ASSESSMENT OF THE DISASTER PREPARENESS OF BARANGAY

GOVENRMENTS IN PANABO CITY

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
Institute of Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Good Governance
Davao del Norte State College

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree

Bachelor of Public Administration

RHEA MAE S. CAMINO

ROSE ANN MONTAÑO
ARJAN JAY L. OMAPAS II

JANUARY 2023
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Nobody can predict when a disaster like an earthquake, fire, or flood will occur

exactly (Corpuz, 2019). As disasters can strike without warning, the importance of being

ready should never be ignored. Accordingly, “The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management (PDRRM) Act of 2010” emphasized pre-disaster activities to avert or

minimize loss of life and property such as, but not limited to, community organizing,

training, planning, equipping, stockpiling, hazard mapping, insuring of assets, and public

information and education initiatives (RA 10121, 2010). However, the majority of

Filipinos believe they are “not fully prepared" for disaster. According to a recent Harvard

Humanitarian Initiative study, only 36% of Filipino households reported “feeling fully

prepared for disasters” (Balinbin, 2019). This implies that there is inadequacy in terms of

disaster preparedness offered to the public.

Regarding population exposure and hazard vulnerability, the Philippines is the

highest disaster risk worldwide, with a recorded WRI of 46.82 (World Risk Index, 2022).

Thus, it is difficult for countries, especially developing countries, to minimize its effects.

Events like earthquakes, floods, and other disasters lose dollars' worth in the economy,

and even injuries and fatalities on a global scale (Adewale, 2012). In human

development, disasters have a colossal impact on the growth of the global economy, and

catastrophes often hinder social progress (Kreimer, 2001; Matunhay et al., 2019). Plans,
funds, multi-hazard early warning systems, and other preparedness needed when disaster

comes should be incorporated by a barangay to respond and efficiently give immediate

rehabilitation and recovery. The reason is that, in the past, it has made the least-effective

attempts at rehabilitation and recovery as the country's rehabilitation and recovery have

always lagged (Office of Civil Defense [OCD] 2020).

Moreover, this study is anchored by relevant theories, including Abraham

Maslow's of human motivation, which is the hierarchy of needs that developed in 1943.

The national policy supporting this study is RA 10121, also known as the "Philippine

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010". In addition, the global

framework of the united nation introduced by the sustainable development goals in 2015,

Goal 13.

However, the researchers have not across any study conducted concentrating on

assessing the disaster preparedness of barangay governments, particularly in Panabo City,

where disasters are also prevalent in those barangays. This study needs to be conducted to

determine the resources and funding the barangays will need in the event of a disaster and

whether they still need to improve. The absence of studies specifically related to

assessing disaster preparedness in the barangay governments of Panabo City highlights

how important and vital it is to conduct this research. Therefore, there is an urgent need

to address this issue, which engages people in guaranteeing their safety and well-being. If

this is not addressed, it may be difficult for the barangay to recover from the upcoming

calamity. For this reason, the researchers want to assess the barangay governments of
Panabo to determine if there is a shortage of resources and what they still need to

generate so that they can respond appropriately in the event of a natural disaster.

Furthermore, behind his study is if the barangay governments were equipped

with the capacity to prepare for upcoming disasters that will strike their barangay. The

results of this study will provide information regarding the state of disaster preparedness

in the barangay governments of Panabo City. By implementing the appropriate programs,

interventions, and policies that would benefit the general population, this study will

greatly help resolve the difficulties that the barangay government faces in the context of

disaster preparedness. As a result, this study will aid barangay governments in further

assessing their respective barangay.

Research Objective

This paper aimed to assess the disaster preparedness of barangay governments in

Panabo City. Specifically, it attempted:

1. To describe the profile of barangay governments in terms of;

1.1 IRA

1.2 Population

1.3 Annual budget

1.4 Classification

1.5 Land area

2. To assess the status of disaster preparedness of barangay governments of

Panabo City in terms of:

 2.1 Organizational requisites

2.2 Risk assessment and early warning

2.3 Public information and education initiatives

2.4 Preparedness for effective response and early recovery

3. To create an action plan for city disaster preparedness.

Theoretical Framework

The researcher wanted to assess the disaster preparedness of the barangay

governments of Panabo City. To have a clear understanding, this research is anchored on

the following credible authorities:

This study is anchored on Abraham Maslow's theory. According to Abraham

Maslow's theory, the hierarchy of human needs, which includes needs for food, clothes,

and shelter, starts at the most fundamental physiological level. This implies the essence

of self-preservation in terms of maintaining one's physical well-being and existence in the

face of environmental forces from the outside, such as hazards and—more significantly

for this study—disasters.

The concept is also supported by the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management (PDRRM) Act, also known as Republic Act 10121. This law emphasizes

the goals and objectives, which are to increase the nation's and vulnerable communities'

resilience to natural disasters and to lessen the damage caused by disasters, as well as the

number of lives lost and the amount of property destroyed. Specifically, Republic Act

No. 10121 mandates the formulation of plans and policies in addition to the
implementation of measures concerning all aspects of disaster risk reduction and

management (DRRM), as well as the risk assessment, good governance, early warning,

and knowledge building, and awareness-raising, as well as the reduction of underlying

risk factors and the readiness for effective response and early recovery.

