Національний університет біоресурсів і

природокористування України

Гуманітарно-педагогічний факультет

Кафедра романо-германських мов і перекладу

Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни

«Комунікативні стратегії першої іноземної мови»

Англійська мова

для студентів 1 курсу ОС «Магістр» денної форми

навчання та 2 курсу ОС «Магістр» заочної форми навчання
спеціальності 035 «Філологія (Переклад)»

Kиїв – 2021
УДК 81'253 (042.4)
ББК Ш107-923

Затверджено на засіданні науково-методичної ради

НУБіП України

Укладач: Сидорук, канд. філол. наук, доцент кафедри

романо-германських мов і перекладу НУБіП України.

Рецензенти: Семигінівська Т.Г., кандидат педагогічних

наук, доцент кафедри англійської філології і перекладу НН
ГМІ Національного авіаційного університету;
Личук М.І., доктор філологічних наук, професор,
завідувач кафедри романо-германських мов і перекладу НУБіП
України.

Комунікативні стратегії першої іноземної мови

(англійська): методичні рекомендації. – К.: НУБіП України,
2021. – 90 с.

Методичні рекомендації «Комунікативні стратегії

першої іноземної мови (англійська)» укладені відповідно до
програми курсу, який викладається студентам 1 та 2 року
навчання ОС «Магістр» спеціальності 035 "Філологія
(Переклад)" денної та заочної форми навчання в НУБіП
України. Вона містить практичні завдання з різних
комунікативних стратегій: дискусії, діалогу, переказу,
відстоювання точки зору тощо з метою оптимальної реалізації
інтенції мовця досягти конкретної мети спілкування . Також
запропоновано завдання на вдосконалення перекладу з аркуша,
усного послідовного та письмового перекладу тематичних
текстів.

© Г.І. Сидорук, 2021

2
 ПЕРЕДМОВА
Методичні рекомендації «Комунікативні стратегії першої
іноземної мови (англійська)» розраховані на філологів-
магістрів 1 курсу денної форми та 2 – заочної форми
навчання в НУБіП України. Вони передбачають засвоєння
навичок реалізації інтенції мовця щодо досягнення
конкретної мети спілкування шляхом вибору дієвих
мовленнєвих ходів, а також гнучкої їхньої видозміни в
конкретній ситуації. В процесі спілкування магістр
обираються інтеракцій ні ходи між адресантом і адресатом,
які обумовлені комунікативними інтенціями (дебати,
діалоги, обмін думками, переказ, анотація, реферування,
переклад). Побудова комунікативної стратегії залежить від
низки прагматичних факторів – рівня знай омства
комунікантів, їхньої статі, соціальних ролей , національно-
культурної належності, комунікативної компетентності, яка
визначає засоби мови, які добирає мовець. Магістри
засвоюють шляхи створення логічно побудованого,
зв’язного, композицій но та стилістично оформленого
повідомлення, яке чинить певний вплив на адресата,
завдяки використанню різноманітних мовленнєвих засобів
відповідно до поставленої мети та конкретних умов
спілкування. Застосування комунікативних стратегій
відбувається в межах окремих дискурсів, запропонованих в
розробці (суспільний , рекламний , педагогічний , науковий ,
медичний , діловий дискурс).
Розробка розрахована на 45 годин аудиторного та
самостій ного навчання.
Всі заняття мають аналогічну структуру. Кожне заняття
присвячене певній тематиці з відповідним обсягом термінів,
які потребують активного засвоєння з метою виконання
комунікативних завдань. Кожне заняття містить вправи на
розвиток пам’яті, вміння занотовувати прецизій ну та
базисну інформацію, лексичні та логічні вправи. В кожний
3
урок також включено тексти для перекладу in viva voce
обома мовами – українською та англій ською.

4
 TOPIC 1: The Rising costs of Health Care: Can you afford to be
sick?
Americans live longer today than ever before. Because of the
advances in medicine and treatment, infant-mortality rates are down
by nearly half, new surgical techniques are saving lives, and the
Number One Killer, heart disease, is on a decline. Yet, the one
disease that seems out of control of modern medicine is the rising
cost of health care.
In the last decade, annual medical costs have climbed from $42
billion to nearly $140
billion in the United
States. This is more
than the U.S. spends
on national defense.
The price of an
average stay in the
hospital has jumped
from $350 in 1985 to
$2,600 today and it is
expected to reach
$3,600 in 2010. This
represents a yearly increase of 13.5%, almost twice the inflation rate.
The progress in medicine carries an enormous price tag. The little
black bag of the doctors of the past has been replaced by expensive
drugs and modern equipment. Hospitals compete for patients by
offering the services of expensive machines such as the CAT
scanners, sophisticated diagnostic computers that cost as much as
$700,000. The lives of many with kidney disease are now saved with
the artificial kidney dialysis machine: cost of the machine for each
patient now runs $22,900 a year. Because hospitals make heavy
investments in equipment, some people feel these machines are used
even when they are not really necessary. The use of expensive
diagnostic and treatment equipment adds significantly to the cost of

5
medical care. But, doctors argue, can a price tag be put on a life
saved?
Doctors today are better trained than ever before. Competition to
get into medical school is great and, upon graduation, doctors must
pass difficult state-licensing boards. In 1995, half of U.S. doctors
were general practitioners. Since World War II, there has been a
trend toward specialization. Today, only one in seven doctors is in
primary care – general practice – while 90 % of patient problems do
not require specialty training. Health officials are worried that there
are too many specialists and too many doctors in wealthy
metropolitan areas. Not enough doctors, they say, are interested in
general practice or are willing to work in rural areas and inner cities
where there is the greatest need.
By the year 2011, more than 60 million Americans will be over
65, and older people require 2⅟2 times more medical care than
younger groups. A government health official asks, “We have
pediatric cardiologists as specialists, but where are the physicians to
treat our older population?” Yet, the great advances in modern
medicine have come about because of research in specialized areas.
A return to primary care may mean the end to the research needed to
find a cure for major diseases like cancer.
Many feel that it is the doctors themselves who are responsible for
the crisis in health costs. Doctors today tend to rely on expensive
tests before they make a diagnosis and give treatment. Also, critics
point to the fact that physicians earn the most of any profession, with
the average doctor’s income at $75,000 a year. Top specialists,
particularly surgeons, often earn more than $250,000 a year. The
American Medical Association says the high doctors' fees are
necessary in order to make up for the heavy costs of medical
education – now as high as $20,500 a year for tuition alone. In
addition, doctors must pay to set up and maintain an office which
can cost half of all their earnings. All doctors now carry medical
insurance since they are legally responsible if an error occurs during
surgery or treatment. Today, an orthopedic surgeon in New York
6
pays about $20,000 a year for malpractice insurance, regardless of
the number of operations performed.
With all this, physicians collect only 20% of all money spent on
health. Yet, it is he or she who sends a patient to the hospital, orders
the tests, and performs the surgery. A physician is bound by the
Hippocratic oath to do everything in his or her power to treat the
patient. Says one doctor, "Sure I use my judgments in ordering tests,
but my job is to do what's best for my patient – and I don't care how
much it costs!"
One of the most costly kinds of medical treatment is surgery.
Government investigations have suggested that more than two
million unnecessary operations are performed in the U.S. each year,
and unnecessary surgery means needless deaths. During the 1990's,
the number of operations performed in the U.S. rose 25%, while the
population grew by only 5%. Some of the increase in certain types of
operations, such as for cataracts and gall-bladder problems, are due
to the growing number of older Americans. But health experts feel
that greed is the main incentive for some of the nation's surgery:
each patient "requiring" an operation increases profits for doctors
and hospitals. Many patients
themselves also ask for
surgery that they believe will
relieve pain and make their
lives easier. And, because of
health insurance, more
people can pay for the latest,
most modern treatment.
For the majority of
Americans, health care is not Intensive Care Unit
free. More than 90% of
hospital bills are paid by various forms of insurance instead of
directly by the patient or the hospital. Over 90 million people,
usually through family health insurance plans like Blue Cross-Blue
Shield offered on the job, pay monthly, quarterly or yearly premiums
7
for the coverage of the bulk of hospital expenses. In addition, the
government's Medicare and Medicaid programs provide health care
for the elderly and the needy. In 2000, $33.3 billion, or 15 cents out
of every taxpayer's dollar, was spent by the government in order to
provide health care for poor Americans. Medicaid is meant to
provide fairness in health care. If a poor man needs an $800
appendectomy or a $22,900 artificial kidney machine, he will, in
theory, receive something like the same treatment as a person who
arrives at the hospital in a Cadillac. The morality of guaranteeing
equally good health care for the rich and the poor is adding fuel to
the fire in the health care debate.
Since the government and private insurance companies are paying
the bills, doctors and hospitals may provide services that are not
always needed. The misuses of Medicare and Medicaid are
estimated at over $2 billion a year. A study shows that over 2000
doctors billed the government for more than $100,000 each for
Medicare patients alone. One physician, under Medicaid, billed the
government for performing six tonsillectomies on the same patient!
Yet physicians have taken steps to set higher standards and regulate
themselves, and the number of doctors who actually cheat is still
small compared with the total number of physicians.
The government sees the health care industry as a major problem
and is likely to intervene on behalf of the consumer. The average
American worker works one month each year to pay health care
costs. With health costs rising at a rate of 1⅟2 times the rise in the
cost of living, Americans are demanding that something be done. In
the planning is a national health insurance program that will regulate
doctors' fees and hospital charges and tell hospitals what they can
spend on new equipment. Many feel that what is needed is a change
of attitudes by the doctors themselves. One government health
official makes this clear: "The medical profession is going to have to
do this itself. We can introduce the right environment – incentives,
for example, to go into primary care – but in the end, the doctors are

8
going to have to make these changes." This may be a bitter pill for
the medical profession to swallow.

