acid is _____________ _________.

When acids dissolve in water they form ______ ions (H+).

Alkalis are bases when dissolved in _______.

Alkalis form __________ (OH-) when dissolved in water.

The _____ scale tells us which kind of ion is present.

pH stands for the % _________ in solution.

A ________ solution has a pH of 7

An example of a neutral solution is _____ _______.

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Acid and alkali strength

You probably used universal indicator to test acids and alkalis. This
solution (or paper) is really useful as it allows us to tell where on the
pH scale something is.

You are going to test some solutions and work out whether they are
acid or alkaline.

But first we need to look at how universal indicator (UI) works.

Can you colour in this chart to show the COLOUR that UI turns in
different solutions?

pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Colour

Anything with a pH of ………………………………….. is an acid

Anything with a PH of …………………………………… is an alkali

pH …………………… is neutral

What happens to the strength of an acid as the pH decreases?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

What happens to the strength of an alkali as the pH increases?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

I would describe pH 5 as a …………………… ……………………………..

I would describe pH 14 as a …………………… ……………………………..

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Don’t forget that everyday substances are acidic. This is why you need
to clean your teeth kids… so that the acid in the food you eat does not
erode your tooth enamel away. What do you notice about the pH of
toothpaste?.................................................................................

Why do you think this might be?...............................................................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Information

Main Laboratory Acids Acids found at home:

Citric acid
Name Formula Vinegar (acetic acid)
Coke (phosphoric acid)
Hydrochloric Acid HCl(aq) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Nitric Acid HNO3(aq)
Sulphuric Acid H2SO4(aq)

Acids taste SOUR Acids contain HYDROGEN IONS H+ (aq)

Main Laboratory Alkalis

Alkalis found at home:
Name Formula
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH(aq) Soap
Potassium Hydroxide KOH (aq) Toothpaste
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2(aq) Shampoo
Ammonium Hydroxide NH4OH(aq)

Alkalis feel SOAPY Alkalis contain HYDROXIDE IONS OH – (aq)

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Acids and Metals

Do you remember the metal reactivity series?

Write down as many metals as you can think of with the most reactive
at the top and the least reactive at the bottom:

Try and do it WITHOUT looking at your Periodic table

Your list Actual list

Now compare this with the list that your teacher comes up with and
write these in the right hand column .

Are there any surprises?

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Equations:
We need the equations to explain what is happening

First of all we need to know what we have in order to be able to write

equations....... Metals are easy, they are on the left hand side of the
periodic table.

What do all acids contain?.........................................................................

When a metal and an acid react together they make salts.

SALT - a SALT is formed when the Hydrogen of an Acid is

replaced by a metal

Naming SALTS

Remember metals (except copper and some others) push out (displace) the hydrogen of
acids to make SALTS.

ACID TYPE of SALT made

Hydrochloric acid CHLORIDES e.g. sodium chloride

HCl(aq) NaCl(s)

Sulphuric acid SULPHATES e.g. magnesium sulphate

H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(s)

Nitric acid NITRATES e.g. potassium nitrate

HNO3(aq) KNO3(s)
Carbonic acid CARBONATES e.g. zinc carbonate
H2CO3(aq) ZnCO3(s)

Phosphoric acid PHOSPHATES e.g. calcium phosphate

H3PO4(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s)

So, a SALT contains:

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 a CATION e.g. Na+ (usually from a METAL)
And
an ANION e.g. Cl-
from an ACID e.g. hydrochloric acid HCl (aq)

We will not write an equation for copper as it doesn’t react. The first
one has been done for you as an example

1. magnesium + hydrochloric acid 🡪 magnesium + hydrogen

…chloride....

Mg + 2HCl 🡪 MgCl2 + H2

2. Iron + hydrochloric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Fe + HCl 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

3. Zinc + hydrochloric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Zn + HCl 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

4. aluminium + hydrochloric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Al + HCl 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

5. tin + hydrochloric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Sn + HCl 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

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7
 The reactions of metals with acids can show the reactivity trend
Extension Equations:
amongst the metals.
You did equations for hydrochloric acid, now what if you had a
Remember back to your metals topic.... why do you think that you were
different starting acid? You may need to look back at your notes to
not given sodium to react with the hydrochloric acid today?
check that you get the formulae of these compounds correct
.........................................................................................................................
1. magnesium + nitric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………
Write out the general equation for the reaction of a metal with an
acid: ……………………….