Further supporting the study is the concept of Sustainable Development Goals

and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 13.1 indicators. It says

local governments should adopt and implement disaster risk reduction strategies in line

with national disaster risk reduction strategies. To strengthen the resilience and adoption

capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters. This will determine the capacity

of the said barangay and whether they are in line with the national government's disaster

strategies.
Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 illustrates the Input- Process- Output model. The first box contains the

Input process wherein consists of the following: Barangay Governments of Panabo City

and types of dimensions

INPUT

 Barangay
governments of
PROCESS
Panabo City

 Types of OUTPUT
 Data
Dimensions:
Gathering
- Organizational
requisites Action Plan
 Survey
- Risk
questionnaire
assessment and
- Checklist
Early Warning
- Public
information  Descriptive
and education statistics
initiatives
- Preparedness
for effective
response and
early recovery.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

 Organizational requisites. It refers to the information on whether the barangay has

organized a barangay disaster risk reduction and management council and barangay

disaster risk reduction and management plan (BRRRM Plan) and funding.

Risk Assessment and Early Warning. It refers to locating potential threats to an

organization’s capacity to conduct its business (Cole, 2021). These assessments assist in

identifying these risks and offer steps, procedures, and controls to lessen their adverse

effects on daily operations. Early Warning System is the set of capacities needed to

generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable

individuals, communities, and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and act

appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss (Republic

Act No. 10121 | GOVPH, 2010).

Public information and education initiatives. It refers to the related disaster

information in the barangay in the form of posters, flyers, newsletters, pamphlets, geo-

hazard maps, and the like for each type of hazard that may arise in the barangay.

Essential information on floods, landslides, earthquake, tsunamis, and other types of

natural calamities are disseminated to enhance people's awareness of disaster

preparedness. Education, therefore, has a vital role to play in preparing communities and

building disaster-resilient societies and safe lives (Education for disaster preparedness,

n.d.).

Preparedness for effective response and early recovery. This intends to determine

the barangay's readiness immediately prior to the onset of a calamity. This consists of a
barangay operation center, evacuation center, and barangay emergency response teams.

Preparedness efforts, early warning systems, and communication systems will help

ensure that cities, communities, and individuals threatened by natural or other hazards

can act in sufficient time and appropriately to reduce injury, loss of life, and damage to

property and fragile environments (UNDRR, 2019).

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will benefit the following:

Government. They will benefit from the study results since it will show them how

to enhance disaster preparedness, particularly in the context of the barangay. It will serve

as their basis to recognize which aspects should be emphasized for improvements and

changes to enhance the barangay's performance during a disaster.

Barangay Government. This study can be utilized by the barangay as a guide on

which aspects of disaster preparedness should be emphasized for improvements and

changes. It will serve as the basis for developing a program of action and ordinances to

improve their performance in disaster.

Public. This study will benefit the public since this will give them knowledge about

the disaster preparedness. This study can also improve the safety of the residents upon the

legal action of the barangay officers in response to the result of the study.

Future Researchers. They can use this study as their guide in conducting research

studies related to disaster preparedness in the context of barangay. This paper can be an
instrument that gives ideas, information, and strategies for disaster preparedness. This

would also act as a cross-reference for them, providing them with context information on

the disaster preparedness of barangay governments of Panabo City.

Scope and Delimitation

This study entitled “Assessment of the Disaster Preparedness of Barangay

Governments in Panabo City” only circulates on the barangay governments. The primary

subject of this research study consisted of barangay captains in Panabo City. The research

data will be based on a survey questionnaire responded to by 40 barangay captains in

Panabo City.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were hereby defined operationally for the study:

Assessment. Refers to the process of evaluating the ability of the barangay

governments to prepare for disasters.

Barangay Governments. Refers to the smallest political unit mandated to

develop programs and implement government policies for the betterment of the

community when the disaster comes

Disaster. A devastating event that can affect people’s lives damages the

properties and the environment.

Disaster Preparedness. The capacity to respond and the knowledge to properly

deal with emergencies can reduce the impact of the disaster.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Disaster Preparedness

To improve individual and collective disaster preparedness, it is also necessary to

continuously use available resources. Preparation, vulnerabilities, and resilience are all

closely related ideas, as adequate preparation reduces the effects of a hazard and

enhances people's ability to deal with and overcome from harmful impacts of a hazard

(Madzivhandila, 2018). A person understands the emergence of a disaster, evacuation,

and disaster preparedness acts. It is necessary to understand how and what to do in a

disaster. When a crisis strikes, it would be prepared to meet the people's basic needs by

collecting and supplying special healthcare needs by keeping an oxygen supply,

medicines, and power generators for living. (Blaikie, 2014)

Planning, preparing, training, participating, evaluating, and enhancing exercises

are part of the continuous cycle of preparedness. This provides effective coordination and

the enhancement of capacities for preventing, protecting against, and mitigating the

effects of environmental disasters, terrorist attacks, and other personal disasters (Kruger,