VOCABULARY
English
appendectomy
artificial kidney dialysis
machine
Blue Cross and Blue Shield
Association
cataract
CAT scanner (computerized
tomography scanner: an X-ray
machine that can produce
stereographic images)
gall bladder
general practice
general practitioner
health insurance
Hippocratic oath
incentive
infant mortality
intensive care unit (ICU)
kidney
to transplant a kidney
artificial kidney
floating kidney
a man of that kidney
9
Ukrainian
видалення апендициту,
апендектомія
апарат штучної нирки, діаліз
асоціація Блакитного хреста і
Блакитного щита
катаракта, помутніння
кришталика
томограф, рентгенівська
установка зі
стереографічним
зображенням
жовчний міхур
лікарська практика
лікар загальної практики,
терапевт
страхування на випадок
хвороби, страхування
здоров’я
клятва Гіппократа
спонукальний мотив, стимул
дитяча смертність
відділення інтенсивної
терапії, відділення реанімації
нирка
They are both of the same
kidney.
medical school медична школа, вищий
медичний навчальний заклад
Medicaid «Медікейд»
Medicare «Медікеа» (державна
програма безкоштовної
допомоги людям похилого
віку, безкоштовна медична
допомога)
make up for компенсувати
malpractice посадовий злочин, злочинна
недбалість, медична
medical malpractice недбалість
perform a surgery робити/виконувати
(хірургічну) операцію
pharmaceuticals лікарські засоби/препарати
price tag етикетка з вартістю, цінник
primary (health)care перша допомога
renal нирковий
acute renal failure гостра ниркова недостатність
Syn: nephritic
state-licensing board державна ліцензійна комісія
tonsillectomy тонзилектомія, видалення
мигдаликів
X-ray machine рентгенівська установка,
рентгенівський апарат,
рентген

Task 1: Check Your Comprehension

Choose the best answer to complete the sentence:
EXAMPLE:
Today, Americans can expect to ___________.
a. die at an early age
10
 b. live longer
c. pay less for health care

1. The medical profession has not made progress in __________.

a. fighting heart disease
b. lowering the infant-mortality rate
c. keeping down hospital costs

2. The price of an average stay in the hospital _________.

a. has remained about the same
b. is on a decline
c. will double by 2011

3. It is suggested that expensive diagnostic machines are used by

hospitals ____________.
a. more than might be necessary
b. only when needed
c. to bring down hospital costs

4. Compared with pre-World War II days, more doctors today are

_____________
a. general practitioners
b. in primary care
c. specialists

5. The majority of American doctors set up practice in _________.

a. wealthy parts of the city
b. rural areas
c. the inner city

6. According to the American Medical Association, doctors’ fees

reflect _____________.
a. the high cost of medical education and office equipment
b. the competition to get into medical school
11
 c. The need for more surgery

7. One of the reasons more operations are performed every year is

that _________.
a. hospital expenses are declining
b. more doctors are going into general practice
c. people are living longer

8. The bulk of hospital bills are paid directly by _________.

a. the patient
b. the insurance companies
c. the hospital

9. Medicaid and Medicare provide health care for ___________.

a. all Americans
b. only the elderly
c. both the elderly and the needy

10. On the average, Americans spend on health care ___________.

a. more than one-third their salaries
b. about 10% of their earnings
c. the equivalent of one’s month’s earnings.

Task 2: From the list below, select the word that is closest in
meaning to the underlined word(s). Be sure to use the correct
tense of the verb:

to invest in to guarantee coverage

income incentive to specialize
inflation to regulate mortality
to encourage to rely
Example:
Inflation The yearly increase in medical costs is about
twice the rate of rising prices.
12
 _______ 1. The infant death rate is on a decline.
_______ 2. Many feel that hospital charges and doctors’
fees should be controlled.
_______ 3. Subscribers to a private insurance plan pay
premiums for hospital protection against costs.
_______ 4. Those who want a national health plan feel
that every American should be promised complete
medical care.
_______ 5. The yearly earnings of a top surgeon are
about $250,000.
_______ 6. Most modern hospitals spend money for
expensive equipment like $700,000 scanners in
order to make a profit.
_______ 7. Many doctors now take extra training in
surgery.
_______ 8. Most government experts claim that greed is
the stimulus for the high doctors’ fees today.
_______ 9. Most doctors depend on test results to make a
diagnosis.
_______ 10. Critics of a national health insurance plan
feel that people will be motivated to overutilize
hospital and doctors since the government will be
paying the bills.

Task 3: Choose the word that best completes the analogy. See
the example.
Example:
Singer: song AS surgeon ______
a. dance
b. hospital
c. operation

1. 100: century AS 10: _____

a. decade
13
 b. year
c. month

2. price: $ AS rate: ________

a. lbs (pounds)
b. %
c. ¢

3. fee: patient AS tuition: ____

a. student
b. surgeon
c. critic

4. bound by: oath AS set up: ________

a. order
b. office
c. education

5. necessary: unnecessary AS needed: ____

a. needless
b. disneed
c. unneeded

6. bank loan: payment AS insurance: ____

a. price
b. premium
c. interest

7. subtract:loss AS add: _______

a. profit
b. fee
c. multiply

8. doctor: physician AS writer: ____

14
 a. nurse
b. patient
c. author

9. cost: expenses AS bill: _________

a. standards
b. incentives
c. charges

10. 100 %: 90 % AS total ________

a. bulk
b. inflation
c. quarterly

Task 4: Discuss the following medical issues in the USA:

1. How does the cost of hospitalization in your country compare
with the cost in the USA? What accounts for the difference?
2. Why would doctors want to set up practice in wealthy
metropolitan areas instead of in rural areas where they are most
needed? Is this a problem in your country?
3. In your opinion, should doctors spend less time in research and
more time in primary care?
4. Some people have operations only for cosmetic reasons – to
change the shape of a nose, or to make ears smaller. Should
operations be performed for psychological as well as physiological
reasons?
5. An average doctor in the U.S. studies and trains in hospitals for
about 11 years before setting up a practice. What kind of preparation
does a doctor in your country receive?
6. Businessmen decide the prices for the goods they produce and
the services they provide. Does the government have the right to tell
the doctors how much they should charge for their services?

Task 5: Discuss some pros and cons on health care issues:

15
 Too many tests?
One opinion … and another
“Why should I pay for the “We must guarantee
health risks of my neighbor? health care to all Americans.
Suppose he smokes or drinks Why should just the wealthy
or even weighs 300 pounds? be able to buy extra care?.. I
It’s his responsibility to take say that no treatment should
care of himself, not mine!” be available to anyone unless
it’s available to everyone!.. If
we only have a few kidney
machines, they should be
distributed by lottery regard-
less of ability to pay…
Otherwise, we won’t have a
democracy based on fairness
to all citizens!’

Should the Government Sponsor A National Health Insurance

Plan?
Take a position and argue
your case in class:
FOR AGAINST
1. Must guarantee that the 1. Each individual must
health needs of all have freedom to choose his
Americans are provided for own doctor, hospital and
treatment
2. Will encourage people 2. Will encourage people to
to go to the doctor when they see doctors more, e.g. for a
have early symptoms; slight cold, or for imaginary
prevents need for expensive pains
treatment later
3. Provide equal care for 3. Lose quality in medical
all citizens care if doctors and hospitals
16
 charge same low fees
4. Consumer pays less for 4. Public money will be
government health insurance spent, and this means higher
than for private insurance taxes for all of us
plan
5.Will keep down costs of 5. Always “waste” in
hospitals and doctors government programs – e.g.
fraud in Medicare and
Medicaid
6. Will improve the 6. Won’t we then have to
quality of life for all provide braces, psychotherapy
Americans. and cosmetic surgery on
demand?

Task 6: Express your opinion on the following issues:

1. What can each citizen do
to keep down the costs of
health care?
2. “What would happen if
we developed an artificial
heart? Under the government’s
plan each citizen would be
entitled to a new heart. Our
government just can’t afford to
do that, so we had better not develop an artificial heart”. Do you
think new developments in medicine will stop if there is a national
health insurance plan? Should new hearts be distributed by lottery?
3. Should physicians ‘enjoy the highest income of any
profession”?
4. Doctors in the USA have a high status in the society. Do the
doctors in your country enjoy the same privileges?
5. Is the system of health care in your country different from that
in the United States? In what ways is it similar or different?

17
 6. In the U.S., the government generally pays for, and runs, public
education, fire protection, police protection, military protection and
sanitation – a long list of services. Should health care be added to the
list of services? In your country does the government provide for
health care?

Task 7: You should make your grounded decision:

1. Bob Taylor is 44 and he has cancer. He has to go to the hospital
twice a month for expensive chemotherapy. The family insurance
does not cover the total cost of the treatment. The family has had to
sell their house to pay the medical bills. Soon they will be
completely bankrupt. Should a law be passed to require all insurance
companies to cover the expenses of "catastrophic illnesses" such as
cancer? This will mean that the extra cost to the insurance company
will be passed on to all policy-holders in the form of higher
premiums.

