LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DATA BA S E DATA BA S E

At t h e e n d o f t h e l e s s o n , s t u d e n t s s h o u l d b e a b l e t o : Is an organized collection of The word related means that a

Lesson 3 related data about a subject database is normally created to

DATABASE
Discuss what a database is organized in a useful manner that stored the data about a particular
Cite examples of databases allows access, retrieval and use of topic.
Enumerate the components of database data.
Differentiate database approach from file-based approach
It is a collection of related data Is an organized collection of The word efficient means that
organized into many connected list related data that is stored in an the user can search data quickly.
efficient and compact manner.

References: A Fundamental Study of Database Management Systems (3rd Edition),

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition

E X A M P L E S O F DATA B A S E S E X A M P L E S O F DATA B A S E S E X A M P L E S O F DATA B A S E S E X A M P L E S O F DATA B A S E S

TABLES ROWS/RECORD COLUMNS/FIELD

A database typically consists of: Rows are the horizontal
Table is the fundamental Columns are the vertical
part of the table. It is a
object of the database part of the table. For
Tables collection of related fields.
structure. The basic example, all values in the
For example the table in
purpose of a table is to table under First Name
Fields (columns) the right has 14 rows. Each
store data. field make a column
row contains a record of
different persons
Records (rows)

e-RTU User Interface

COMPONENTS OF DBASE ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS OF DBASE ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS OF DBASE ENVIRONMENT

1. Repository. A collection of all data definitions,
data relationships, output styles, report formats.
2. Database Management System. A collection of
programs that are used to create and maintain a
database.
3. Database. A collection of related data 5. User Interface. The point of human-computer
interaction and communication in a device. This
4. Application Program. It is a program to send can include display screens, keyboards, a mouse
commands to the DBMS to manipulate database. and the appearance of a desktop. It is also the
These commands are sent to the DBMS through way through which a user interacts with an
graphical user interface (GUI) application or a website

Source: https://searchapparchitecture.techtarget.com
Google Classroom User Interface
COMPONENTS OF DBASE ENVIRONMENT
6. Data Administrators. Persons who are
responsible of whole information system. They
authorize access to the database as well as
coordinate and monitor the use of database.
DATABASE APPROACH
ADVANTAGES DATABASE APPROACH
4. Data Atomicity. Data atomicity means that
either a transaction should take place as a
whole or it should not take place at all.
5. Data Security. It is the protection of the
database from unauthorized access. The
security is maintained by allowing access to the
database through the use of passwords.
McDonald’s Touch Interface Design
COMPONENTS OF DBASE ENVIRONMENT
7. System Analysts and Application Programmers.
System analysts determine the requirements of
end users and develop specifications for
transactions. Application programmers
implement these specifications and programs.
ADVANTAGES DATABASE
APPROACH
ADVANTAGES DATABASE APPROACH
6. Reduced Development Time. A database
organizes data more efficiently than a file
processing system. Many DBMSs provide several
tools to assist in program development. So it
reduces the overall time for developing
applications.
Telegram Interface Design
COMPONENTS OF DBASE ENVIRONMENT
8. End User. An end user is the person that a
software program or hardware device is
designed for. The term is based on the idea that
the "end goal" of a software or hardware
product is to be useful to the consumer.
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE APPROACH
1. Redundancy Control. The data in a database
appears only once and is not duplicated.
2. Data Consistency. An important benefit of
controlling redundancy is that the data is
consistent. If data appears only at one place, it
is easy to maintain.
ADVANTAGES DATABASE APPROACH
7. Compactness. The DBMS stores data with
compactness and efficiency. It requires less
storage space than file processing system.
8. Data Sharing. Once a database is developed, it
can be used by several users in the
organizations. The database can also be shared
by different applications.
RTU Employees Portal Interface Design
DATABASE APPROACH
The database approach is an improvement on
the shared file solution as the use of
a database management system (DBMS) provides
facilities for querying, data security and integrity,
and allows simultaneous access to data by a
number of different users.
ADVANTAGES DATABASE APPROACH
3. Consistency Constraints. Consistency constraints
are the rules that must be followed to enter
data in database. If the constraints are not
fulfilled, data cannot be entered in database.
ADVANTAGES DATABASE APPROACH
9. Increased Concurrency. In some situation, two
or more users may access the same file
simultaneously. It is possible that the accesses
will interfere with each other. This may result in
loss of information. Many DBMS manage
concurrent access and ensure such problems
cannot occur.
 ADVANTAGES DATABASE APPROACH DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE APPROACH
1. High Cost of DBM
10.Improved Backup Recovery.
DISADVANTAGES DATABASE 2. Higher Hardware Cost FILE-BASED APPROACH VS
11.Data Independence. Data and the application APPROACH DATABASE APPROACH
programs are separate from each other. 3. Higher Programming Cost