2017). The preceding points highlight the necessity of increasing disaster preparedness,

especially in more vulnerable developing countries like the Philippines, where

compounding factors magnify the impacts of disasters (Domingo & Manejar, 2018).
 Barangays, the simplest form in a community, are the most vulnerable to dangers

and disaster. Preparedness is critical to reducing the effect of hazards on society's global,

regional, local community, and individual responsibility (Das, 2018). Historically,

disaster preparedness campaigns have concentrated on preparing people by fostering

personal and family preparedness practices. Communication efforts have emphasized the

significance of having essential supply kits, creating a disaster preparedness plan, and

being aware of local risks. Preparedness study has focused on social and cultural factors

that could also assist a community's ability to adapt from or recover from calamities

(Adams, 2019). 

Furthermore, the law requires a creation at the local level. Every province, city,

and municipality shall have a Local Disaster Risk and Reduction Management Office, as

well as a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC),

which is in charge of planning the direction, enhancement, and implementation of

emergency management programs under their jurisdiction (Lobaton, 2018). As a result of

the Philippines' position at the top of the World Disaster Risk Index 2022, the

Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), under the leadership of

Secretary Benjamin Abalos, has pledged to step up its efforts to improve barangays'

readiness to respond to natural disasters and other types of emergencies, to reduce the

number of deaths and damage to property (Caliwan, 2022). The Federal Emergency

Management Agency (2013) stated that International development and high urbanization

density significantly expand the number of vulnerable people

Organizational Requisite

Participatory disaster risk reduction (DRR) has been promoted to integrate the

views of multiple actors and stakeholders and involve people in the decisions that affect

their lives. Since 1974, several national policies in the Philippines have been encouraging

the involvement of Filipino youth in DRR initiatives in their communities (Fernandez

&Shaw, 2013). Through implementation and debate, these experiences both triggered and

coincided with deep reflections on the part of multilateral and bilateral agencies,

governments, international NGOs, civil society, and scholars over their priorities and

approaches to vulnerability reduction, short-term relief and temporary shelter phases, and

post-disaster reconstruction (Lyson, Schilderman, &Boano, 2010).

Several studies have examined organizations, their functions, and their systems,

which led to organization theories. Őnday (2016) and Yang et al. (2013) cited Zhu (1999)

and defined organization theory as "knowledge systems which study and explain the

organizational structure, function and operation and organizational group behavior and

individual behavior ."This implies that organizational effectiveness is based on

quantifiable activities/outcomes due to the BDRRMC's observance and implementation

of policies.

The locals possess inherent knowledge, skills, and attitude, which they use to

prepare for, prevent and mitigate, and recover from disasters (Molina, 2016). Each

barangay created its hazard map featuring the dangerous and safe areas for typhoons,
landslides, and tsunamis (Hewitt, 2012). Healthcare uses the hospital incident command

system (HICS) that establishes a standardized framework for command, communication,

and coordination (Iserson, 2019).

The Participatory Capacity and Vulnerability Assessment (PCVA) was conducted

in the communities with the involvement of the Barangay Council, Barangay Health

Workers, Barangay Tanod (police), teachers, volunteers, women, youth, elderly and

indigenous people (ASCEND, 2011). They became the basis for crafting their

contingency plans, where hazard-specific early warning systems, evacuation plans, and

communication protocols are incorporated. Along with the PCVA, the barangay was also

able to organize its disaster risk management committee, which is currently referred to as

the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC)

(Mercer, 2012).

Additionally, the organization is the lead body in the barangay that handles

disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation issues and concerns. Using the

results of the PCVA, contingency planning was carried out to determine priority actions

to be taken by key stakeholders for specific hazards (Molina, 2012). In the R.A. 10121

Orientation Seminar conducted by the Office of Civil Defense, it was presented that the

Philippines' location along the Pacific Typhoon Belt made it prone to typhoons or

hydrometeorological hazards. Based on the 2002 to 2012 National Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) data, the country experiences an

average of twenty (20) typhoons a year, and 50% have damaging effects on lives and

properties.
 Barangays attained the maximum points on capacity development activities

showing that the barangays need to prioritize and appropriate more funds for training and

skills development for efficient disaster management and service delivery to the

community (Cuya-Antonio, 2017). Since disaster is unpredictable, the barangay should

always have planned such as a drrm plan, contingency plans, evacuation plans, and

recovery plans to respond to any disaster appropriately. The barangay should also

encourage people's participation to implement the policies on DRRM effectively.

Risk Assessment and Early Warning

Risk assessment is a mature discipline. The structured performance of a risk

assessment guides analysts to identify possible hazards/threats, analyze their causes and

consequences, and describe risk, typically quantitatively and with a proper representation

of uncertainties (Zio, 2018). Risk assessment estimates the probability that an event will

occur and the probable magnitude of its adverse effects economic, health/safety-related,

or ecological over a specified period. This chapter will cover the risk assessment for

environmental applications (Gerba, 2019). A risk assessment must evolve to address

existing and future challenges and consider the new systems and innovations that have

already arrived in our lives and are coming ahead. A disaster plan's primary purpose is

protecting life, health, and institutional assets and enabling an effective and efficient

return to normal operations (Swearengen et al., 2010).