2. Judith Anderson is 17 years old. As a result of a bad fall, she

has been in a coma for eight months now and is only kept alive by an
expensive life-support system. Doctors think there is a 90% chance
that she has suffered massive brain damage and will be a vegetable if
she ever regains
consciousness. Judith has
seven brothers and sisters at
home and her parents do not
feel they can pay the hospital
bills and properly care for
the family. They want to pull
the plug on the equipment
that is keeping Judith alive.
A judge must decide whether the parents have a right to do this.
What should his decision be?
3. Mrs. Graham has just taken her ten-year-old son Billy to the
family doctor who she has been going to all her life. Dr. Wilson says
18
Billy should have his tonsils taken out because he gets lots of serious
colds each winter. Mrs. Graham's insurance company requires that a
second doctor must also agree that the surgery is necessary or it will
not pay for the operation and hospital costs. The consulting doctor is
a well-known surgeon. Mrs. Graham had never met him before. In
his opinion, a tonsillectomy is not indicated in Billy's case. Which
doctor's advice should Mrs. Graham follow?
4. Many insurance plans do not cover the treatment of mental
illness. Yet a lot of serious health problems, such as schizophrenia
and manic-depression, are prevalent in modern societies. Many
people who are mentally ill do not seek proper care because they
cannot afford the treatment. Should insurance companies be forced
to cover the costs of treating patients who feel they need
psychological counseling?
5. To cut down costs and to provide more efficient patient care,
the University Medical School started a Physician’s Assistant's
program. Men and women receive three years of training to perform
physical examinations, to check all patients coming into hospital
emergency rooms to see if they really need to see a doctor, and to
provide routine treatment. When in doubt, they refer difficult cases
to the doctors. Mrs. Howard has just brought her six-month-old baby
to the hospital because he has a rash on his backside. She insists that
only the doctor can treat her baby. Is she being reasonable?
6. A government agency has recommended that doctors be
allowed to advertise their services, very much the way many
lawyers, architects, accountants and other professionals now can.
The agency charged that the current ban on most physician
advertising discourages competition among doctors and this keeps
their fees very high. "Doctors don't have the pressure of a free
market to lower their prices or offer special services to meet
competition." The American Medical Association argues that
competitive advertising by physicians is a violation of medical
ethics, and may lead to ads that mislead the public by promising
"miracle" results. Should the government ignore the warnings of the
19
AMA? Should the ban on all advertising by physicians be lifted in
order to force doctors to charge lower fees?

Task 8: Translate the text in viva voce from Ukrainian into

English:

Диво-жінка
Проживши 122 роки і 164 дні, француженка Жанна Луїза
Кальман встановила світовий рекорд тривалості життя.
Жанна народилася в Орлі. Коли побудували Ейфелеву вежу,
їй було 14 років. Вона завжди вела активний спосіб життя – у
85 років вона займалась фехтуванням, а в 100 їздила на
велосипеді.
Про Кальман дізнався увесь світ, коли в 1988 році на честь
століття Вінсента ван Гога вона розповіла в інтерв’ю, як у 14
років зустрічалась із художником: «Він був брудний, погано
вдягнений і похмурий». Також Жанна була на похоронах
Гюго…
Окрім того,
Кальман стала
найстарішою актрисою
у світі, у 114 років
знявшись у
документальному
фільмі «Вінсент і я». І
найстарішою пацієнткою хірургів, коли в 115 перенесла
операцію на стегні.
Палити Жанна кинула в 117 років. І не тому, що погано себе
почувала. Просто їй, що майже втратила зір, було неприємно
щоразу просити прикурити. Вона сама обслуговувала себе до
110-літнього віку й лише після того перебралась до притулку.

20
 TOPIC 2: The Biological Revolution: scientists tinker with life
For a long time now, scientists have known that cells which
make-up all living things contain between three and four million
genes. DNA, the complex chemical in the genes, not only determines
our sex, the color of our skin and eyes, but can also produce
“mistakes” in our genetic make-up that can result in lethal diseases
like sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis and Down’s syndrome, a
form of mental retardation. More than 2000 diseases are now
known to be linked to genes which are inherited by children from
parents carrying a defective gene. Since many diseases like cancer
and diabetes seem to run in families, scientists have been studying
DNA to understand how genes work – and how they malfunction.
Using the simple E.coli bacterium found in human intestines,
genetic researchers are combining parts of the E.coli’s DNA with the
DNA of plants, animals and other bacteria. Such “recombinant
DNA” may well be creating forms of life different from any that
exist on earth. Many scientists are convinced that genetic research
will lead the way to discovering a cure for cancer and new protein-
rich foods from plants that use the nitrogen in the air instead of
fertilizers. They also believe that it will provide a greater knowledge
of all animals, including ma n,
that will revolutionize planet
earth.
While these scientists see
recombinant DNA as a
scientific tool of enormous
potential, others warn of the
dangers of this new research.
What would happen, they ask,
if by accident, one of the re-engineered E.coli turned out to be lethal,
escaped from the lab, multiplied, and got into human intestines to
cause the death of thousands or even wipe out an entire population?
Those who defend the research point out the safety of the techniques
of handling the bacteria. Also, the kind of E.coli being used is not
21
capable of living anywhere but in test-tubes. If such E.coli did
escape and enter the atmosphere – or human gut – they would die
almost instantly. Yet the real danger to many is beyond the
laboratory. It is in the many great and unknown moral implications
of “tinkering with life.” They warn, in effect, that scientists are
intervening in the natural order of evolution and that genetic
manipulations to create new forms of life give biologists new and
terrible power, similar to that which
physicists had when they split the
atom to make the first atomic bomb.
What are some of the new
discoveries that are causing such
concern?
Over 40 genetic diseases can now
be diagnosed by testing the
amniotic fluid that surrounds the
fetus, or unborn child. The fluid is
removed by needle and the fetal
cells, suspended in the fluid, are
analyzed to determine if a defective
gene or chemical abnormality is present. The amniocentesis
procedure is often given to pregnant women with family histories of
genetic disorders. About 98% of the tests done to date has shown the
existence of a healthy baby. Since the test leads to the discovery of
genetically defective fetuses, this information would affect the
parents’ decision whether to proceed with the pregnancy or have a
therapeutic abortion. However, those against abortion claim that
amniocentesis has been used in a “search and destroy mission
against unborn children.”
Using recombinant DNA technology, a group of scientists from
Harvard, Yale and Turkey’s Hacettepe University has identified, for
the first time, a single gene among the millions in one human cell.
They predict the possibility of correcting genetic diseases in the
unborn fetus by replacing defective genes. Yet, others warn, the
22
same recombinant technology could eventually be used to change the
genes. “Couldn’t we, then, manipulate fetal genes to produce
individuals of various physical and psychological characteristics who
could be controlled to serve the government – a generation of
robots?”
In the book “In His Image – the cloning of a man”, author David
Rorvik insists that an aging millionaire had his genes secretly
combined in the laboratory and the resulting embryo implanted in a
substitute mother to produce a baby boy clone, a genetic duplicate.
A clone is produced asexually by combining the genetic material
from two cells of the same organism. In effect, a clone is an exact
copy of its single parent. Experts charge that Rorvik’s book is a
fraud, and while cloning research is now being conducted on frogs
and mice, no mammal has yet been successfully cloned.
Gilbert and Leslie Brown were unable to conceive a child because
Mrs. Brown had no functional fallopian tubes to allow the egg to
reach the uterus. Yet, on July 25, 1978, Louise Brown, 5 lbs., 12
ozs., was born. “The child’s condition at birth was excellent. All
examinations showed her to be quite normal.” Eight months before,
two British doctors had taken an egg from one of Mrs. Brown’s
ovaries and placed it in a laboratory dish. The egg was fertilized
with Mr. Brown’s sperm. A few days later, after the fertilized egg
had reached the 9-cell or blastocyst stage, it was placed in Mrs.
Brown’s uterus. Said Mrs. Brown’s doctor about baby Louise, “The
last time I saw her she was a beautiful eight-cell embryo!”
Scientists see such research as necessary to improve the quality of
life and to advance man’s knowledge about the world he lives in. Yet
these new steps in genetic engineering are alarming many
philosophers, government officials and theologians. They see future
generations as products of laboratory manufacturing, not the result of
normal reproduction. Was the birth of the first “test-tube baby” a
medical miracle, or an ethical mistake? The question now is whether
scientists should be free to continue their experiments, or whether

23
regulations or some sort of other restraint should be put on genetic
experimentation.
Most scientists think that we can control the new technology:
“Scientists develop a potentiality; governments and people decide
how to use that potentiality.” Should a wise society tell an infertile
couple, “We understand your wish to have a child, but it might be
better not to go ahead and do this?” Or would a government decide
to use the new techniques to “improve” the population by allowing
only genetically healthy parents to reproduce? Where does personal
choice end, and government control begin? With each new
discovery, and more advances are soon to follow, genetic
engineering may become a very real threat to all of us.