4. Higher Conversion Cost

5. More chance of failure

FILE-BASED APPROACH
1. The programs and data are
interdependent.
2. The data maybe duplicated
in different files that cause
data redundancy.
3. The data is separately
stored in various files and it is
difficult for applications to
retrieve the appropriate data.
DATABASE APPROACH
1. The programs and data re
independent of each other
2. The data is not duplicated
and appears only once.
3. The data is stored in tables
which are linked together. The
applications can retrieve the
required data easily.
FILE-BASED APPROACH DATABASE APPROACH FILE-BASED APPROACH DATABASE APPROACH
4. The data is distributed in 4. The data is stored at one 7. It is difficult to maintain as 7. It provides many facilities
many different files and place and can be shared it provides less controlling to maintain the programs
cannot be shared. easily. facilities. easily
5. It is difficult to apply data5. Database approach 8. One application can fail 8. All applications relying on
integrity checks on files. provides many constraints for without affecting the others database. If any of these 01 DBMS Defined
data integrity components fails, the entire 02 Evolution of Database
6. It provides poor security as 6. It provides many system fails. 03 Benefits of DBMS
the data is widely spread. procedures to maintain data 04 Cloud Computing
security.

A DBMS is a collection
of programs that are
used to create and
maintain a database.
DBMS is a general-purpose
software system that provides the
following facilities:
DBMS is the software that allows the company to
access, manipulate, process, store, update, archive, and • It provides the facility to define
the structure of a database.
delete data. It acts as the gatekeeper, separating the
database from the users and apps that want to view or • It provides the facility to store
change the data. data on storage controlled by
DBMS
• It provides the facilities to insert,
Source: https://www.smartsheet.com/database-management delete, update, and retrieve
specific data to generate

EVOLUTION OF DATABASE A flat file, also known as a text database, is a type of database that
stores data in a plain text format. Flat files are typically text files that have all
word processing and structure markup removed.
MODEL Flat Files Hierarchical Network Relational Object Oriented Multi Dimensional

DATABASE
YEAR BEGAN 1940’s 1960’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s

DATA Flat files Trees Trees Tables and Object Data cubes, tables and

and
relations relations, or a combination
ORGANIZATION
DATA ACCESS Low-level access Low-level access with Low-level access High-level High-level OLAP tools or

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

a standard with a standard nonprocedural nonprocedural programming languages
navigational language navigational languages object oriented
language languages
SKILL LEVEL
REQUIRED TO Programmer Programmer Programmer User User User
ACCESS DATA
ENTITY One-to-one One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one,
one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many
RELATIONSHIP
many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many
SUPPORTED
DATA AND No No No Yes Yes Yes
www.purchasecontrol.com
PROGRAM
INDEPENDENCE
 EVOLUTION OF DATABASE As the name suggests, the Hierarchical Database Model is a database
model in which the data is arranged in a hierarchical tree edifice. As it is EVOLUTION OF DATABASE Network database management systems (Network DBMSs) are based on
a network data model that allows each record to have multiple parents and
arranged based on the hierarchy, every record of the data tree should have multiple child records. A network database allows a flexible relationship model
MODEL Flat Files Hierarchical Network Relational Object Oriented Multi Dimensional at least one parent, except for the child records in the last level, and each MODEL Flat Files Hierarchical Network Relational Object Oriented Multi Dimensional between entities.
YEAR BEGAN 1940’s 1960’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s parent should have one or more child records. YEAR BEGAN 1940’s 1960’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s