Training can shape contingency plans to account for particular personalities.

Training can empower personnel to feel competent to step into leadership voids. Too
many training programs look for responses guided by standard operating procedures with

predetermined 'correct' answers (Pullium, Roble, &Raymond, 2014).

However, the concentration of instrumentation and resources in the cores may

render them highly vulnerable to damage from severe weather and other disasters. As

such, the protection of these assets and the ability to recover from a disaster is

increasingly critical to the mission and success of the institution (Mische &Wilkerson,

2016). The thematic area is about community preparation and participation. Moreover,

the participatory approach is the best way to make the community realize its vulnerability

(Rahman &Hashi, 2015). In China, flash floods are characterized by widespread

distribution, large quantities, high burstiness, and destructiveness attributed to complex

geographic and geomorphic conditions and various climate types. In addition, the

forecasting and warning of flash floods in China face various challenges because of the

large small-scale catchments in mountainous areas with steep topographic slopes, which

are easily affected by the microclimate and local climate (Kim & Choi, 2015).

According to the Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

(2013), 'early' signifies prior to the arrival of a hazard or threat while there is still time to

reduce the potential harm or loss or prevent a disaster. Community-based flood early

warning systems have been documented and implemented in Asia (Gautum &

Phaiju, 2013; Lassa & Sagala, 2013).

Clark et al. (2014) established the benchmark skill of the operational flash flood

guidance (FFG) product used by NWS to forecast, monitor, and warn the public about
dangerous flash flooding events. Zeng et al. (2016) developed a Cascading Flash Flood

Guidance system, progressively from the Flash Flood Potential Index, the Flash Flood

Hazard Index, to the Flash Flood Risk Index.

Real-time dynamic warning systems can be applied to the early-warning platform

at four levels (central, provincial, municipal, and county) (Liu et al., 2018). Over the past

decade, worldwide developments have been made to improve flash flood forecasts,

including remotely sensed data, flow forecast models and methods, and forecast

uncertainty estimates (Hapuarachchi et al., 2011). Gourley et al. (2013) announced an

assembled database on flash floods for the entire USA, which is available in multiple

standard formats to a wide range of users.

Public Information and Education Initiatives

According to the NDRRMF, resources invested in the four thematic areas must

prioritize disaster prevention and mitigation, disaster preparedness, and climate change

adaptation to attain its goal and objectives more effectively. All of these were cascaded

from the national government to the barangay, the smallest political unit in the

archipelago; and the nearest to the people in the localities serving as the primary planning

and implementing unit of government programs, projects, and activities (Gabriel

&Manuzon, 2016).

Social media offers a participatory and collaborative structure and collective

knowledge-building capacity for public information and warning approaches. Zang et al.
(2019) created intelligent public information and warning in disasters based on social

media, which has three functions: (1) efficiently and effectively acquiring disaster

situational awareness information, (2) supporting self-organized peer-to-peer help

activities, and (3) enabling the disaster management agencies to hear from the public.

Communication of timely and reliable information, such as situational awareness and

protective and preventative measures, in the face of devastating natural disasters can

mean the difference between the life or death of disaster victims (Shklovski, Burke,

Kiesler, & Kraut, 2010). Public information and warning deliver "coordinated, prompt,

reliable, and actionable information to the whole community through clear, consistent,

accessible, and culturally and linguistically.

This section presents the state-of-the-art techniques for retrieving and analyzing

information content of social media posts for evaluating communities’ information

sharing in disasters (Castillo, 2016). This paper defines the vision of intelligent public

information and warning in disasters, then identifies three functions of this vision.

Emergency management organizations and agencies have widely adopted social media to

disseminate emergency messages to the public (Ma &Yates, 2017).

However, the traditional one-to-all post-and-wait practice must better serve this

purpose in complex and dynamic environments in disasters and extreme events

(Panagiotopoulos et al., 2016). For emergency managers, these observations create

actionable intelligence that can be used for pre-planning or during staging, response, and

recovery activities to help inform and influence impacted populations (Murthy &Gross,

2017). It explored the contribution of geography education in strengthening students'

response and preparedness to the occurrence of natural disasters and natural hazards

(Kamil et al., 2020).

Hamlin and Flessa (2018) stated that educational policies have increasingly

promoted parental involvement as a mechanism for improving student outcomes. The

willingness depends on the level of information and knowledge, especially when dealing

with unknown threats (Guillon &Kergall, 2020). Adequate knowledge about incidents,

their etiology, and the available management options enables a recognition of the threats

and acceptance of necessary strategies during public health emergencies.

Disasters, conversely, are events that might not be controlled, causing

considerable damage or loss of life (Spence, 2017). The change in the disaster

management paradigm from reactive to proactive necessitates tremendous respect for the

social dimensions of disasters and an awareness of the underlying community resilience,

appreciation, and recognition, as well as strengthening of the local communities' capacity

and the social and individual resiliency process they initiate and experience before and

during major incidents or disaster (MID) (Khommar-Manesh, 2020).