VOCABULARY
English Ukrainian
sickle-cell anemia (a серповидноклітинна анемія
hereditary haemolytic
anaemia, caused by mutant
haemoglobin. The red blood
cells become sickle-shaped. It
is characterized by fever,
abdominal pain, jaundice, leg
ulcers, etc)
cystic fibrosis (an inheritable муковісцидоз, фіброзно-
disease of the exocrine glands, кістозна дегенерація
controlled by a recessive gene:
affected children inherit
defective alleles from both
parents. It is characterized by
chronic infection of the
respiratory tract and by
pancreatic insufficiency)
Down’s syndrome (pathology Хвороба Дауна, синдром
a condition caused by the Дауна
24
presence of an extra copy of
chromosome 21 resulting in
learning difficulties and
physical differences, such as
shorter stature)
mental retardation розумова відсталість
inherited спадковий
intestines кишківник
nitrogen азот
lethal смертельний, летальний,
смертоносний
gut живіт, черево
moral implications моральні наслідки
tinker грати, втручатися,
обманювати, пхати носа
amniotic fluid навколоплідні води,
амніотична рідина
fetus плід
fetal cells ембріональні, зародкові
клітини
suspend висіти, підвішувати
amniocentesis (removal of Амніоцентез (пункція
some amniotic fluid by the плідного міхура)
insertion into the womb of a
hollow needle, for therapeutic
or diagnostic purposes)
embryo зародок, ембріон
substitute mother сурогатна мати
duplicate копія, дублікат
fraud обдурювання, шахрайство,
підробка
mammal ссавець
conceive запліднюватись, штучно

25
 запліднювати, завагітніти
fallopian tubes фалопієві труби
uterus матка
ovaries яєчники
fertilized запліднений
blastocyst бластоциста,
бластодермічний міхурець,
зародковий міхурець
test-tube baby дитина з пробірки
regulations правила, норми, інструкція
restraint обмеження, стримування

Task 1: Check Your Comprehension

Choose the best answer to complete the sentence:
EXAMPLE:
The complex chemical that determines your genetic make-up is
___________.
a. E.coli
b. cancer
c. DNA

1. Over 2000 diseases are caused by genes that __________.

a. duplicate
b. malfunction
c. combine

2. Genetic researchers combine the DNA in E.coli with ______.

a. the nitrogen in the air
b. protein-rich food
c. other kinds of DNA in plants and animals

3. Some scientists are afraid of the danger of re-engineered E.coli

that ____________.

26
 a. may cause new diseases
b. multiply
c. are unable to live in the atmosphere

4. During the amniocentesis procedure, the fluid and fetal cells

are examined ________.
a. to determine the age of the fetus
b. to see if the child is developing normally
c. to search and destroy the unborn child

5. Each human cell contains millions of _____________.

a. genes
b. chemical abnormalities
c. clones

6. A clone produces a genetic _____________.

a. parent
b. asexual
c. duplicate
7. In human females, the egg reaches the uterus through the _____.

a. ovaries
b. fallopian tube
c. blastocyst

8. Baby Louise Brown was _________.

a. born an 8-cell embryo
b. taken from Mrs. Brown’s ovary
c. fertilized in a laboratory dish

9. The government _______.

a. has passed laws to stop genetic research
b. is improving the population by allowing only healthy
parents to reproduce
27
 c. is deciding what to do about genetic research

10. Genetic experimentation is _____________.

a. declining
b. increasing
c. losing popularity

Task 2: From the list below select the word that is closest in
meaning to the word(s) in italics. Be sure to use the correct tense
of the verbs. See the example:

fetus pregnant to intervene

to split intestines to run
therapeutic history lethal
diagnosis defective
to discover instantly

Example:
diagnosis The analysis of the illness was correct.
______ 1. More than 2000 diseases are known to be
caused by malfunctioning genes.
______ 2. Cancer and diabetes are examples of
diseases that seem to occur in families.
______ 3. So far, no one has found a cure for cancer.
______ 4. The woman discovered she was four weeks
with child.
______ 5. When physicists learned how to divide the
atom, they made the first atomic bomb.
______ 6. Cystic fibrosis is a death-causing disease.
______ 7. E.coli used in genetic experiments are the
kind that die at once when they enter the
atmosphere.
______ 8. Some fear that genetic engineers are
interfering in the balance of nature.
28
 _____ 9. In the mother’s body, amniotic fluid
surrounds the unborn child.
______ 10. E.coli is found in the gut of humans.
11. The amniocentesis test is recommended for
______ a woman with a family background of genetic
disease.
______ 12. Medical abortions are often performed on
women carrying deformed fetuses.

Task 3: Choose the word that best completes the analogy. See the
example:

Example:
Organism: cell AS gene: _____
a. E.coli
b. clone
c. DNA

1. road: car AS fallopian tube: _________

a. cell
b. egg
c. bacterium

2. life: death AS catch: _________

a. escape
b. multiply
c. create

3. sickle cell: anemia AS Down’s syndrome: _________

a. eye color
b. cystic fibrosis
c. mental retardation

4. defect: mistake AS abnormality: ________

29
 a. disorder
b. existence
c. generation

5. test: experiment AS handle: ____________

a. understand
b. manipulate
c. create

6. link: to AS tinker: ______

a. with
b. from
c. at

7. woman: man AS egg: _________

a. gene
b. embryo
c. sperm

8. first: original AS duplicate: __________

a. child
b. copy
c. robot

9. fertile: infertile AS truth: _________

a. secret
b. fraud
c. accident

10. threat: danger AS improvement: ________

a. advance
b. study
c. death

30
11. sky: cloud AS amniotic fluid: __________
a. fallopian tubes
b. fetal cells
c. recombinant DNA

12. control: regulation AS diagnose: ________

a. moral
b. image
c. test

Task 4: Disscuss the following topics:

1. Biologists call genes “the blueprint of life” and feel that more
money should be spent on genetic research. Do you agree or
disagree?
2. Why do some people think genetic research is dangerous?
How might such research lead to a “new and terrible power”?
3. Some couples have been known to use amniocentesis only to
determine the sex of their unborn child. If they did not want a child
of that particular sex, they would terminate the pregnancy. Do
people have the right to do this?
4. Is Louise the “natural child” of Gilbert and Leslie Brown?
Legally? Biologically?
5. There have been many
books written about societies of
the future, such as Huxley’s
“Brave New World” and
Orwell’s “1984”. Do you think
genetic recombinant technology
and cloning techniques will lead to a society where people are
“manufactured” according to the needs of the state?

Task 5: Ground your pros and cons:

31
 The First Test-Tube Baby … reproduction or manufacturing?
One opinion … and onother
It’s a miracle! It’s a disaster!
“I think it’s wonderful! It’s “Pretty soon we’ll be
the beginning of a new age… placing orders for boys or
Just think of all those people girls, and filling out forms on
who thought they couldn’t eye color and height we want.
have children, and now… It’s It’s one thing to raise cows
a new hope for thousands of and rabbits in the laboratory,
childless couples…” but human babies?”’

Should laboratory human fertilization be allowed?

Take a position and argue
your case in class:
For Against
1. Creates life – allows 1. Destroys life – many
more couples to have fertilized eggs die in
children. laboratory.
2. Uses “natural method” – 2. Immoral – puts
baby develops in mother’s “creation” outside of the
womb. body.
3. Produces a normal, 3. No guarantee that
healthy baby. genetic defects will not show
up later.
4. Infertile couples can 4. Only for the wealthy:
now have babies. poor people can’t afford the
laboratory expences.
5. Will lead to new 5. Will lead to “baby
techniques to prevent genetic farms” and mass-produced
diseases in children. children.
6. Improves on nature – 6. Tampers with nature –
increases our understanding disrupts the evolutionary
of the mystery of life. balance; what about the
survival of the fittest?
32
 Task 6: Ground your opinion on the following issues:

1. What should be the legal status of fertilized eggs in the

laboratory? Do you think they are nonhuman material that can be
thrown away, or are they “human beings” with a right to life?
2. Who would be legally responsible if a test-tube baby developed
genetic defects later in life – the parents, the doctors, the
government?
3. Should the government encourage or discourage genetic
research?
4. In a society that treats rich and poor alike, would a poor,
childless couple have a right to a test-tube baby at government
expense? As a taxpayer, how do you feel about this?
5. Many experts believe that “making a baby” is not the same
thing as “having a baby.” They fear that test-tube babies will bring
an end to the idea of family, where husband and wife share the
experience of creation. Do you agree or disagree?

Task 7: Make your decision and ground it:

1. Harry Baker is the mayor of a small town in which there is a

large state university. Biologists at the university want to experiment
with E.coli bacteria. They plan to produce human cancer in the
bacteria. It is a new experiment. Mayor Baker is meeting with the
Town Council tonight:
 Should he tell the Council members about the experiment?
 If you were Mayor Baker, what would you recommend to the
Council?
2. Professor Phillip Johnson is a well-known scientist. Bill Foster
is his graduate student and he plans to do his Ph.D. under Prof.
Johnson. Prof. Johnson is conducting secret genetic experiments. Bill
thinks these experiments are dangerous and morally wrong. Bill is a

33
good student, but he can only get his degree if Prof. Johnson
approves his work.
 What do you think Bill Foster should do?
3. Susan Harrison is 42 years old. She has just recently married.
Her husband wants a child. Susan has two children from her first
marriage, and she is not sure she wants another child. She knows that
an older woman has more chance of having a baby with Down’s
Syndrome. Also, her husband’s brother is mentally retarded.
 If you were Susan’s doctor, what would you tell her about
amniocentesis?
 If you were Susan, what would you decide to do?
4.Mr. X is a powerful leader of a small country in the year 2010.
A government scientist has discovered a way to inject a miracle drug
into the unborn fetus. This drug changes the genes so that all the
children are born with great intelligence. The leader has to decide
whether to use this drug or not.
 What should he do?
5.Janet and Greg Stevens have been married for eight years. They
have no children and both want their own child very badly. Since
Janet’s fallopian tubes are faulty, she can never conceive a child. But
she is young and healthy.
 Should the Stevens consider having a “test-tube baby?”?
6. Reverend Wilkins is writing his sermon. The people in his
church are confused. They have just read about the first test-tube
baby. He wants to talk to them about the moral implications of the
new genetic techniques.
 What do you think Rev. Wilkins will tell the members of his
church?