Mg
..................... + HNO3.....................
+ ...................... 🡪 ……………………….. .................+ +……………………………
................................

2. Iron + nitric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Fe + HNO3 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

3. Zinc + nitric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Zn + HNO3 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

4. aluminium + nitric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Al + HNO3 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

5. tin + nitric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Sn + HNO3 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

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6. magnesium + sulphuric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Mg + H2SO4 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

7. Iron + sulphuric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Fe + H2SO4 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

8. Zinc + sulphuric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Zn + H2SO4 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

9. aluminium + sulphuric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Al + H2SO4 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

10. tin + sulphuric acid 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

……………………….

Sn + H2SO4 🡪 ……………………….. + ……………………………

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1.Give the word equation for the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.

___________ + ___________→_____________+___________

2. Complete the equation for this neutralization reaction:

a) In symbol form HCl + NaOH →

b) In word form _________ + _________→___________+________

3. A _______________ is a laboratory method used to determine the

concentration of an acid or a _______________ in solution by performing a
_______________ reaction with a standard solution.

4. At the ______________ of the titration, the indicator changes color, which

indicates neutralization.

Once neutralized, number of _____________ and number of ____________

are equal.

5.What colour did the solution turn when just enough acid was added?
_____________

6.What colour did the solution turn when too much acid was added?____________

Possible words to use: yellow, sodium hydroxide, titration, NaCl ,salt, green,
neutralization, acid, H20, alkali, water, end, hydrogen ions, hydroxide ions

Reviewing Neutralisation

We did lots of equations for the reactions of metals with acids and now
we need to look at equations for neutralisation.

Word equation:

hydrochloric + sodium 🡪 …………………………….. + ………………………………

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acid hydroxide …..………………………..

Symbol equation:

HCl + NaOH 🡪 …………………………….. + ………………………………

What if we changed the acid?

Word equation:

sulphuric + sodium 🡪 …………………………….. + ………………………………

acid hydroxide …..………………………..

Symbol equation:

H2SO4 + NaOH 🡪 …………………………….. + ………………………………

Word equation:

nitric + sodium 🡪 …………………………….. + ………………………………

acid hydroxide …..………………………..

Symbol equation:

HNO3 + NaOH 🡪 …………………………….. + ………………………………

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And what if we change the alkali?

Word equation:

sulphuric + potassium 🡪 …………………………….. + ………………………………

acid hydroxide …..………………………..

Symbol equation:

H2SO4 + KOH 🡪 …………………………….. + ………………………………

And what if we changed both?

Word equation:

hydrochloric + lithium 🡪 …………………………….. + ………………………………

acid hydroxide …..………………………..

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Extension

Use the clues to find out what words you need to find in the word
search.

C N O C R P R T H M H C
I A P C E Q W O Y N Y I
R A V A T S U L D I D R
O C S U A U C N R T R U
L A O S W R D K O R O H
H L D X E I M L G I X P
C C I C I D L E E C I L
O I U E N D O A N E D U
R U M N I D E S K Z E S
D M G H T Y F S E L M N
Y A W H O H G D I C A B
H N I T R A T E I O P Y

1) Hydrochloric acid + copper oxide 🡪 copper chloride + __water_____ (5)

2) Nitric acid + copper oxide 🡪 copper ______________ + water (7)
3) ______________acid + copper oxide 🡪 copper sulphate + water (9)
4) An ________________ is a soluble base (6)
5) Hydrochloric acid + _____________hydroxide 🡪 sodium chloride + water (6)
6) Nitric ___________ + potassium hydroxide 🡪 potassium nitrate + water (4)
7) Sulphuric acid + ________________ 🡪 calcium sulphate + hydrogen (7)
8) _______________acid + magnesium oxide 🡪 magnesium chloride + water
(12)
9) Bases are metal hydroxides and metal ______________(6)
10)______________acid + sodium hydroxide 🡪 sodium nitrate + water (6)
11) Sulphuric acid + sodium _____________ 🡪 sodium sulphate + water (9)
12)Hydrochloric acid + zinc 🡪 zinc chloride + ___________________ (8)

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