Romantic Period Composers and The Romantic Opera

TRIUMPHAL MARCH FROM "AIDA"

- Composed by Giuseppe Verdi, the story is a about a girl named Aida an Ethiopian
princess who became a servant to the Egyptian princess Amneris
THE OPERA
- Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work
combining text (libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting.
Libretto
-denote to lyrics or manuscript of songs or operas in the Romantic Period
Romanticism is the golden age of opera
RICHARD WAGNER (1813-1833)
-Born in Leipzig from a theatrical family
-German leading composer of operas
-Wagner called his works music dramas not opera
-He also wrote his own librettos
-Wagner is considered a master of orchestration- massiveness
-An average Wagnerian piece took about 4-5 hours to perform
Leitmotif (leading motives) - a recurrent theme throughout a musical or literary
composition, associated with a particular person, idea, or situation.

GIUSEPPE VERDI (1813-1901)

-Born in Parma, Northern Italy
-Not a musical prodigy, failed admission to conservatories and has poor piano playing
technique
-Stayed in Milan to study composition and return to Parma when he became as a band
choirmaster and went back to Milan for his livelihood
-Works were serious love story with unhappy endings

GIACOMO PUCCINI (1858-1924)

-Born in Lucca, Italy from a family of musicians
-Composed La Boheme, Turandot and Madame Butterfly
-Used short melodies with emotions
-used the orchestra to give emphasis to the vocal melody

FRANZ SCHUBERT (1797-1828)

-Born in Himmelpfortgrund, Austria from a poor family
-A transitional composer from classical to romantic period
-Responsible in developing the German lied
-His works gained recognition and popularity among the m-asses
MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES
-MUSCULUS and SKELETOS which pertains to muscles and bones.
Musculoskeletal injuries are injuries that harm the muscles, ligaments, bones and
tendons.
Sprain
-It is described as partial or complete tearing of ligaments.
-Ligaments are tissues that connect the bones at a joint.
-It occurs commonly in the legs and feet
Strain
-A strain is any injury affecting the muscles and tendons.
-Tendons are the tissues that attach the muscles to our bones
-It occurs when the muscle is overstretched
RICE TREATMENT
REST
ICE
COMPRESSION
ELEVATION

Fracture
-A partial or complete breakin the bone.
Two types of Fracture
OPEN FRACTURES- are serious conditions in which the broken bone punctures the
skin and the wound becomes exposed.
CLOSE FRACTURES- are broken bones that stay inside the body.
Dislocation
-It occurs when two bones are out of position caused by joint injuries.
Nosebleed
-Occurs when a small vein, along the lining of the nose, bursts.

Burn
-A burn is the injury of the skin caused by extreme temperatures.
Three degrees of Burn
FIRST DEGREE BURN
-damages the outer layer of the skin only. A common sign of this burn is redness of the
skin.
SECOND DEGREE BURN
-damages both the outer skin layer and the layer beneath it. This is the most painful
type of burns. Common signs of this injury include redness and blisters.
THIRD DEGREE BURN
-appears leathery and covers a large part of the skin. These burns destroy the
innermost layer of the skin.
STRIP
TURN ON COLD TAP
ORGANIZE
PROTECT
HEAT EMERGENCIES
It occurs when there is too much heat in the surroundings.
HEAT STROKE
-A condition caused by your body overheating, usually as a result of prolonged
exposure to or physical exertion in high temperatures.
The most severe of all heat-related illnesses.
HEAT EXHAUSTION
-is a heat-related disorder. Here loss of fluid takes place. This decreases blood flow to
vital organs, leading to shock.
HEAT CRAMPS
-are involuntary muscle spasms. They are caused by deficiency of water and sodium.
Treatments For Heat Cramps
-Immediately stop the activity
-Rest in a cooler area
-Intake of fluids
-Gentle stretching of the muscles

POISONING
An injury characterized by the entry of a toxin or poison în the body through different
means:
-Inhaling
-Ingesting or swallowing • Through injecting
-Through exposure to radiation
-Through animal bites and stings

CHOKING
-Occurs when there is a blockage in the airway of a person.

SEVERE BLEEDING
-Involves loss of large amounts of blood.
Two types of Bleeding
INTERNAL BLEEDING
-Trauma
-Clotting disordersI Rupture of blood vessels
-Fractures (injury to nearby vessel,,likely accompanied by broken bones)
EXTERNAL BLEEDING
ARTERIAL -bright red, (oxygenated), spurting, difficult to control
VENOUS - dark red, steady flow, easy to control
CAPILLARY- darker red, slow and oozing, clots spontaneously
English
Elements of Drama
Literary Elements
PLOT
• The plot involves the whole story line of the drama itself.
Just like the elements of a story, this includes the
initial incident- Introduction how the problem will arise
Preliminary event-”main event”, can be a backstory, reason why a problem should arise
RIsing action- intensely rising of the action
Climax-
Falling action- the problem ended. Scenes become subtle
Denouement-
THEME
• In conceptualizing a play, one must focus on the theme.
It is the central idea of the play.
Themes found in stories are always relatable to human experiences, for they are
universal in nature.
CHARACTERS
● This is the element that makes the play come to life.
This element moves the story forward.
Actors portray the roles of other people, animals, inanimate objects, or even ideas.
DIALOGUE
• These are the lines written by the playwright that are spoken and acted by the
characters in the play.
MUSIC OR RHYTHM
• In modern theater, music refers to the musical scoring used during the performance.
• In earliest forms of drama, this refers to the harmony of voices presented by the
actors.
SPECTACLE
• Since drama is more of a form of visual and performing art, the total visual experience
of the audience also contributes to the captivating factor of every drama.