Task 8: Translate the text in viva voce from Ukrainian into

English:

Диво материнства

34
 У 2008 році 70-річна жителька Індії народила двох
близнюків.
Омкарі Панвар та її
77-річний чоловік
давно мріяли про сина,
але природа піднесла
їм сюрприз, і в
пологовому відділенні
шпиталю в
Музаффарнагарі, що в
семи годинах їзди від
Нью-Делі, на світ з’явилися хлопчик і дівчинка.
Для 70-річної Омкарі той факт, що тепер вона стала
найстарішою мамою у світі, не є чимость надприродним. Вона
щаслива, що тепер її материнську програму виконано, і вона
нарешті подарувала чоловіку довгоочікуваного спадкоємця.
На момент народження близнюків у подружжя вже було двоє
доньок і навіть п’ятеро онуків, але пара завжди хотіла мати
сина. Щоб мрія здійснилася, Омкарі та її чоловік пішли на
екстрені заходи: вони заклали ділянку землі, продали буйволів,
витратили всі свої заощадження і навіть взяли позику в банку,
адже процедура ЕКЗ (екстракорпорального запліднення) в Індії
коштує дуже дорого.

TOPIC 3: Johnny Can’t Read: a failing grade for American

public education
The free public education system in the United States has
traditionally provided opportunities for all Americans to receive the
schooling necessary to function in society. Many have used
education as a way to improve the quality of their lives. The children
of immigrants, who were often illiterate, have used the schools to
gain access to a college education and the rewards of high-paying
jobs. This right to an excellent and equal education is a fundamental
principle of American democracy.
35
 Yet all across America many people are concerned that schools
today are not doing their job. Some parents want to know why their
son or daughter can’t read a simple job application form or write a
sentence without making errors in grammar and spelling. A recent
study has shown that 15% of high school graduates in America today
are functionally illiterate; they lack the basic reading, writing and
arithmetic skills to perform the simple tasks, such as reading a
newspaper or writing out a check, necessary for everyday living in a
modern society. The majorities of high school students go on to
college or find good jobs.
Why, then, have so many
others failed to learn even
minimum skills?
Schools are said to be out
of control. Parents,
educators and government
26 officials point to the use
of drugs and the lack of
discipline among students as symptoms of the problem. Also, the
number of physical attacks on teachers is increasing and vandalism
now costs schools $600 million a year in destroyed property.
Sociologists believe that the civil rights movement and Vietnam
protests of the mid 60’s caused some students to distrust authority
and to behave as if they had a license to do whatever they wanted. It
is now felt that the new teaching methods and curriculum changes
that were introduced at that time have failed miserably. Now, they
say, is the time for reform and a return to the basics of the three R’s.
It is not unusual to walk into a high school home economics class
and see a 17-year-old boy put a cake into an oven or thread a needle.
"Basic Survival” for male students is one of the 700 exotic elective
courses now offered in addition to the regular high school
curriculum. Many students elect to take such “soft” courses as
jewelry-making, bricklaying and driver education instead of earning
credits in the “hard" subjects such as foreign languages and math.
36
Many educators argue that the curriculum should be tied to the
interests and skills of the students, and that such electives are needed
because the world today requires a great variety of knowledge. One
parent disagrees: “I see the school today as a training ground and
stepping stone to jobs and life. I want my child to learn skills that
will get him into college or help him find a decent job. I sent him to
school to be educated, not to be entertained."
One of the major problems is that students themselves don’t seem
to care about learning. Teachers complain about the general apathy
among students: "They come
to class unprepared, and even
the bright kids don’t do any
more work than they have
to.” Students know they can
be promoted to the next
grade and even graduate with
very little effort. Parents
blame the schools that
automatically promote the child regardless of the work he or she has
done. The average grade used to be a C; today most students get A’s
and B's. These inflated grades also disguise the fact that students are
not learning. Some parents feel they should have paid more attention
to their children’s progress in school. Mrs. Limon, a mother of four,
complains: "My son graduated from high school this year and he
doesn’t have a job because he can't read job applications. Why didn’t
they tell me when he was in the eighth grade that he was reading at a
fourth grade level! What can 1 do now that he’s eighteen and
illiterate?"
It’s easy to blame the teachers, who many feel are not dedicated
or willing to spend extra time with students in after-school activities.
An angry parent exclaims, “When the bell rings, it’s a race to see
whether the teacher beats the kids out of the classroom.” Yet,
teachers feel they are the victims of the system. They see parents as
being too preoccupied with job and self to take an interest in their
37
children, and point to the influences of a society that permits drugs
and sex to be sold on street corners as the real causes of classroom
problems. Perhaps the teachers are afraid that they will be among the
5,200 secondary school teachers attacked by students – 1/5 of them
seriously – each month. A recent University of California study
found that 250 battered teachers from inner-city Los Angeles schools
showed the same nervous symptoms as do veterans from the wars.
Many teachers can’t cope, so they leave the profession. Those who
remain complain that they are caught in the middle between weak
principals and parents, who expect teachers to raise their children for
them.
One of the recent moves to raise the standards in public schools is
the demand for “minimal competency testing” to eliminate social
passing, the system by which illiterate students eventually graduate
merely by attending school enough years. Such a competency test
would assess those skills that educators feel are the least that can be
expected from high school graduates. Six states so far – California,
Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, Wisconsin and Washington – have
passed laws requiring students to pass examinations that ask
everything – from filling out a job application to figuring the cost per
ounce of items on a grocery shelf. What kinds of skills these new
tests should measure is becoming a hot public issue.
Leaders of the Black community are concerned since 42% of
Black 17-ycar-olds in school are considered illiterate. They argue
that the Florida proficiency test is culturally biased: “There are items
on that test that deal with check-books and interest rates. The
average Black kid has no knowledge of that whatsoever, while the
White kids are taught these things at home." Yet, test writers claim
that only those skills taught in the classroom appear on the exam.
Should national exams which might be biased against inner-city
children be used? Last year, 13% of all students dropped out of
schools, and one out of four missed at least one period a day. Will
competency testing put a stamp of failure on thousands of America's
young people and encourage them to drop out at a higher rate?
38
Remedial classes for those who fail will cost money, and taxpayers
are already tired of supporting a school system that produces
students without basic skills.
One thing is clear. Many students are not taking advantage of
educational opportunities. They no longer believe that studying hard
will lead to a good job and a better life. Teachers complain that they
cannot teach students who come to class only when they feel like it:
“If parents can’t force kids to go to school, then we can't help."
While the form of other institutions in society –especially the family
– is rapidly changing, the schools are still expected to uphold basic
values and prepare students to play a meaningful role in society. The
school is a microcosm of the larger society. If that society has
problems, its schools will have problems, too. Is it really the schools’
fault that “Johnny can’t read”?

VOCABULARY
English Ukrainian
to gain access мати доступ
application form бланк заяви
to fail miserably з тріском провалитися
to thread a needle заправити нитку в голку
elective courses вибіркові дисципліни
(предмети)
regular curriculum основний розклад занять
bricklaying, to lay bricks вкладання цеглин, класти
цеглини
stepping stone трамплін
inflated grade натягнена (завищена) оцінка
to pass law прийняти закон
biased упереджений
interest rate банківський відсоток,
відсоткова ставка
remedial classes додаткові заняття з тими, хто
відстає,
39
 to take advantage скористатися
to uphold підтримувати, зберігати

Task 1. WHAT EVERY HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE

NEEDS TO KNOW...
Bob handed the clerk a dollar for a quarter newspaper and two nickel packages
of gum. The tax was three pennies. What change did he get back?
a. 2 quarters, 2 dimes and 3 pennies
b. 2 quarters, 1 dime and 2 pennies
c. 2 quarters, 3 nickels and 3 pennies
d. 2 quarters, 1 nickel and 2 pennies

a. 1/4 is equivalent to what percent?

a. 1/4% c. 20%
b. 4% d. 25%

b. Bill is looking up a number in the telephone book. He wants to call Mr.

Morton. He will find the number between which names?
a. Martin and Miller
b. Merrill and Murray
c. Michaels and Monroe
d. Mooney and Morris

c. You can buy a used car from Mel’s Garage for $2,650 or on credit with a
down payment of $300 and $80 a month for three years. How much would you
save by buying with cash rather than by buying on credit?
a. $ 230 c. $ 530
b. $2,880 V d. $3,180

Task 2: Check Your Comprehension

Using the information given in the text above, decide whether the following
statements are true or false:

EXAMPLE:
False All people immigrating to the U.S. are illiterate.
____ 1. Each U.S. citizen should expect to receive an equal and excellent
education.
____ 2. A "functionally illiterate” student can read, write and do arithmetic.

40
____ 3. Parents are worried about the lack of discipline and use of drugs in
American schools.
____ 4. In the 60’s, new curricula and teaching methods began to be used in the
schools.
____ 5. Teachers feel that at least the best students are working hard in schools
today.
____ 6. There is a current trend to give students low grades.
____ 7. Teachers are devoting less time to extracurricular activities than they
did in the past.
____ 8. Teachers are pleased that parents are spending more time working at
their jobs.
____ 9. Competency tests measure how much a student has learned in history,
science and other classes.
____ 10. Black leaders feel that competency tests are fair to all students.
____ 11. Taxpayers are reluctant to pay for classes.
____ 12. The author feels that the schools represent the society and all its
problems.

Task 3.Vocabulary Practice A.

From the choices given, select the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined
word:
EXAMPLE:
to disguise
a. hide
b. encourage
c. show

1. to cope
a. remain silent
b. struggle with some success
c. solve

2. a symptom of a problem
a. sign
b. solution
c. cause

3. to uphold a tradition
a. change
b. support
c. carry
41
4. apathetic students
a. bright
b. lazy
c. uninterested

5. preoccupied with work

a. finished
b. tired
c. busy

6. to gain access
a. admittance
b. reward
c. knowledge

7.inflated prices
a. accurate
b. expanded
c. discount

8. to survive an accident
a. witness
b. cause
c. live through

9. a biased opinion
a. prejudiced
b. excellent
c. fair

10. a battered child

a. aggressive
b. beaten
c. neglected

11. to dedicate one’s life

a. devote
b. waste
c. spend

42
 12. a public place
a. traditional
b. standard
c. community

Task 4: Vocabulary Practice B.

