Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the study

The inflammatory response is essenential in maintaining homeostasis;

however, this event may be chronic course, leading to tissue damage due to
leukocytosis , fibroplasia, excessive production of cytokiness and other
mediator.

Inflammation is a process by which your body white blood cells and the
things that make protect you from infection from outside invaders, such as
bacteria and viruses.

Inflammation can be either short lived known as acute and long lasting also
known as chronic. Acute inflammation goes within hours or day while chronic
inflammation can last months or years.

Statement of the problem

This study aim to determine the efficacy of Guava (Psidium guava) as an anti-
inflammatory ointment.

1. Can guava extract be utilized as an active ingredient in making anti-

inflammatory ointment?
2. Is guava extract ointment effective as anti-inflammatory ointment

B.) Hypothesis
 1. The major phytochemicals that are generally present in guava are
essential oils, polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and
triterpenoid acid alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, tannis, flavonoids and
saponins.
2. Guava leaf extract is rich in quercetin and other polyphenols, which
exhibit anti-inflammatory

Significance of the study

This study may benefit the following:

ADULTS suffering from mascular pains, sprain amd strains

PATIENCE suffering disorder and conditions that are characterized by

inflammation

GUAVA FARMERS may benefit if the guava is accepted will open a new door for
better income from guava

RESEARCHERS who wish to conduct a related research may use the finding of this
study to support and fortify their research proposal. This may serve as their initial
bases for a better experimental research.

Scope and delimitation

This study has covered the efficacy of Guava as an anti-inflammatory ointment

This study itself in determining whether the Guava extract couldbe used as
an active ingredient in making ointment an ba an effective anti-inflammatory
considering it has alkaloids content, which was discovered to aid inflammation.
Indeed ointment was made out of the guava,

Definition of terms

Anti-inflammatory. Anti-inflammatory agents block certain substances

in the body that cause inflammation.

Color. Specifically, the color of the Guava anti-inflammatory ointment.

DOST. Known as the Department of Science and Technology. Accredited
institution where different experiments, test and products promote anti-
inflammatory

Efficacy. is a more formal way to say effectiveness.

Guava. any of several tropical American shrubs or small trees (genus Psidium) of
the myrtle family especially : a shrubby tree (P. guajava) widely cultivated for its
yellow-skinned fruit with sweet acid yellow or pink flesh.

Ointment. is an oily kind of cream that you use to soothe or heal your skin.

Phytochemicals. Chemicals naturally found in vegetables and fruits.

Texture. The feeling or appearance of a surface.

Utilize. To effectively use something.

 Chapter II

Preview of literature and studies

Literature review

Guava

Guava is a common tropical fruit cultivated in many tropical and subtropical

regions. Psidium guajava is a small tree in the myrtle family, native to Mexico,
Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. Guava is also a fruit
of a tree, having yellow skin and pink pulp used to make jellies, jams, etc.

Ointment
 Ointment is an oily kind of cream that you use to soothe or heal your skin. ...
Some medications come in ointment form, while other ointments might be lip
balm, a moisturizer for dry skin, or even a cosmetic. The Old French oignement
came from the Latin unguentum, from the stem unguere, "to anoint or salve."

Alkaloids

A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have
nitrogen in them. Many alkaloids possess potent pharmacologic effects.
Inflammation

a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened,

swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection
Anti-inflammatory

drug or substance that reduces inflammation (redness, swelling, and pain) in the
body. Anti-inflammatory agents block certain substances in the body that cause
inflammation.

Related Studies
Book title: Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Topical Formulations of
Pterocarpus Santalinus Powder in Rat Model of Chronic Inflammation

Author: Priti Pravin Dhande, Amit O Gupta, [...], and Jayshree Shriram Dawane

Abstract:

The incidence of arthritis is quite high and there is a need for the search of natural
products to halt the progression of disease or provide symptomatic relief without
significant adverse effects

This study aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of

topical Pterocarpus santalinus in an animal model of chronic inflammation
Albino rats of either sex were divided into five groups of six rats each (Group I –
Control, Group II –Gel base, Group III –P. santalinus paste, Group IV –P. santalinus
gel, Group V– Diclofenac gel). Chronic inflammation was induced on day 0 by
injecting 0.1 ml Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) in sub-plantar tissue of left
hind paw of the rats. Topical treatment was started from day 12 till day 28. Body
weight and paw volume (Plethysmometer) were assessed on day 0, 12 and 28.
Pain assessment was done using Randall and Selitto paw withdrawal method.
Data was analysed using GraphPad Prism version 5. Unpaired students t-test and
ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was used for comparison among groups .
 Chapter III

Methodology
This chapter contains the material and procedures used to evaluate the results
that were gathered. It contains to step by step procedures that were done by the
researcher while conducting the experiment. This section describes the research
method to be used, the source of data, tge experimental design and the
parameters measured.

Research design
This study made use of a single group design wherein no to treatment is applied .

Research Process and Methodology

Materials
The researcher used the following materials for the conduct of this study:
Knives, 95% ethanol, filter paper, beeswax, essential oils.

I. Gathering of Guava
The Guava was taken from San Mariano Sta Maria Pangasinan.
II. Plant Identification
The Guava sample was brought at Pangasinan State University Sta.
MariaCampus, College of Agriculture for the plant identification under the
supervision of a verified Plant Physiologist/Botanist.

III. Phytochemical Analysis

The plant sample which one hundred grams (100g) will be brought to Virgen
Milagrosa University Foundation (VMUF) San Carlos City, Pangasinan for
determination od phytochemical content determining the essential oils,
 polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and triterpenoid acid
alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, tannis, flavonoids and saponins.

IV. Extraction of the guava Gathering of Guava

The plant will be brought in Milagrosa University Foundation (VMUF) San

Carlos City, Pangasinan for the plant extraction. Approximately one hundred
grams (100g) of guava will be extract as an Ointment.

Table 1. Table of methods for photochemical testing.

Qualitative Test Results Indication

Filter paper tes X X

Mayer's test X X

Ferric chloride test X X

Froth test X X

Keller Kiliani X X

Lieberman-Buchard test X X

Sodium carbonate test X X

Bate-Smith & metcalf test X X

Vilstatter 'Cyanidin test X X

Borntrager's test X X

Dregendoff's test X X

Flowchart
 Plant identification

Phytochemical Analysis

Extraction of Guava
Reference
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22352960/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5583771/

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2013/746165/