THE MODERN THEATER

Additional Elements
CONVENTION - utilizes the new styles applied by the playwright and director.
GENRE plays can be in the form of comedy, tragedy, mystery, history, and many more.
AUDIENCE - playwrights consider the type of audience to whom they dedicate their
work or by who, their work would be much appreciated.
Technical Elements
SCENERY
• This includes theatrical equipment like curtains, backdrops, special stage effects, and
platforms.
COSTUMES
• The clothing and accessories worn by actors.
• These visual elements engage the audience more in the portrayal of roles done by the
actors.
PROPS
• This refers to other objects that are used onstage to further depict or portray a certain
scene.

Performance Elements
ACTING
• This element refers to the use of facial expressions, voice projection, and body
gestures done by the actors in portraying a role.
CHARACTER MOTIVATION
• This provides the reason for actors to show varied behaviors in a portrayal of a role.
CHARACTER ANALYSIS
• This is how all the elements are evaluated and seen in every aspect of the role
depicted in the drama.
EMPATHY
• This refers to the way actors identify with the characters they are portraying, and the
way they can cause the audience to relate or connect with their character

GENRES OF DRAMA
TRAGEDY
This genre has a more serious content, which highlights pity and fear.
This also depicts the downfall of protagonists.
COMEDY
This stirs up energetic feelings among audience. • This kind depicts a comic view of life.
Amusing or sometimes satirical in tone.
MELODRAMA
The plot is specifically designed to play on people's emotions.
The story line is done in an overly dramatic manner.
TRAGICOMEDY
It combines both tragedy and comedy.
There is an exaggeration in the portrayal of characters and unfortunate events may
build up in the plot before or after a happy ending.
Merchant of Venice
Mercantilism-an economic practice by which governments used their economies to
expand state power at the expense of other countries.
-Transportation in Venice was done by the use of canal systems.
-The social classes were divided by a caste system which was headed by 150 families
who ruled for over 500 years.
Canal Streams in Venice:
-Cannaregio Canal
-Grand Canal
-Giudecca Canal

Religious Intolerance
In 16th Century Venice, a large factor of division between people was their religion.
The two prominent religions in Venice were the high class Catholics and the tread-upon
followers of Judaism.
Jews were walled off in the Ghetto at night time while the Christians were able to roam
free.
Jews were required to wear certain colored hats, when they go outside of their homes,
marking them of their religion.
Jews were treated with little or no respect. They were kicked or spitted on, cheated, and
forced to wear red caps.

Venetian Women
The social structure of sixteenth century Europe allowed women limited opportunities
for involvement; they served largely as managers of their households.
Under the rule or command of men.
It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women.
Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include:
-Chastity
-Silence
-Modesty
-Reticence
-Sobriety
-Obedience.

Shakespeare's England
-Under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I • Jews were expelled in the Middle Ages
-Nation-wide conflict between Catholics and Protestants
-Playwrights had to be careful not to offend anyone; especially the Queen!
Similarity to Venice:
-Important European city
-Cosmopolitan (believes in Cosmopolitanism)
-Home to many foreigners
Three Caskets
-Gold
-Silver
-Lead

Portia disguised as “Balthazar”, a young law clerk

The lawyers asked Bassanio and Graziano for their rings as legal fees.

Characters
Shylock
A Jewish moneylender in Venice. Angered by his mistreatment at the hands of Venice's
Christians, particularly Antonio, Shylock schemes to eke out his revenge by ruthlessly
demanding as payment a pound of Antonio's flesh.
Antonio
The merchant whose love for his friend Bassanio prompts him to sign Shylock's
contract and almost lose his life. Antonio is something of an unpredictable figure, often
inexplicably melancholy and, as Shylock points out, possessed of an incorrigible dislike
of Jews.
Portia
A wealthy heiress from Belmont. Portia's beauty is matched only by her intelligence.
Bound by a clause in her father's will that forces her to marry whichever suitor chooses
correctly among three caskets. Her disguise of a young law clerk saves Antonio from
Shylock's knife.
Bassanio
A gentleman of Venice, and a kinsman and dear friend to Antonio. Bassanio's love for
the wealthy Portia leads him to borrow money from Shylock with Antonio as his
guarantor. An ineffectual businessman, He proves himself a worthy suitor, correctly
identifying the casket that contains Portia's portrait.
Jessica
Shylock's daughter, Jessica hates life in her father's house, and elopes with the young
Christian gentleman, Lorenzo
Lorenzo
A friend of Bassanio and Antonio, Lorenzo is in love with Shylock's daughter, Jessica.
He schemes to help Jessica escape from her father's house, and he eventually elopes
with her to Belmont.
Gratiano
A friend of Bassanio's who accompanies him to Belmont. A coarse and garrulous young
man, Gratiano falls in love with and eventually weds Portia's lady-in-waiting, Nerissa.
Nerissa
Portia's lady-in-waiting and confidante. She marries Gratiano and escorts Portia on
Portia's trip to Venice by disguising herself as her law clerk.
Setting; Two Worlds 16th Century
Venice, Italy
-Language of money, commerce
-Male friendship
-Justice/letter of law
Belmont, Italy
-Poetic Language
-Love/marriage bonds
-Mercy/spirit of law