Choose the word that best completes the analogy. See the example.
EXAMPLE:
trust; distrust AS literate:______
a. schooling
b. fail
c. illiterate

1. ship: captain AS school: _____

a. teacher
b. principal
c. student

2. person: attack AS property:______

a. size
b. vandalism
c. public

3. cold: sneeze AS problem: _____

a. symptom
b. authority
c. interest

4. menu: restaurant AS curriculum: _____

a. school
b. society
c. student

5. mind: mental AS body: ______

a. weak
b. physical
c. general

6. cost: expense AS mistake: _____

c. error
d. equal
43
 e. excellent

7. school: graduate AS war: ____

a. teacher
b. soldier
c. veteran

8. textbook: education AS movie: _____

a. business
b. sports
c. entertainment

9. jewelry: make AS brick: _____

a. put
b. lay
c. do

10. emigrant: out AS immigrant: _______

a. in
b. at
c. from

Task 4: Discussion
1. In what way does a free public educational system increase opportunities
for all citizens?
2. A person who was just barely functionally literate in 1900 would not be
considered functionally literate in today’s highly technological society. Explain.
3. Why do sociologists feel that the civil rights movement and the Vietnam
protest affected students’ behavior?
4. What are some of the exotic electives offered in American schools? Why
are they offered? Do you think they should be part of the curriculum? Are there
electives in schools in your country?
5. Why do some teachers exhibit symptoms similar to those of combat
soldiers?
6. Should high school students be required to pass a national competency
test? Are these tests fair to all students?
7. Are the schools in your country a "microcosm of the society”?
8. Where does the responsibility of parents end and school responsibility
begin? How can parents help the school do a better job?
9. Can a society prosper and advance when 15% of its high school graduates
are illiterate? Will there always be some students who cannot or won’t learn?
44
 Task 5: Translate the text in viva voce from Ukrainian into
English:

ЦІКАВІ ФАКТИ ПРО ШКОЛУ

Кожен з нас із захватом згадує шкільні роки. Перерви,
домашні завдання, перша закоханість, хуліганство – все це було
в житті будь-якого школяра. Ми отримали багато нових знань та
дізналися про різних особистостей. Але от цікаво, приміром,
якими були в школі той самий Ейнштейн чи Сильвестр
Сталлоне.
Ось список найцікавіших фактів про школу: 1. Чи знаєте
ви, що такі великі уми людства як Чарльз Діккенс, Томас Едісон,
Марк Твен, Ноель Ковард не закінчували навіть початкових
класів.
2. Найголовнішою подією
учня є канікули. Всі чекають їх з
нетерпінням. Але школярі 19
століття не могли радіти, як нинішні
діти. Адже, по суті, у них майже
ніяких канікул і не було. Ті, хто жив
у місті мали тижневі канікули після трьох місяців навчання. А
для сільських дітей відпочинком
вважалася поїздка додому для збору
врожаю.
3. А ось американські школярі, як і
всі інші, мабуть більше люблять дивитися
передачі, ніж вчитися. Адже в
середньому вони витрачають 14 тисяч
годин на їхній перегляд, а от на навчання
на дві тисячі годин менше.
4. Успішність і поведінка в школі
зовсім не говорить про те, що дитина
буде успішною або навпаки. Адже
сьогодні є безліч прикладів, де всім відомі школярі приносили
45
безліч турбот і проблем своїм вчителям. Наприклад, Білл Гейтс,
ще в підлітковому віці зламав комп’ютер в школі, аби отримати
доступ до секретної інформації. Швидше за все, ви думаєте, що
його суворо покарали за це. А ось і ні. Комп’ютерний центр в
Сіетлі взяв його на роботу, щоб він перевіряв їхні програми.
5. Всі знають про великого винахідника Томаса Едісона, але
мало кому відомо, що його відсилали додому з запискою про те,
що він гальмо. А все тому, що він був звичайною «чомучкою»,
що й роздратувало вчителя.
6. Аль Капоне і Джон Траволта покинули навчання ще в
підлітковому віці.
7. Сьогодні Стів Джобс є
відомою і шанованою
особистістю, який, нажаль, вже
помер. Але мало хто знає, що
багато вчителів скаржилися на
його непосидючість і
хуліганство.
8. Не відрізнявся зразковою поведінкою і Сильвестр Сталлоне,
адже його вигнали з понад десятка шкіл.
9. А ось Джек Ніколсон, мабуть, дуже любив пожартувати в
школі, адже не дарма його порівнювали з клоуном.

TOPIC 4. Bilingual education: what happened to the melting

pot?
Until recent years, the children of immigrants were forced to
“sink or swim" and to learn English in American schools. But in the
mid 60’s there developed an awareness among ethnic groups that
every American has a heritage and should be proud of his or her
other identity. For new immigrant groups, this has become a demand
that their children should begin their education in the native
language and learn about their first culture in the schools.
Bilingual programs provide separate classes and curricula for
students who need to use their native tongue in class until they have
46
made the transition to classes conducted in English. The number of
lessons taught in the native language or in English differs from
program to program. Some bilingual programs use the native
language 90% of the time; others are 50-50; while still others begin
in the native language and rapidly move to complete use of English
after a few years.
Today, 287,000 foreign-born students in America – 76% of
them Hispanic – are taught some, if not all, of their lessons in 70
different dialects and languages. The idea behind the bilingual
program is to ease immigrant children into the mainstream of
American society. Critics argue that bilingual programs are badly
managed and inefficient, and that qualified foreign-born teachers are
hard to find. They feel that students who speak mostly their native
language at school and speak no English at home will not learn
enough English to compete in a highly technological society. Says
the deputy mayor of New York City, a Puerto Rican: “We have
plenty of jobs in Manhattan businesses; the problem is that our kids
can’t spell."
At 19 million, 9%
of the U.S. population is
Hispanic, the largest
group of foreign-born
Americans. Hispanics
are also the most under-
educated. Only 40% have completed high school, while the school
drop-out rate for Hispanics often reaches 85% in large urban areas.
In addition, nearly 27% of Hispanic families in the U.S. are below
the poverty line, and earn under $7,000 a year. Since good jobs
require education, Hispanic leaders want to keep their children in
school and are demanding more and better bilingual education
programs. But the central question remains: Can bilingual programs
that emphasize cultural pride success fully teach the English
language skills that students need to succeed in American society?

47
 VOCABULARY
English Ukrainian
heritage спадщина
melting pot мультикультуралізм,
плавильний котел, жорна
Curriculum (plural -a) навчальна програма, розклад
mainstream масова тенденція, головний
напрямок, мейнстрім
to compete конкурувати
deputy mayor заступник міського голови
Hispanic Іспаномовне населення
urban міський

Task 1: What do these people think?

a bilingual teacher...
“Bilingual schools help foreign-born students feel welcome
in American society and keep them in school, not on the streets.
Students learn better through a gradual transition into English, since
they use their native tongue to learn English and begin studies of
subjects like science and math. They switch to the regular school
program as soon as they are fluent in English. Unfortunately, in
some cases, this never happens."

an immigrant parent...
“1 don’t want my child to forget his cultural heritage. He
should be proud to speak his native language and know about the
traditions of his people ... sure, he needs to know English, but that
doesn't mean he should lose his ethnic identity!"

an educational researcher...
"We studied 150 schools and 11,500 students nationwide and
found that bilingual programs helped children learn such subjects as
math. But Hispanic children in bilingual programs generally did not

48
improve in English any faster than did Spanish speakers in
monolingual classrooms."

a government
official...
"The Supreme
Court and Congress
require us to provide
equal educational
opportunities for students who don’t speak English. Educators and
parents tell us that the best way to do it is through bilingual schools.
It's expensive and doesn’t always work, but do we have any choice?"

Task 2: Pro and con

Assimilation or separatism?
Does Bilingual Education bring people together or keep them apart?
Take a position and argue your case in class:

For Bilingual Education . Against Bilingual Education

1. Students who don’t speak 1. Foreign-born students must be
English can't learn in regular forced to speak English to survive in
classes the society
2. Use of native language 2. Use of native language prevents
preserves ethnic identity and students from assimilating and
pride becoming full members of society
3. Separates children into
classes with special teacher 3. Segregated classes make children
and curriculum to better meet feel “different"
student needs/interests
4. Only transitional; students 4. Doesn't work; students graduate
learn lessons in native without learning English well; have
language then switch to difficulty getting a job with a second-
English class education
5. Almost 300,000 students 5. Bilingual classes cost the
49
don’t speak English;
government twice as much as regular
government can’t afford not to
classes – they’re expensive and
spend extra money for their
unnecessary
education
6. Recognizes the “cultural 6. Students don't get an "American"
diversity" that makes America education with the ideals and values
strong that make America strong
7. Helps minority groups to 7. Encourages minority groups to
organize and light for political form with political demands that can
rights divide America, similar to what’s
happening now in Canada and
Belgium.

Task 3: In your opinion...

1. Why do some parents feel that their children cannot have
equal educational opportunities unless classes are taught in the native
language?
2. Why do some people feel that a bilingual education means a
second-class education?
3. People learn English for instrumental purposes (as a tool to
study, use on the job) and/or for integrative purposes (to become part
of American cultural life). What are your reasons for studying
English?
4. Can students get an American education if they are taught in
a language other than English? Can you learn a language well if you
don’t accept the values and ideals of the culture it represents?
5. Are there bilingual schools in your country? What percentage
of the classes are taught in your native language? What are the
advantages/disadvantages of attending these schools?
6. More and more Hispanic children are dropping out of the
regular school system. Politicians fear that this will lead to a large
subculture with little or no skill in English, a nation-within- a-nation.
If this happens, what political problems could result? Does linguistic
diversity exist in your country? Has this created serious problems?
50
 Task 4: Which school is best for you?