Students, especially in school when a disaster occurs, are more likely to suffer

damage than the general population (Tipler et al., 2017). Concerns are rising as schools

lack adequate emergency planning to prepare students for disasters, and as a result,

students suffer physically, emotionally, and behaviorally (Kruger et al., 2018).

Preparedness for Effective Response and Early Recovery

 Preparedness efforts include improving the effectiveness of emergency response

by developing a preparedness plan in strategic, operational, and tactical tiers, early

warning systems, and public training for disaster risks and responses (H & Zhang, 2016).

FEMA (2014) provides a platform to guide the public and private sectors in preparing for

and recovering from disasters. The mitigation and preparedness for disasters are studied

in social, political, and legal contexts, such as improving the national preparedness for

citizens by integrating community/individual behaviors for disaster preparedness

(Campasano, 2010) and the derivation of preparedness measurement (Messias,

Barrington, & Lacy, 2012).

The school community can carry out many initiatives, directly or indirectly,

contributing to strengthening disaster preparedness capacity. As a social subsystem

inseparable from society, schools have the potential to act as the main actors in building

community response and preparedness towards disasters through education (Kamil,

Utaya, Utomo, 2020).  Despite the increasing volume of planning literature addressing

post-disaster recovery and the valuable association between planners and emergency

management experts in industrialized societies connecting the humanitarian response

with local planning in urban disaster settings is overlooked in the international

humanitarian response system (Koshy et al., 2022). 

However, existing preparedness assessments focus primarily on public health

systems or specific legislative frameworks and only measure other essential capacities

that enable and support public health preparedness and response (Oppenheim, 2019).

Knowledge into the humanitarian response capacity through incorporating well-informed,

effective, and context-specific planning procedures from which the humanitarian

response can draw upon the learning from both the formal and informal decision-making

processes, from the engagement of a broad range of local, national, and international

stakeholders and the learning from local knowledge (Tag-Elden, 2017). 

Early Recovery is both an approach to humanitarian response which, through

enhanced coordination, focuses on strengthening resilience, re-building or strengthening

capacity, and contributing to solving rather than exacerbating long-standing problems

that have contributed to a crisis; and also a set of specific programmatic actions to help

people to move from dependence on humanitarian relief towards development (Early

Recovery | HumanitarianResponse, n.d.-b). Developed countries are more cautious about

their students' welfare than underdeveloped countries (Amri et al., 2017).

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused considerable damage to various industries

worldwide. Availability and supply of a wide range of raw materials, intermediate goods,

and finished products have been seriously disrupted (WHO, 2020). Using a critical

reading and a causal analysis of facts and figures, this article aims to investigate the

COVID-19 impacts on the effectiveness and responsiveness of GSCs and to propose a set

of managerial insights to mitigate their risks and enhance their resilience in various

industrial sectors. The situation would have been much worse if the pandemic had been

completely unmitigated (Ali &Alharbi, 2020).

Visibility and the effective response to disruptions are among the most discussed

supply chain resilience metrics (Kumar &Anbanandam, 2020). The first one is the
requirement to understand the critical vulnerabilities of a GSC and to monitor potential

disruptive risks in real time. Supply chain vulnerability often occurs across five

dimensions: planning and supplier network, transportation and logistics, financial

resiliency, product complexity, and organizational maturity (Alicke, Azcue & Barriball,

2020).
 Chapter III

METHOD

This chapter of the will present the methods and procedures that used in

conducting this study. It compromises research design, research locale, population and

sample, research instrument, data collection, statistical tools, and ethical consideration.

Research Design

The researcher utilized a quantitative descriptive research, a non-experimental

research design, even if the variables being examined are not being altered by the

researcher, the variables are being assessed in numerical terms. In a descriptive study, a

context, sample, or variable is examined, observed, and described in its natural setting

with no intervention from the researcher (Östlund, 2015).

The descriptive research design correctly and methodically characterizes,

observes, or validates elements of groups that have been quantified, such as the

connection between variables, in their original condition (Siedlecki, 2020).

Research Locale

Figure 2 shows the geographic map of the Philippines, highlighting the City of

Panabo, in the province of Davao del Norte, where researchers conduct their study. In the

Davao del Norte province, Panabo is a coastline city.

Figure 2. Geographical Map of the Philippines

highlighting the City of Panabo, Davao del Norte

 The study conducted at City of Panabo known as the 3 rd class city among Davao

del Norte Province. Panabo City has a forty (40) Barangay where the researchers conduct

their study about Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (BDRRM

Plan). The city makes up 7.34% of Davao del Norte's overall area with a land area of

251.23 square kilometers, or 97.00 square miles. 209,230 people were living there as of

the 2020 Census (Panabo City, Davao Del Norte Profile – PhilAtlas, 1990).

Population and Sample

The target respondents of this study were the barangay captains of Panabo City.

They used complete enumeration approaches, which deliberately pick participants based

on personal traits. Complete enumeration, according to Gautam (2021), involves

examining the entire population or all units. An enumeration is a study of every

component, be it individual or collective, within a population. A complete enumeration,

or complete count, is what is meant by the term (Statistical Language - Census and

Sample, n.d.). There were forty (40) participants chosen to answer the prepared

questionnaire, which are the barangay captains in Panabo City.