Major Themes
1. Prejudice and Intolerance
The Venetians in story almost uniformly express extreme intolerance of Shylock and the
other Jews in Venice. In fact, the exclusion of these "others" seems to be a fundamental
part of the social bonds that cement the Venetian Christians together.

2. Law, Mercy, and Revenge

Both the central actions of the story are Shylock's attempt to revenge himself on the
Christian Antonio-and the romantic subplot- between Bassanio and Portia

3. Greed vs Generosity
The primary grievance that Antonio has against Shylock is that he is greedy-for
charging interest to those who borrow money from him when they are in need.

Genre: Shakespearean Comedy

Tone
Despair and Celebration
Seriousness and Playfulness
Neo-Classical Art
Neoclassicism refers to a broad tendency in literature and art enduring from the early
17th century until around 1750.

CLASSICAL PERIOD (1780-1840)

The word neoclassic comes from the greek word “neos” which means “new”
And the Latin word “classicus” means “first class”
It considered with the 18th Century, Age of Reason also known as Age of
Enlightenment.
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS:
- Imitation of the ancients
- Aesthetics of identity
- Rules for all art forms
- Literature as an art/craft
- Importance of reason
- Concern about pride
-Universal Nature of Humanity
-Perfectibility of Humanity
Neoclassical Art Painting
-Based on classical Greek and Roman art and culture
-Show heroic people in scenes from or inspired by ancient history
-Figures look idealized and perfect
-Bodies are draped in togas, or in formal, elegant clothing, or are nude
-Faces are often calm, without emotion Brush strokes tend to be smooth, barely visible.

Characteristics of Neoclassical literature

Neo-classical literature was defined by Common sense, order, accuracy, and structure.
TYPES OF NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE:
Temple Style
was based on an ancient temple.
Palladian Style
was based on the style of villa construction.

Robert Adam (1728-1792) Britain

He was known as the Palladian architect of the Neoclassical who designed two
well-known American civic buildings - The White House and the United States Capitol

Classical Block Style

features a rectangular or square plan, with a flat roof and an exterior rich in classical
detail.

Henri Labrouste
-His masterpiece is the Library of Sainte-Genevieve Charles Garnier-He designed the
most famous classical block of all which is the Palais Garnier
Famous Neoclassical Artist
Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
● Ultimate example of Neoclassical painter
● Commissioned by Louis XVI, painted in Rome, exhibited at the salon of 1784
● Paradigm of French Neoclassical painting
● Influential French Painter
Famous Artworks:
-The Death of Marat (painting of the murdered french revolutionary leader Jean-Paul
Marat)
-Napoleon Crossing the Alps
-Oath of the Horatii

Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725-1805)

● Genre and portrait painter
● Submission to 1761 Salon
● Establishes reputation
● Elements of Rococo and Enlightenment painting
● Looks to Dutch and Flemish Baroque for inspiration

Angelica Kauffmann (1741-1807)

● Founding member of Royal Academy of Art (1768)
● Moral painting
● True history painting with ancient historical subject
● Swiss born
● Prodigy in art and music at early age (11)
● Trained in Italy
● Met Sir Joshua Reynolds and helped found the Royal Academy in 1769
● Moved to England and married fellow artist Antonio Zucchi
Work: Angelica Kauffman Mother of the Gracchi

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867) France

● Was influenced by Italian Renaissance Painters
● His paintings were usually nudes, portraits and mythological themes.
● Regarded as one of the great examples of academic art and one of the finest Old
Masters of his era.
Famous Artworks:
-Portrait of Napoleon on the Imperial Throne
-The Apotheosis of Homer
Bertel Thorvaldsen (1789- 1838) Denmark
● Was the first internationally acclaimed Danish artist.
● He executed sculptures of mythological and religious themes characters.
Famous Artworks:
Christ
-a marble sculpture image of resurrected Christ, located at Thorvaldsen Museum.
Lion of Lucerne

ANTONIO CANOVA (1757-1822) Italy

-Was a prolific Italian sculptor who became famous for his marble sculptures that
delicately rendered nude flesh.
-He opened the idea for portraying discrete sexual pleasures by using pure contours
with his mythological compositions.
Famous Artwork:
PSYCHE AWAKENED BY CUPID'S KISS
A marble sculpture portraying the relationship of Psyche and Cupid.