These people must decide which college to attend. Of the four

colleges outlined on the next page, choose the one you think each
should attend.
1. Charlie Dunn, age 23, lives in the town next to Westwood.
Presently he is working in New City which is a 20 minute bus ride
away. He completed one year of college before he got his present job
in a bank. He has decided to go back to school to prepare for
graduate school in business. He still has to work part-time to support
his wife and son. Charlie has about $5000 in savings that will go
towards his tuition. He does not want to take out educational loans
until he is in graduate school.
2. Mary Harper lives in the suburbs.
She graduated from high school this June
with excellent grades. She is the only
child in an upper middle class family. She
plans to study languages. Mary is quite
shy and hopes that college will help her
meet new people.
3. Tommy White, age 18, lives in
New City. He is from a poor family. Even
though he has a high school diploma, his
language and math skills are not very good. But Tommy is a very
clever boy. His senior advisor has been encouraging Tommy to go to
college.
4. Carlos is from Venezuela. He has a good background in math
and science, although he needs to improve his English some. His
government will pay his tuition and give him a living allowance for
study in the U.S. Carlos has an uncle who lives in New City and he
wants Carlos to live with him and go to school nearby. Carlos wants
to go to the school that will give him the best training for graduate
school in petroleum engineering.

51
 5. Marsha Bianco, age 35, has been working in computing
science for twelve years. She has a good job but cannot get another
promotion without a degree. She has a lot of practical knowledge in
computing science. She lives just outside of New City.
Which school do you think is “right” for you?

Task 5: Translate the text in viva voce from Ukrainian into

English:
Як стати генієм: 10 парадоксальних порад
Багато з нас заздрять найбільшим інноваторам світу і
мріють мислити та діяти як вони. Завдяки багаторічним
дослідженням їхньої творчості ми знаємо, завдяки чому ці люди
стали геніями. Ось десять важливих ідей, які підказує досвід
найголовніших інноваторів в історії людства.
1. Іскра творчого генія – це просто зацікавленість у
чомусь, чи то в вирішенні конкретної проблеми, прагненні
більше дізнатися про щось або просто цікавість. Без цієї
цікавості неможливо вийти за межі статус-кво. Тому перший
крок – визначити ваші інтереси. Що по-справжньому вас
інтригує та збуджує? Про що ви хочете більше дізнатися? Ці
відповіді – фундамент для розвитку вашої креативності.
2. Генії не
піддаються
класифікації. Вони не
належать до якогось
певного «типу
особистості», в них
парадоксальним чином
поєднуються риси
різних типів характерів.
3. Творчі генії здатні приділяти своїй роботі колосальну
увагу та величезні запаси енергії – причому протягом довгого
часу. Але вони далеко не завжди існують в цьому режимі. Вони
балансують довгі періоди зосередженості на роботі з довгими
52
періодами розслаблення, віддаляючись від метушні світу, щоб
мирно порефлексувати.
4. Розглядайте світ як експерт … але при цьому мисліть
як початківець. Високий інтелект допомагає мислити як геній.
Гете говорив, що головна риса генія – наївність. Генії вміють
поєднувати дитячу цікавість з мудрістю. Це дозволяє їм
генерувати масу різноманітних, божевільних і начебто не
пов’язаних між собою ідей.
5. Ставтеся до роботи серйозно, але отримуйте
задоволення! Творчі генії безумовно ставляться до роботи як до
гри, але ця легкість сама по собі не дозволяє довести справу до
кінця. Тому важливо вміти переключатися та розуміти, коли вам
необхідно увійти в жорсткий, дисциплінований режим роботи –
ця наполегливість необхідна, щоб пробивати бар’єри та
здійснювати реальні інновації.
6. Спілкуйтеся з людьми – але також довше залишайтеся
наодинці з собою. Багато творчих людей навіть спеціально так
вибудовують свій час, щоб регулярно переключатися між
роздумами на самоті та інтенсивною соціальною взаємодією.
Вони розуміють, що і те, й інше необхідне, щоб домогтися
високого ступеню креативності.
7. Творчі генії до певної міри здатні не підкорятися
гендерним стереотипам. Жінки-генії частіше виявляються більш
наполегливими, домінантними особистостями, ніж інші жінки, а
чоловіки-генії – більш чутливими та обережними, ніж чоловіки
в середньому. Іншими словами, генії обох статей впевнені в
собі, наполегливі та здатні до крутих вчинків, але водночас
уважні до інших людей і відчувають ситуацію.
8. Творчих особистостей часто уявляють бунтарями-
богоборцями. Насправді всім цим геніям для початку
доводиться прийняти та засвоїти правила дій в їхній конкретній
області експертизи. Потрібно розуміти правила і все те, що було
зроблено до вас, але при цьому бути готовими скорегувати ці

53
правила – щоб вивести вашу область і себе самого на нові
творчі висоти.
9. Захоплюйтеся, але будьте об’єктивни-ми. Творчі генії
вміють не тільки відсторонитися від своєї роботи, але навіть
розкритикувати її, розірвати на шматки – це критично важлива
навичка, яку вони використовують регулярно.
10. Генії
витрачають багато часу на
планування, роздуми,
стратегічні розрахунки з
приводу того, що робити
далі. Але вони мають
також дивну здатність
швидко відмовлятися від
цих планів у світлі нової інформації або цікавих можливостей.
Це не означає, що планування не важливо. Мова лише про те,
що на початку творчого проєкту у вас ніколи немає всієї
повноти інформації, що дозволяє створити інноваційне рішення.
Якщо ж у вас є вся необхідна інформація, варто ще раз
замислитися над тим, що саме ви робите: швидше за все, тоді
ваша робота не така вже новаторська і креативна.

TOPIC 5. The American Family in Transition: a changing

tradition
In the early days of America, the family held together for
economic reasons. Father, mother and children all worked together
to build the pioneer farm or family business. The traditional nuclear
family was one of utility: each member did a job that made the
family independent and self-sufficient. With the coming of
industrialization and urbanization in the 19th century, the concept of
the family gradually changed. Father — and often mother – no
longer worked at home, but in the factory. By mid-century, the free
public school system was expanded to include the children of the
new immigrants who came to work in America’s factories. Formal
54
education began to replace family education. These compulsory
schools were now expected to teach skills, develop work habits, and
pass on social values to the nation’s young. With modern
technology, almost all traditional functions of the family – education
of children, care of the sick, preparation of food – have passed out of
the home and into the hands of institutions. American parents of
today are worried about these deep changes in family life and in
society. They are not even sure about who is bringing up their
children.
Although parents still feel responsible for their children’s
lives, they have much less control. Outside forces, such as television,
schools and peer group pressures, greatly influence children’s
attitudes and behavior. By the age of 18, the average American child
has spent more time watching TV than he or she has been in school
or with parents. A parent can get rid of a babysitter who talks of
murder and sex to the children or tells them how wonderful the
newest candies and toys are. But few parents are brave enough to
smash the electronic babysitter or lock the TV up in the closet.
Cynthia Martin, a mother of four, tells of the pressure she has to
cope with: “My eight-year-old son sees a new toy gun on TV that his
friend has, and he asks me to buy him one. My husband and I want
our son to have fun and play with other children, but we don’t
always like the influence others have on him.” Sometimes the
pressure on parents is intense and almost laughable, like the 24-year-
old hippie who sued his parents for $350,000. He charged that it was
their fault and their failure as parents that made him what he is.
Is the American family in trouble? Today, about one out of
three marriages ends in divorce, and more and more of them involve
children. The divorce rate in America is still the highest in the world,
but 75% of the women and 83% of the men who divorce remarry
within 3 years. The children from these broken homes join up to
produce a new kind of unit called the blended family. About 18
million children are now living with their step-brothers and sisters in
such an arrangement.
55
 But perhaps the most significant trend today is toward the
single-parent household. Of all children under 18, 17% are now
living with only one parent. More divorced men feel that they are
capable of bringing up their children and are fighting for custody
rights. John Wilcox, who recently won custody of his two little girls,
believes he’s doing a good job in raising his kids. He proudly
displays the Mother’s Day card his girls gave him, “thanking Mom
for all she’s done!”
One of the biggest problems facing families today is the
rising cost of raising a child. Experts say that at today’s prices, a
family of four, earning about $20,000 a year, should expect to spend
over $55,000 to support a child to the age of 18, and this does not
include the expenses of higher education. Many women are adding
to the family income by going back to work. Today, one-half of all
married women with school-age children have some kind of job
outside the home. While most mothers work because they need the
money, the modern woman is also aware that her role as wife and
mother is short-lived. She wants to prepare for a career that will
occupy most of her adult years. A job, even while the children are
still at home, is an important part of her life. Many women plan their
families so that the last child is in school by the time they are in their
late twenties or early thirties. As a result, the average American
child, for a total of 14 to 16 years, spends most weekdays with day-
care workers or teachers and other children and not with his or her
family. Economic conditions which kept the early families of
America together have become, in modern society, the reasons for
their moving apart.
Business and government officials are looking for new ways
to help parents meet their family responsibilities as well as to
increase their income. Flexible working hours and half-time jobs for
both parents have been suggested. In this way, at least one parent
would always be at home with the children while both could still
pursue careers. Others favor increased government support for
nationwide day-care centers which would allow more mothers to
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find full-time jobs. At present, a family is only allowed to deduct
$750 for each child or elderly dependent from their yearly income
taxes. With smaller families and the increased cost of raising
children, this hardly seems enough.
Many parents blame themselves for not being in control. At
the same time, they are frustrated by the demands of being parents in
a modern society. They even wonder whether they are doing a good
job at all. Some find kids today are tough to live with and think that
young couples starting out today would be smart not to have
children. Not so, says a 45-year-old mother of three: "We discuss,
we argue, we scream and we holler. I can understand why some
people run away from home – both kids and adults. But almost
anything of value requires effort. Having children has brought a
richness to our lives. I’d do it all over again.” There are 56.7 million
families in America today. In spite of all the problems, it seems that
a lot of people agree with her.