Research Instrument

The research would use quantitative research using complete enumeration

sampling with the use of adopted questionnaire from Marieta Alejo (2019) entitles “Brgy.

Disaster Preparedness Survey”. To determine the Disaster Preparedness of Barangay

Governments in Panabo City in terms of disaster. The survey questionnaire has four (4)

indicators: (1) Organizational Requisite, (2) Risk Assessment and Early Warning,
(3Public Information and Education Initiatives, and lastly (4) Preparedness for Effective

Response and Early Recovery.

The questionnaire was structured in such a way that respondents were able to

answer easily. The first indicator contains five (5) statements, second contains seven (7)

statements, third contains four (4) statements, and last indicator contains sixteenth (16)

statements, with a total of thirty-two (32) item statements.

Data Collection

In gathering the data, the researcher must immediately ask permission first from

the barangay captains of the various organizations to conduct the study through a survey

questionnaire. The chosen participants can only answer the questionnaire provided. A

permission form must also be included before administering the survey questionnaire to

ensure that the participants have the right to know the purpose of the study. In order to

minimize potential risk to both individuals, the researchers conducted face-to-face

interviews at a 1-meter distance by making physical contact with the respondents. Even

though we are now in a new normal, the researcher always keeps everyone's safety in

mind. The researcher put all of their energy into collecting data from the survey

questionnaire in order to examine the questions based on the questionnaire.

Statistical Tool
 The data collected were statistically treated with the use of descriptive statistics.

To provide additional meaning and relevance to the data gathered, the following

statistical tool were used in the study.

Descriptive Statistics. To convey as much information as feasible in the simplest

way possible, descriptive statistics are used to summarize a set of observations. The type

of information known as descriptive statistics is used to briefly summarize the mean and

standard deviation, two of the most fundamental characteristics of the data in a research

(Mishra, 2019).

Ethical Consideration

In order to make the study valid and reliable for its intended use in the context of

the pandemic, the researchers made sure that the following things were true. The

researchers strictly adhered to health and safety protocols provided by the government to

ensure safety between the researchers and the respondents. The researchers made a clear

introduction to participants about the study, researchers’ intention to respondents was

clearly explained the stated objective of continuing the purposely planned research. As a

result, the researcher gave the responders the assurance that their identities would be kept

anonymous. Hopefully, the respondents participate our study.

 References:
Adams, R. M., Eisenman, D. P., & Glik, D. (2019). Community advantage and individual self-

efficacy promote disaster preparedness. International journal of environmental research

and public health, 16(15), 2779.

Ali, I., & Alharbi, O. M. (2020). COVID-19: Disease, management, treatment, and social

impact. Science of the total Environment, 728, 138861.

Alicke, K., Azcue, X., & Barriball, E. (2020). " Supply-chain recovery in coronavirus times-plan

for now and the future", McKinsey and Company, 18 March 2020.

A. M. ADEWALE, "The effects of parental socio-economic status on academic performance of

students in selected schools in Edu Lga of Kwara State Nigeria.," International journal of

academic research in Business and social sciences, p. 230, 2012.

Amri, A., Bird, D., Ronan, K., Haynes, K., & Towers, B. (2017). Disaster risk reduction

education in Indonesia: challenges and recommendations for scaling up.

Baker, C. (2017). Quantitative research designs: Experimental, quasi-experimental, and

descriptive. Evidence-based practice: An integrative approach to research,

administration, and practice, 155-183.

Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., & Wisner, B. (2014). At risk: natural hazards, people's

vulnerability and disasters. Routledge.

Caliwan, C.L (2022), DILG to further boost barangays’ disaster preparedness.

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1186897
Campasano, N. (2010). Community preparedness: Creating a model for change. NAVAL

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY

AFFAIRS.

Castillo, C. (2016). Big crisis data: social media in disasters and time-critical situations.

Cambridge University Press.

Clark RA, Gourley JJ, Flamig ZL, Hong Y, Clark E (2014) CONUS-Wide evaluation of national

weather service flash flood guidance products. Weather Forecast 29(2):377–392

Cole, B. (2021, October 12). Risk assessment. Security.

https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/risk-assessment

Corporate Finance Institute. (2023d, March 13). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/management/maslows-hierarchy-of-

needs/

Corpuz, A. C. (2019). Disaster Risk Management Practices and Readiness for Disasters

among Selected Schools in Biñan, Laguna, Philippines. International Journal of

Humanities and Social Science. https://doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v9n3p9

Cuya-Antonio, O. C. (2017). Effectiveness of the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Committees (BDRRMCs) in Flood-Prone Barangays in Cabanatuan City,

Philippines. Open Access Library Journal, 4(07), 1.

Domingo, S. and Manejar A.J (2018). Disaster Preparedness and Local Governance in the

Philippines. DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2018-52.

https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1852.pdf
Education for disaster preparedness. (n.d.). UNESCO Multimedia Archives.

https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-2795

Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2013). Personal preparedness in America: Findings

from the 2012 FEMA national survey.

