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LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

EPM412

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CONTENTS
Load Curve

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

 Demand Factor

 Load Factor

 Diversity Factor

 Contribution Factor

 Examples

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LOAD CURVE
Definitions:

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 Demand (P): The load at the receiving terminals averaged
over a specified interval of time (Δt).

 Demand interval (Δt) : It is the period over which the

load is averaged. (15 min, 30 min, 1 h, or even longer.)

 Maximum demand: The maximum demand of an

installation or system is the greatest of all demands which
have occurred during the specified period of time

 Load Curve: shows a demand variations over a certain

time interval (daily , monthly , yearly) 3
LOAD CURVE

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DEMAND FACTOR
 Definition: The ratio of the maximum coincident demand of

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a system, or part of a system, to the total connected load of
the system, or part of the system, under consideration.

Maximum demand
DF =
Total connected demand

Example 1:
 an over sized motor 20 Kw drives a constant 15 Kw load
whenever it is ON. The motor demand factor is then 15/20
=0.75= 75 %.
 Demand Factor is express as a percentage (%) or in a ratio
(less than 1). 5
DEMAND FACTOR
Example 2:

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 A Residence Consumer has 10 No’s Lamp of 400 W but at
the same time It is possible that only 9 No’s of Bulbs are
used at the same time.

 Total Connected load is 10×40=400 W.

 Consumer maximum demand is 9×40=360 W.

 Demand Factor = 360/400 =0.9 or 90%.

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LOAD FACTOR
 Definition: the ratio of the average load over a designated

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period of time to the peak load occurring on that period

 Load Factor is express as a percentage (%) or in a ratio

(less than 1).

Average demand
FLD =
Maximum demand

 Load Factor can be calculated for a single day, for a month

or for a year.

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LOAD FACTOR

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𝑃 𝑃𝑚 𝑃 𝑃𝑚

𝑃𝑎𝑣 𝑃𝑎𝑣

𝑡 𝑡
 A high load factor means power usage is relatively
constant. Low load factor shows that occasionally a high
demand is set.

 Load Factor is a measure of the effective utilization of the

load and distribution equipment, i.e. higher load factor
means better utilization of the transformer, line or cable.
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LOAD FACTOR

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Average demand x T
FLD =
Maximum demand x T

Energy Units served

FLD =
Maximum demand Energy Consumption

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DIVERSITY FACTOR
 Definition: the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum

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demands of the various subdivisions of a system to the
maximum demand of the whole system

Sumof individual maximum demands

FD =
Coincident maximum demand

𝐷𝑔

𝐷1 𝐷2
𝑃

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𝑡
DIVERSITY FACTOR

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𝐷1 + 𝐷2 +. . +𝐷𝑛
FD =
𝐷𝑔

𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖
FD =
𝐷𝑔
Where

 𝐷𝑖 is the maximum demand of load i, disregarding time of

occurrence
 𝐷𝑔 = coincident maximum demand of group of loads

 The diversity factor can be equal to or greater than 1.0.

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DIVERSITY FACTOR
 Diversity factor can be used to size the Transformer or

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main feeder

Example:

One Main Feeder have two Sub feeder (Sub Feeder A and Sub
Feeder B), Sub Feeder-A have demand at a time is 35 KW
and Sub Feeder-B have demands at a time is 42 KW, but the
maximum demand of Main Feeder is 70 KW.

 Total individual Maximum Demand =35+42=77 KW.

 Diversity factor of The System= 77/70 =1.1

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DIVERSITY FACTOR
 Diversity factor can be used to size the Transformer or

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main feeder

Example:

One Main Feeder have two Sub feeder (Sub Feeder A and Sub
Feeder B), Sub Feeder-A have demand at a time is 35 KW
and Sub Feeder-B have demands at a time is 42 KW, but the
maximum demand of Main Feeder is 70 KW.

 Total individual Maximum Demand =35+42=77 KW.

 Diversity factor of The System= 77/70 =1.1

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DIVERSITY FACTOR AND DEMAND FACTOR

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Maximum demand
DF =
Total connected demand

Or Maximum demand = Total connected demand × DF

𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑇𝐶𝐷𝑖 𝑥𝐷𝐹𝑖
FD =
𝐷𝑔

where
𝑇𝐶𝐷𝑖 is the total connected demand of group, or class, i load
𝐷𝐹𝑖 is the demand factor of group, or class, i load

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COINCIDENCE FACTOR
 Definition: the ratio of the maximum coincident total

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demand of a group of consumers to the sum of the
maximum power demands of individual consumers
comprising the group both taken at the same point of
supply for the same time

Coincident maximum demand

Fc =
Sum of individual maximum demands

𝐷𝑔
Fc = 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖

1
Fc =
FD
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COINCIDENCE FACTOR
 Definition: the ratio of the maximum coincident total

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demand of a group of consumers to the sum of the
maximum power demands of individual consumers

Coincident maximum demand

Fc =
Sum of individual maximum demands

𝐷𝑔
Fc = 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖

1
Fc =
FD

 Coincidence Factor is express as a percentage (%) or in a 16

ratio (less than 1).
COINCIDENCE FACTOR

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Consumers Fc

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CONTRIBUTION FACTOR
 Ci is defined as “the contribution factor of the ith load to the

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group maximum demand.”

𝐷𝑔 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝐷1 +𝑐2 𝑥 𝐷2 +..+ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥𝐷𝑛

𝑐1 𝑥 𝐷1 +𝑐2 𝑥 𝐷2 +..+ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥𝐷𝑛

Fc = 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖

𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑥 𝐷𝑖
Fc = 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖

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CONTRIBUTION FACTOR
𝐷𝑔

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𝐷2

𝐷1
𝑃

𝐶2

𝐶1

𝑡 19
CONTRIBUTION FACTOR

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𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑥 𝐷𝑖
Fc = 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖

Case1: 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 𝐷3 = ⋯ = 𝐷𝑛

𝐷 𝑥 𝑛𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖
Fc = =
𝑛𝑥𝐷 𝑛

Case2: 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 = 𝑐3 = ⋯ = 𝑐𝑛

𝑛
𝑐𝑥 𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖
Fc = 𝑛 =𝑐
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖
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LOSS FACTOR
 Definition: the ratio of the average power loss to the peak-

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load power loss during a specified period of time

Average power loss

FLS =
Power loss at peak load

 Loss Factor is applicable for the copper losses of the system

but not for the iron losses.

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LOSS FACTOR
Example:

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Assume that the annual peak load of a primary feeder is 2000
kW, at which the power loss is 80 kW per three phase.
Assuming an annual loss factor of 0.15, determine
 a. The average annual power loss
 b. The total annual energy loss due to the copper losses of
the feeder circuits

Solution
a. Average power loss = power loss at peak load × FLS
= 80 kW × 0.15 = 12 kW
b. The total annual energy loss is
TAELcu = average power loss × 8760 h/year
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= 12 × 8760 = 105,120 kWh