Carlos P. Garcia (1896-1971) was the fourth president of the Republic of the Philippines.

He
was born in Talibon, Bohol, on November 4, 1896. He took law courses at Silliman University in
1918-1919 and graduated with a law degree from the Philippine Law School.
He was noted for the enunciation of the Filipino First Policy, intended to complete and guarantee
Philippine economic independence and sovereignty.
The policy of Garcia, was a response to the impact of free trade and American economic
dominance in the Philippines for years following the World War II. It is meant to assert greater
Filipino role over the country's economy if not to gain control of it by promoting "Filipino
business establishment".

The Filipino First policy may also refer to a set of provisions found in the 1987 Constitution of
the Philippines which gives Filipinos preferential treatment in the national economy over
foreigners

https://biography.yourdictionary.com/carlos-p-garcia

Diosdado P. Macapagal (1910-1997) was the fifth president of the Republic of the Philippines.
He was born on Sept. 28, 1910. In 1929 he entered the University of the Philippines, where he
received an associate in arts degree in 1932. Meanwhile he worked part time with the Bureau of
Lands.
He was instrumental in initiating and executing the Land Reform Code, which was designed to
solve the centuries-old land tenancy problem, the principal cause of the Communist guerrilla
movement in central Luzon.
Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the Philippine economy. He
introduced the country's first land reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange
market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls. Many of his reforms, however,
were crippled by a Congress dominated by the rival Nacionalista Party. He is also known for
shifting the country's observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, commemorating
the day President Emilio Aguinaldo unilaterally declared the independence of the First Philippine
Republic from the Spanish Empire in 1898. He stood for re-election in 1965, and was defeated
by Ferdinand Marcos, who subsequently ruled for 21 years.
https://biography.yourdictionary.com/diosdado-p-macapagal
Ferdinand E. Marcos was born on September 11, 1917 in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte.  His parents,
Mariano Marcos and Josefa Edralin, were both teachers.

 1935, Assemblyman Julio Nalundasan, a political rival of his father, was shot dead. 
Suspicion for the crime fell on the Marcose’s.  Ferdinand Marcos who was arrested on a charge
of conspiracy to murder, was tried, and found guilty in 1939.  He argued his case on appeal to the
Supreme Court, luckily winning an acquittal a year later.

In the summer of 1939 he received his bachelor’s degree, cum laude from the U.P. College
of Law.  The case prevented him from attending several weeks of classes.  He reviewed for the
bar examinations while in prison.  He bailed himself out in order to take the examination, where
he emerged top notcher in November of the same year.  He became trial lawyer in Manila.

During World War II, he served as an officer in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

As a lawyer and a master politician, Marcos led a most interesting and controversial political
career both before and after his term as Senate President.  He became Senator after he served as
member of the House of Representatives for three terms, then later as Minority Floor Leader
before gaining the Senate Presidency.  He is one of the legislators who had established a record
for having introduced a number of significant bills, many of which found their way into the
Republic statute books.

He was elected President of the Philippines in 1965 and was re-elected in 1969.  On September
21, 1972, Marcos imposed martial law and he stayed in power until 1986, after the historic four-
day “People Power ” revolution at EDSA.

President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972, placing
the Philippines under Martial Law. Some sources say that Marcos signed the proclamation on
September 17 or on September 22—but, in either case, the document itself was dated September
21.

Martial law involves the temporary substitution of military authority for civilian rule and is
usually invoked in time of war, rebellion, or natural disaster.
When martial law is in effect, the military commander of an area or country has unlimited
authority to make and enforce laws. Martial law is justified when civilian authority has ceased to
function, is completely absent, or has become ineffective. Furthermore, martial law suspends all
existing laws, as well as civil authority and the ordinary administration of justice. In the United
States, martial law may be declared by proclamation of the President or a State governor, but
such a formal proclamation is not necessary. Although the U.S. Constitution makes no specific
provision for the imposition of martial law, nearly every State has a constitutional provision
authorizing the government to impose martial law. The power of martial law, once held to be
nearly absolute, has limitations; for example, civilians may not be tried by military tribunals as
long as civilian courts are functional. Nonetheless, within the bounds of court decisions, a
military commander's authority under martial law is virtually unlimited. Although a climate of
mutual aid has always existed between the military and civilian law enforcement and should
continue to exist, Department of Defense personnel are limited in what they can do to enforce
civil law. Military personnel cannot be used in surveillance or undercover operations, and they
may not be used as informants, investigators, or interrogators unless the investigation is a joint
military-civilian operation in which the military has an interest in the case's outcome.

Among the achievements of President Marcos during his term were the following:
1. Stabilization of government finance by means of more effective collection of taxes,
imposing new tax laws, and getting loans from foreign banks and governments.
2. Greater production of rice by promoting the cultivation of “ miracle rice” and other fast
growing rice seeds, the construction of more irrigation systems, and giving financial and
technical assistance to the farmers.
3. Building of more roads and bridges, hospitals and health centres, schoolhouses, and other
public works. The Philippine National Railways was also improved to foster land
transportation.
4. Intensive drive against smuggling, crime syndicates, and the communist new People’s
army.
5. Holding of the manila summit conference on October 24- 25 1966, attended by the head
of state of Australia, South Korea, New Zealand, Philippines, South Vietnam, Thailand,
and United states.

Gregorio F. Zaide- History of the Republic of the Philippines- 1983