VOCABULARY
English Ukrainian
utility доцільність, засіб
забезпечення
self-sufficient самодостатній
peer одноліток
to bring up виховувати
custody rights права опіки та піклування
to deduct відкидати, відраховувати
to holler кричати

Task 1: Pro-Con

NO CHILDREN
ALLOWED
1. “My husband and I
grew up in this neighborhood.
57
Our church, our old schools and playgrounds are here. The
children’s grandparents live down the street. We’ve been looking for
a place for months. But nobody wants us with the kids. We want the
kids to have the same experiences we had in growing up in this
neighborhood. Most of our friends live in the suburbs. I guess we’ll
have to give up looking for an apartment in the city and join them in
suburbia.”

2. “We finally decided to have a child and were very happy

about it. But now it seems society is punishing us for being parents.
We can’t find a building that will take the three of us. My husband
has a good job here and we really enjoy living in the city. We may
be forced to leave if we can’t find proper housing. It’s a nightmare!”
In the U.S., no person can be denied an apartment because of
race, religion, color, national origin, sex or marital status. Yet, in
many cities like Miami, Los Angeles and Philadelphia, millions of
families with children are being shut out of “adults only” housing.
Are children being discriminated against? Do you have to be 21 to
have the protection of the law?

But...
3. “I worked hard all my life for my children. I raised four of
them. Now it’s my turn to relax and enjoy some peace and quiet in
my later years. I will not live in a place that allows children to roam
the halls crying and screaming.”
4. “As a landlord, I must protect my interests. Most people
simply do not want to live in a building with noisy children. I can’t
allow kids in my buildings. It will ruin me financially, never mind
about the way kids today damage property ...”

Task 2: Vocabulary practice:

Choose the word that best completes the analogy. See the example:
EXAMPLE:
quarter-century: 25 AS mid-century: ____
58
 a. 10
b. 50
c. 75

I. fast: suddenly AS slow: ______

a. independently
b. gradually
c. utility

2. feeling: attitude AS action: _____

a. behavior
b. trend
c. value

3. succeed: success AS fail: ____

a. fault
b. miss
c. failure

4. single: one AS couple: _____

a. two
b. three
c. four

5. once: again AS
marry: _____
a. overmarry
b. remarry
c. amarry

6. vegetables: grow AS
children: _____
a. help
b. plant
59
 c. raise

7. young: youthful AS old: ______

a. grand
b. elderly
c. parent

8. study: school AS work: ______

a. career
b. job
c. factory

9. together: apart AS add: _____

a. deduct
b. reason
c. income

10. argue: disagree AS scream: _____

a. discuss
b. holler
c. talk

Task 3: Discussion
1. In what ways do
today’s parents depend on
people and institutions outside
the family to help them care for
their children?
2. Are children’s problems
caused entirely by the
irresponsibility and selfishness
of their parents? Should parents
alone be held responsible for what becomes of their children?

60
 3. The U.S. is one of only three nations in the world that allows
advertising on children’s TV programs. When children watch TV
programs for adults, they see advertisements that express a powerful
set of values. What do ads like those for expensive cars driven by
beautiful women seem to promise children? Do TV programs give
children a realistic view of life?
4. In earlier times, husbands and wives stayed together for
economic reasons even if they stopped loving each other. Today, a
marriage without love usually ends in divorce. Should parents stay in
an unhappy marriage “for the sake of the children?” Is divorce
frequent in your country? How are the children affected when their
parents divorce?
5. Can men make good "mothers”? Is taking care of the children
the natural role of women, and earning the family income the natural
role of men? Do you think men who do housework and take care of
children are "real men”? Should the responsibility for the care of
home and children be divided equally between both marriage
partners?
6. Research studies suggest that a mother working does not
produce disadvantages for a child. Yet many working mothers feel
guilty because they are not available to their children 24 hours of a
day. Do you feel that only a full-time mother can provide the right
kind of loving environment that every child needs?
7. What do you understand by the statement, “anything of value
requires effort?” How does this apply to the idea of marriage?
family?

Task 4: Translate the text in viva voce from Ukrainian into

English:
Батьки та діти
У європейських країнах середній вік батьків становить 29
років, в Індії – 19 років, в Україні здебільшого молодими
мамами стають у 22, а татусями у 27 років;

61
 Наймолодшими батьками
стали діти в Китаї в 1910 році:
мамі і татові було 9 і 8 років.
Останнім часом з’явилася
тенденція давати дітям
незвичайні імена. Кілька років
поспіль найоригінальніші
громадяни США називають своїх
дітей на честь відомих брендів: так, дівчатка отримують ім’я
Тіффані, Шанель, Армані, Гуччі, хлопчики – Лексус, Найк,
Адідас.
Найвідоміша компанія дитячих конструкторів “Лего” за
роки свого існування випустила їх так багато, що на кожного
жителя планети припадає по 30 елементів. Останнім часом
почастішали випадки проковтування малюками дрібних
деталей, тому до пластмаси почали додавати особливу
речовину, що світиться на рентгенівських знімках.
Найбільше дітей у світі у султана Ісмаїла з Марокко. У
нього 340 дочок і 548 синів.
Цікаво, що новонароджена дитина може розрізняти
червоний і зелений колір, а ось синього вона не бачить.
Згідно зі статистикою, діти 3-4 років щодня ставлять 900
запитань і вимовляють
понад 12 000 слів.
Нігерія – країна
близнюків, на кожні 11
пологів один випадок – це
неодмінно двійнята або
близнюки. А ось у Країні
Вранішнього сонця це
явище рідкісне –
близнюки з’являються на світ тільки в одному випадку на 250
пологів. Цікаво, що в метрику дітей, народжених у Кореї,
вносять також ті 9 місяців, які вони провели в утробі матері,
62
тому технічно вони старші за своїх однолітків, хоча і
народилися в одному році.
11-річний житель Єгипту Махмуд Ваіль визнаний одним
із найбільших розумників світу серед дітей. У нього
феноменальний інтелект, дитина здатна ділити та множити
дев’ятизначні числа зі швидкістю комп’ютера.
Вчені підтвердили, що малюкам, які в дитинстві активно
повзали, легше дається навчання, ніж тим, які одразу почали
ходити. Найпопулярніший день тижня для народження дітей –
це вівторок. А от у вихідні малюків народжується мало. Цікаво,
але факт. В одній зі шкіл Вельсу звільнили вчительку молодших
класів, яка сказала 6-річним дітям, що Санта-Клауса не існує.
Ганеш Ситам-Палам вважається найрозумнішою дитиною
планети. У віці 7 років він уже став студентом університету й
успішно опановує навчання, плануючи отримати вчений ступінь
до 13 років.
У багатьох великих
містах світу існують
закриті клуби для дітей-
індиго. Закриті не тому,
що хочуть ізолювати
малюків від світу, бо серед
однолітків вони як білі
ворони. Є діти, які в 5
років уже розмовляють
чотирма іноземними мовами або пишуть поеми. Раніше таких
людей вважали або геніями, або одержимими. Можна згадати
Моцарта, Да Вінчі та інших відомих особистостей.
Японці старанно уникають у спілкуванні з дітьми слів
поганий, негарний, кепський. Якщо малюк капризує, кажуть не
ти погана дитина, а гарні діти так не поводяться.
У Румунії працює єдиний у світі дитсадок для охоронців.
VIP-малюки ходять до садочка разом зі своїми охоронцями.

63
Кремезні чоловіки сидять у спеціальній прибудові і не зводять
очей зі своїх підопічних.
Англійські вчені стверджують, що діти, які постійно
мають справу з комп’ютером, значно швидше навчаються
математики і в 5 разів швидше вчаться читати і писати.
У Дубаї (ОАЕ) відбулася найбільша у світі виставка
фотографій усміхнених дітей у віці до п’яти років. Виставка, що
налічувала 18 000 фотографій, потрапила до Книги рекордів
Гіннесса.
Кожні три секунди у світі народжується дитина.

64
 Content

Передмова 3
TOPIC 1 The Rising costs of Health Care: Can you afford to be 4
sick?
TOPIC 2 The Biological Revolution: scientists tinker with life 20
TOPIC 3 Johnny Can’t Read: a failing grade for 34
American public education

TOPIC 4 Bilingual education: what happened to the melting 45

pot?
TOPIC 5 The American Family in Transition: a changing 53
tradition

65
Г.І. Сидорук

Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни

«Комунікативні стратегії першої іноземної мови»

Англійська мова

для студентів 1 року денної форми навчання та 2 року заочної

форми навчання ОС «Магістр»
спеціальності 035 «Філологія (Переклад)»
(англійською мовою)
В авторській редакції

Підп. до друку 27.10.21. Формат 60х84 1/16. Папір офс.

Офс. друк. Ум. друк. арк. 6.
Наклад 50 пр. Замовлення № 484.

Видавець і виготовлювач Редакційно-видавничий відділ НУБіП

України 03041, Київ, вул. Героїв Оборони, 15.

66