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 BOARD MEMBERS
EDITORIAL BOARD
Tami Moser, Ph.D. Patsy Parker, Ph.D. Kelly S. Moor, D.A.
Editor-in-Chief Managing Editor Copy & Production Editor
School of Business & Technology School of Business & Technology Idaho State University

A D M I N I S T R A T I V E
tami.moser@swosu.edu patsy.parker@swosu.edu Student Success Center
(580) 774-3069 (580) 774-3284 moorkell@isu.edu
(208) 282-5161
Lisa Appeddu, Ph.D. Frederic W. Murray, MLIS Jordan Rae Wofford, B.B.A.
Research Editor Editor-at-Large Graduate Student Intern
Department of Biological Sciences Al Harris Library aij@swosu.edu
lisa.appeddu@swosu.edu frederic.murray@swosu.edu (580) 774-7175
(580) 774-3148 (580) 774-7113

I S S U E S
ADVISORY BOARD

J O U R N A L :
Les Crall, J.D. Michael Williams, Ph.D. Virgil VanDusen, R.Ph., J.D.
Associate Dean Acting Dean, MBA Program Bernhardt Professor of Pharmacy
SWOSU Thomas Edison State College SWOSU
School of Business & Technology School of Business and Technology College of Pharmacy

E D U C A T I O N ,
les.crall@swosu.edu michaelwilliams4@comcast.net virgil.vandusen@swosu.edu

Mary Aspedon, Ph.D. Jama Rand, Ph.D.

Professor President
SWOSU Seattle Research Partners, Inc.
Department of Education jamarand@seattleresearchpartners.com
mary.aspedon@swosu.edu

P R A C T I C E ,
A N D
R E S E A R C H

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR 2
Frderic W. Murray, Editor-at-Large

BY SPECIAL INVITATION
R E S E A R C H

The Virtual Professor: A New Model in Higher Education

3
Randall Valentine & Robert Bennett

PRACTICE

Reference Letters and the Uninformed Business Educator: A U.S. Legal Perspective
A N D

Nina Compton & Pia A. Albinsson

7
P R A C T I C E ,

Using an Equity/Performance Matrix to Address Salary Compression/Inversion and Performance

Pay Issues 20
Peter Richardson & Steven Thomas

EDUCATION
E D U C A T I O N ,

Developing a New Graduate Program in Healthcare Management: Embracing the

Transformation of Healthcare Management Education on a Pathway to Success 34
Daniel G. Dominguez, Chris Garcia, & Kevin G. LaFrance

Small Rural School District Consolidation in Texas: An Analysis of its Impact on Cost and Student
Achievement 45
Dwight A. Cooley & Koy M. Floyd
J O U R N A L :

The Impact of Symbolic Speech in Public Schools: A Selective Case Analysis from Tinker to
Zamecnik 64
Charles R. Waggoner

RESEARCH
I S S U E S

Effects of Reading Strategies and the Writing Process with Written Recasts on Second Language
Achievement 73
Helen Ramirez & Don Jones
A D M I N I S T R A T I V E

Tolerance as Civility in Contemporary Workplace Diversity Initiatives

86
C. W. Von Bergen & George Collier

EDITORS’ PICK

Book Review: Intellectual Leadership in Higher Education: Renewing the Role of the University
Professor 98
Frederic W. Murray

Except as otherwise expressly provided, the author of each article in this volume and the Administrative Issues Journal
have granted permission for copies of that article to be made and used by nonprofit educational institutions, provided
that author and Administrative Issues Journal are identified and that proper notice of copyright is affixed to each copy. In
all other cases, the author and the Administrative Issues Journal should be contacted directly.

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 LETTER FROM THE EDITOR

As an Academic Librarian, it is my pleasure to work with students and faculty

from across a range of disciplines. When I was asked to join the AIJ Editorial
Board in the spring of 2012, I knew it was an opportunity to engage in the type
of cross-disciplinary work that is a staple of university librarianship. The chance

A D M I N I S T R A T I V E
to work with professors from so many discplines has proven to be demanding,
engaging, and quite a bit of fun.
Inquiry as its own reward is an indulgence that, as academics, we rarely get to
pursue. Yet reviewing manuscripts for publication in AIJ is just that sort of work.
In the fields of Administration, Nursing, Business, and others, we are exploring
questions and studies that seek to address the multitude of issues surrounding
these disciplines. It is practical work. The research and writing we are privileged
to publish reflects the inquiry and discipline of its authors. As publishers, we
want to bring this type of writing to as large an audience as possible.

I S S U E S
AIJ is an Open Access journal. It has been since its inception in 2011, and one of
my early goals was to have this aspect of our journal fully recognized—to stress
the importance of this to our university administrators, our faculty, the other
editors and our readers. We are an Open Access journal in design, function, and

J O U R N A L :
intent. Our funding model does not charge readers or our institution for access;
instead, we provide the journal’s content without charge on the principle
that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global
exchange of knowledge.
I am pleased to report that, as of April 2013, the Administrative Issues Journal is

E D U C A T I O N ,
now indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The DOAJ features
more than 8,300 titles and more than 920,000 articles. The global coverage of the
directory has expanded greatly, and this expansion reflects the degree to which
Open Access is being promoted and demonstrates the vitality of e-scholarship.
The current publishing model for academic scholarship is unsustainable. The
economics do not make sense in a digital environment. As an Open Access,
peer-reviewed journal, AIJ contributes to scholarship and information-sharing

P R A C T I C E ,
in a way that furthers the dialogue of 21st century publishing practices and the
goals of scholarship in the digital age.
Our inclusion in DOAJ means the articles in this issue will be uploaded with
metadata. The journal articles (in PDF format) will be included in long-term
preservation projects. DOAJ statistics show more than 10 million successful

A N D
requests a month for DOAJ content from all over the world and that web
crawlers are fetching the content of DOAJ to be a part of their search engines.
In the end, what Open Access represents to authors means that what you write,
R E S E A R C H

the world will read. As a Librarian concerned with access, preservation, and
usage, it is a privilege to work alongside my fellow editors and to be a part of a
process that is changing the world in which we live.

Frederic W. Murray
Editor-at-Large

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