Fernandez, G., & Shaw, R. (2013). Youth Council participation in disaster risk reduction in

Infanta and Makati, Philippines: A policy review. International Journal of Disaster Risk

Science, 4, 126-136.

Gabriel, A.G. and Manuzon, E.D.P. (2016) Management, Decision Making Styles and Training

Preferences of Barangay Officials in Nueva Ecija Philippines. North Asian International

Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2, 93-110.

Gautum D.K. & Phaiju A.G, 2013, ‘Community based approach to flood early warning in West

Rapti River Basin of Nepal’, Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management

IDRM 3(1), 155–169. 

Gerba, C. P. (2019). Risk assessment. In Environmental and pollution science (pp. 541-563).

Academic Press

Gourley et al. (2013) announced an assembled database on flash floods for the entire USA,

which is available in multiple, common formats to a wide range of users. 

Guillon, M., & Kergall, P. (2020). Attitudes and opinions on quarantine and support for a

contact-tracing application in France during the COVID-19 outbreak. Public health, 188,

21-31.

Hamlin, D., & Flessa, J. (2018). Parental involvement initiatives: An analysis. Educational

Policy, 32(5), 697-727.
Hapuarachchi HAP, Wang QJ, Pagano TC (2011) A review of advances in flash flood

forecasting. Hydrol Process 25:2771–2784

He, F., & Zhuang, J. (2016). Balancing pre-disaster preparedness and post-disaster

relief. European Journal of Operational Research, 252(1), 246-256.

Hewitt Kenneth. 2012. Culture Hazard and Disaster. Wisner, Gaillard and Kelman. The

Routledge Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction. New York: Routledge.

Iserson, K. V. (2019). Remote health care at US Antarctic stations: A comparison with standard

emergency medical practice. The Journal of emergency medicine, 56(5), 544-550.

Kamil, P. A., Utaya, S., & Utomo, D. H. (2020). Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective

response on young people through geography education: A case study at school in the

tsunami affected area of Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth

and Environmental Science (Vol. 412, No. 1, p. 012016). IOP Publishing.

Kim ES, Choi HI (2015) A method of flood severity assessment for predicting local flood

hazards in small ungauged catchments. Nat Hazard 78:2017–2033

Khorram-Manesh, A. (2020). Flexible surge capacity–public health, public education, and

disaster management. Health promotion perspectives, 10(3), 175.

Koshy, M., Aranya, R., & Refstie, H. (2022). Handling Compounded Uncertainty in Spatial

Planning and Humanitarian Action in Unexpected Floods in Wayanad, Kerala: Towards a

Contextualised Contingency Planning Approach. Planning Theory & Practice, 1-21.

Kreimer A (2001). Social and economic impacts of natural disasters. International Geology

Review. 2001 May 1;43(5):401–5.

Kruger, J., Brener, N., Leeb, R., Wolkin, A., Avchen, R. N., & Dziuban, E. (2018). School

District Crisis Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plans—United States, 2006, 2012,

and 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(30), 809.

Kruger, J., Hinton, C. F., Sinclair, L. B., & Silverman, B. (2018). Enhancing individual and

community disaster preparedness: Individuals with disabilities and others with access and

functional needs. Disability and health journal, 11(2), 170-173.

Kumar, S., & Anbanandam, R. (2020). Impact of risk management culture on supply chain

resilience: An empirical study from Indian manufacturing industry. Proceedings of the

Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability, 234(2),

246-259.

Lassa J.A. & Sagala S, 2013, ‘Conceptualising an established network of a community based

flood early warning system: Case of Cawang East Tarkata, Jakarta, Indonesia’, IRGSC

Working Paper Series WP No 3, viewed 28 February 2015,

from http://www.irgsc.org/pubs/wp.html

LILYBETH MATUNHAY, JONEL MILAN, CECILIO PAQUEO (2019). Localizing

Disaster Risk Reduction International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. VIII(1), pp. 31-42.,

10.20472/SS.2019.8.1.003

Liu, C., Guo, L., Ye, L., Zhang, S., Zhao, Y., & Song, T. (2018). A review of advances in

China’s flash flood early-warning system. Natural hazards, 92, 619-634.

Lobaton P.I. (2018). DISASTER PREPAREDNESS IN SAGAYT CITY. International Journal

of English and Education.

Lyons, M., Schilderman, T., & Boano, C. (2010). Building Back Better: Delivering people-

centered housing reconstruction at scale. Practical Action, London South Bank

University & International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).

Ma, X., & Yates, J. (2017). Multi-network multi-message social media message dissemination

problem for emergency communication. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 113, 256-

268.

Mercer, Jessica. 2012. Knowledge and Disaster Risk Reduction. Wisner, Gaillard and Kelman.

The Routledge Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction. New York:

Routledge.

Messias, D. K. H., Barrington, C., & Lacy, E. (2012). Latino social network dynamics and the

Hurricane Katrina disaster. Disasters, 36(1), 101-121.