DATA Flat files Trees Trees Tables and Object Data cubes, tables and DATA Flat files Trees Trees Tables and Object Data cubes, tables and
relations relations, or a combination relations relations, or a combination
ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION
DATA ACCESS Low-level access Low-level access with Low-level access High-level High-level OLAP tools or DATA ACCESS Low-level access Low-level access with Low-level access High-level High-level OLAP tools or
a standard with a standard nonprocedural nonprocedural programming languages a standard with a standard nonprocedural nonprocedural programming languages
navigational language navigational languages object oriented navigational language navigational languages object oriented
language languages language languages
SKILL LEVEL SKILL LEVEL
REQUIRED TO Programmer Programmer Programmer User User User REQUIRED TO Programmer Programmer Programmer User User User
ACCESS DATA ACCESS DATA
ENTITY One-to-one One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, ENTITY One-to-one One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one,
one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many
RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP
many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many
SUPPORTED SUPPORTED
DATA AND No No No Yes Yes Yes DATA AND No No No Yes Yes Yes
PROGRAM PROGRAM
INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE
https://katarinarosiak.medium.com/the-brief-tale-about-the-evolution-of-database-systems-a8d19d67c44e https://katarinarosiak.medium.com/the-brief-tale-about-the-evolution-of-database-systems-a8d19d67c44e

EVOLUTION OF DATABASE EVOLUTION OF DATABASE An object-oriented database

(OODBMS) or object database
A relational database is a type management system (ODBMS) is a
MODEL Flat Files Hierarchical Network Relational Object Oriented Multi Dimensional MODEL Flat Files Hierarchical Network Relational Object Oriented Multi Dimensional
of database that stores and database that is based on object-
YEAR BEGAN 1940’s 1960’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s provides access to data points YEAR BEGAN 1940’s 1960’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s oriented programming (OOP). The
that are related to one another. data is represented and stored in the
DATA Flat files Trees Trees Tables and Object Data cubes, tables and DATA Flat files Trees Trees Tables and Object Data cubes, tables and
relations relations, or a combination ORGANIZATION relations relations, or a combination form of objects.
ORGANIZATION
DATA ACCESS Low-level access Low-level access with Low-level access High-level High-level OLAP tools or DATA ACCESS Low-level access Low-level access with Low-level access High-level High-level OLAP tools or
a standard with a standard nonprocedural nonprocedural programming languages a standard with a standard nonprocedural nonprocedural programming languages
navigational language navigational languages object oriented navigational language navigational languages object oriented
language languages language languages
SKILL LEVEL SKILL LEVEL
REQUIRED TO Programmer Programmer Programmer User User User REQUIRED TO Programmer Programmer Programmer User User User
ACCESS DATA ACCESS DATA An object database is a database management system
One-to-one One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one,
in which information is represented in the form of objects
ENTITY One-to-one One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, ENTITY
one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many RELATIONSHIP one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many one-to-many as used in object-oriented programming. Object
RELATIONSHIP many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many
SUPPORTED
many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many many-to-many
SUPPORTED databases are different from relational databases which
https://www.oracle.com/ph/database/what-is-a-relational-database/ are table-oriented. Object-relational databases are a
DATA AND No No No Yes Yes Yes DATA AND No No No Yes Yes Yes
hybrid of both approaches.
PROGRAM PROGRAM
INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE

EVOLUTION OF DATABASE A multidimensional database (MDB) is a type of database that is optimized

MODEL Flat Files Hierarchical Network Relational Object Oriented Multi-Dimensional

for data warehouse and online analytical processing (OLAP)
applications. Multidimensional databases are frequently created using input from existing
BENEFITS OF DBMS Introducing DBMS software to manage databases
YEAR BEGAN 1940’s 1960’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s
relational databases. results in the following benefits:

