Pakistan’s Early Problems

1. Introduction
2. Uncertainty of its final borders – the Radcliffe Award
3. Riots and refugees
a. Mountbatten’s role and the intentions of Congress
b. Exodus from both sides – a net addition of more than 1 million people in Pakistan
c. Failure of the Border Security Force, and the role of Muslims, Sikhs and RSS
d. Train of death
e. Making of the Joint
f. The conditions in Punjab and Sindh – camps set up even in state’s buildings
g. The housing, sanitation and sewerage problems
4. Lack of administrative machinery, office furniture and stationery, absence of a central bank
5. Lack of infrastructure – comparison of Karachi with Delhi by Mountbatten
6. Unfair division of assets
a. Monetary – got only 17.5% amounting to Rs. 750 million out of which Rs. 50 million are still pending
b. Military – no ordnance factories, used and unreliable ammunition
7. Water dispute
a. Headworks located in India – Ferozepur and Zira tehsils of Ferozepur district
b. Blocking of water supply in 1948, IBRD’s intervention in 1952 and final treaty in 1960
8. The issue of princely states
a. Kashmir (made possible due to the unfair division of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur district)
b. Hyderabad (Deccan)
c. Rajput states – Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Udaipur etc.
d. Junagadh and Manavadar
e. Mangrol, Sardargarh and Bantva
9. Strong personality of Quaid – left a vacuum after his death, did not allow the ML to develop properly
10. Delay in constitution making
11. Separatist/divisive factors and tendencies
a. Language issue
b. Ethnic loyalties and provincialism

Jinnah’s Role as the Governor General

1. Dealing with the early problems – setting up of a fund for refugees for example
2. Dealt with Lord Mountbatten’s envy though that was to affect the course of history
3. Became the Chief Executive of Balochistan due to absence of political reforms and assembly
4. Gave the concept of a Pakistani state:
a. Not a theocracy
b. Sovereign state – chose to be the Governor General himself rather than allowing Mountbatten
c. Warned against provincialism
d. Chose Urdu as the national language – Curzon Hall speech
e. Identified industrialization as the road to success – started off by Liaqat Ali Khan (PIDCs)
f. Set up the State Bank as Pakistan’s central bank
g. Stressed on the apolitical role of the civil service
h. Launched Operation Curzon to demilitarize the tribal regions
i. Focused on developing friendly relations with all countries
j. Wanted to make Pakistan important in the Muslim world
i. Palestinian cause
ii. Support for Indonesia’s independence
5. Moved to Ziarat in June 1948
6. Died on 11 September 1948 in Karachi