Mische, S., & Wilkerson, A. (2016). Disaster and contingency planning for scientific shared

resource cores. Journal of Biomolecular Techniques: JBT, 27(1), 4.

Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive

statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67.

Molina, J. G. J. (2016). People’s knowledge, people’s defense: Utilizing local practices for

disaster safety and adaptation in Rapu-Rapu, Albay, Philippines. Jurnal Kajian

Wilayah, 3(2), 225-237.

Molina, P., Colomina, I., Victoria, P., Skaloud, J., Kornus, W., Prades, R., & Aguilera, C.

(2012). Drones to the Rescue! (No. ARTICLE).

Murthy, D., & Gross, A. J. (2017). Social media processes in disasters: Implications of emergent

technology use. Social science research, 63, 356-370.

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP), 2011-2028.

Neil, (2019, February 5). Study finds most Filipinos ‘not fully ready for disasters.’

BusinessWorldOnline.

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2019/02/05/2

12677/study-finds-most-filipinos-not-fully-ready-for-disasters/%3famp

Office of Civil Defense. NDRRMC approves Philippine disaster rehabilitation and recovery

planning guide. https://www.ocd.gov.ph/news/592-nddrmc-approves-Philippine-disaster-

rehabilitation-and-recovery-planning-guide.html

Onday, O. (2016) Classical Organization Theory: From Generic Management of Socrates to

Bureaucracy of Weber. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 4,

87-105.

http://www.eajournals.org/

Östlund, A. S., Kristofferzon, M. L., Häggström, E., & Wadensten, B. (2015). Primary care

nurses’ performance in motivational interviewing: a quantitative descriptive study. BMC

Family Practice, 16(1), 1-12.

Oppenheim, B., Gallivan, M., Madhav, N. K., Brown, N., Serhiyenko, V., Wolfe, N. D., &

Ayscue, P. (2019). Assessing global preparedness for the next pandemic: development

and application of an Epidemic Preparedness Index. BMJ global health, 4(1), e001157.

Panagiotopoulos, P., Barnett, J., Bigdeli, A. Z., & Sams, S. (2016). Social media in emergency

management: Twitter as a tool for communicating risks to the public. Technological

Forecasting and Social Change, 111, 86-96.

Pullium, J. K., Roble, G. S., & Raymond, M. A. (2014). Emergency planning: Be

prepared. Nature, 514(7523), 430-430.

Participatory Capacity and Vulnerability Assessment Results under the ASCEND Project (June

2011).

Rahman, K. and Hashi, N.A. (2015) Participatory Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment: A Case

Study on Motijhorna Slum. International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and

Renewable Energy (ICMERE2015), Chittagong, Bangladesh, 26-29 November 2015.

https://www.academia.edu/

R. DAS, "Disaster preparedness for better response: Logistics perspectives," International

Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 31, pp. 156-159, 2018.

Republic Act 10121. “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010”

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/

Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs and methods. Clinical Nurse

Specialist, 34(1), 8-12.

Shklovski, I., Burke, M., Kiesler, S., & Kraut, R. (2010). Technology adoption and use in the

aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(8),

1228-1246.

Spence, N. (2017). The changing landscape of health emergency management. Queens Policy

Review, 8(1), 72-85.

Swearengen, J. R., Vargas, K. J., Tate, M. K., & Linde, N. S. (2010). Disaster preparedness in

biocontainment animal research facilities: developing and implementing an incident

response plan (IRP). ILAR journal, 51(2), 120-126.

Tag-Eldeen, Z. N. (2017). Bridging urban planning knowledge into post-disaster response: Early

Recovery Road Map within the International Humanitarian Cluster System. International

journal of disaster risk reduction, 24, 399-410.

THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development. (n.d.). https://sdgs.un.org/goals

Tipler, K., Tarrant, R., Johnston, D., & Tuffin, K. (2017). Are you ready? Emergency

preparedness in New Zealand schools. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 25,

324-333.

T. S. MADZIVHANDILA, "Disaster Management in South Africa: The Irony Of Fire Fighting

Approach Towards Natural Hazards," in 39th International Academic Conference,

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 2018.

World Health Organization. (2020). Who coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Dashboard: World

Health organization, 2020. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard.

WorldRiskIndex. (2022). WorldRiskReport 2022. Focus: Digitalization

https://weltrisikobericht.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/WorldRiskReport

2022_Online.pdf

Yang, C., Liu, H. and Wang, X. (2013) Organization Theories: From Classical to modern.

Journal of Applied Science, 13, 4470-4476.

Zeng Z, Tang G, Long D, Zeng C, Ma M, Hong Y, Xu H, Xu J (2016) A cascading flash flood

guidance system: development and application in Yunnan Province, China. Nat Hazard

84:2071–2093
Zhang, C., Fan, C., Yao, W., Hu, X., & Mostafavi, A. (2019). Social media for intelligent public

information and warning in disasters: An interdisciplinary review. International Journal

of Information Management, 49, 190-207.

Zhu, G. (1999) Organization Theory: History and Genre. Nanjing University Press, Nanjing.

Zio, E. (2018). The future of risk assessment. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 177, 176-

190.