Data security. DBMS allows organizations to enforce

DATA Flat files Trees Trees Tables and Object Data cubes, tables and

DBMS was designed to solve the fundamental

relations relations, or a combination
ORGANIZATION
DATA ACCESS Low-level access Low-level access with
a standard
Low-level access
with a standard
High-level
nonprocedural
High-level
nonprocedural
OLAP tools or
programming languages
problems associated with storing, managing, policies that enable compliance and security. The
databases are available for appropriate users
navigational language navigational languages object oriented

accessing, securing, and auditing data in traditional

language languages

according to organizational policies.

SKILL LEVEL
REQUIRED TO
ACCESS DATA
Programmer Programmer Programmer User User User
file systems.
ENTITY One-to-one One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one, One-to-one,
RELATIONSHIP one-to-many one-to-many
many-to-many
one-to-many
many-to-many
one-to-many
many-to-many
one-to-many
many-to-many Data security refers to protecting your data against
SUPPORTED
DATA AND No No No Yes Yes Yes
unauthorized access or use.
PROGRAM
INDEPENDENCE BENEFITS OF DBMS

Data integration. Instead of operating island of

database resources, a single interface is used to
An example of data security would be using Encryption vs Authentication Data sharing. Fast and efficient collaboration between manage databases with logical and physical
encryption. Encryption means securing digital data users. relationships.
using techniques, such as the use of usernames and
passwords. Encryption is typically done locally. Data access and auditing. Controlled access to Abstraction and independence. Organizations can
Authentication involves access to a remote system databases. Logging associated access activities allows change the physical schema of database systems
(e.g. two-factor authentication) organizations to audit for security and compliance. without necessitating changes to the logical schema
that govern database relationships. As a result,
organizations can upgrade storage and scale the
infrastructure without impacting database operations.

BENEFITS OF DBMS BENEFITS OF DBMS BENEFITS OF DBMS

 Database Backup and Recovery
Uniform management and administration. A single
console interface to perform basic administrative
Backup and recovery refers to the various strategies
tasks makes the job easier for database admins
and procedures involved in protecting your database
and IT users.
against data loss and reconstructing the database
after any kind of data loss.
A backup is a copy of data from your database that
can be used to reconstruct that data. Backups can
be divided into physical backups and logical
backups.
BENEFITS OF DBMS
CLOUD DATABASE
Physical backups are backups of the physical files
used in storing and recovering your database, such
as datafiles, control files, and archived redo logs. A cloud database is a database service built and
Ultimately, every physical backup is a copy of files accessed through a cloud platform. It serves many of
storing database information to some other location, the same functions as a traditional database with the
whether on disk or some offline storage such as added flexibility of cloud computing. Users install
tape. software on a cloud infrastructure to implement the
database.
Logical backups contain logical data (for example,
tables or stored procedures) exported from a
database

CLOUD COMPUTING R E F E R E N C ES :
A Fundamental Study of Database Management Systems (3rd Edition)

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition

CLOUD COMPUTING
is the delivery of different
services through the Internet,
including data storage,
servers, databases,
networking, and software.
Cloud-based storage makes it
possible to save files to a
remote database and retrieve
them on demand.
CLOUD PROVIDER CLOUD DATABASE
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/backup.102/b14192/intro001.htm
Cloud Providers are A cloud database is
companies that provide a database service built and
Information Technology (IT) as accessed through https://www.bmc.com/blogs/dbms-database-management-systems/
a service over the Internet. a cloud platform. It serves
many of the same functions as https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/article/what-is-a-network-database/
Microsoft Azure
Amazon Web Services (AWS) a traditional database with the
Google Cloud. added flexibility
Alibaba Cloud. of cloud computing. Users https://www.educba.com/hierarchical-database-model/
IBM Cloud. install software on
Oracle
Salesforce.
a cloud infrastructure to
SAP implement the database.