AC GENERATOR

• The ac generator is a device used for converting mechanical energy

into electrical energy.
• PRINCIPLE:
• It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, according to
which an emf is induced in a coil when it is rotated in a uniform
magnetic field.
AC GENERATOR
AC GENERATOR
Essential parts of an AC generator
• ARMATURE:
• Armature is a rectangular coil consisting of a large number of
loops or turns of insulated copper wire wound over a laminated soft
iron core or ring. The soft iron core not only increases the magnetic
flux but also serves as a support for the coil
Essential parts of an AC generator
• FIELD MAGNET:
• The necessary magnetic field is provided by permanent magnets in
the case of low power dynamos. For high power dynamos, field is
provided by electro magnet. Armature rotates between the magnetic
poles such that the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the magnetic
field.
Essential parts of an AC generator
• SLIP RINGS:
• The ends of the armature coil are connected to two hollow metallic
rings R1 and R2 called slip rings. These rings are fixed to a shaft, to
which the armature is also fixed. When the shaft rotates, the slip
rings along with the armature also rotate.
Essential parts of an AC generator
• BRUSHES:
• Brushes B1 and B2 are two flexible metallic plates or carbon brushes.
They provide contact with the slip rings by keeping themselves
pressed against the ring. They are used to pass on the current from
the armature to the external power line through the slip rings.
WORKING OF AC GENERATOR
• Whenever, there is a change in orientation of the coil, the magnetic
flux linked with the coil changes, producing an induced emf in the
coil. The direction of the induced current is given by Fleming’s right
hand rule. Suppose the armature ABCD is initially in the vertical
position. It is rotated in the anticlockwise direction. The side AB of
the coil moves downwards and the side DC moves upwards (Fig.
4.11). Then according to Flemings right hand rule the current induced
in arm AB flows from B to A and in CD it flows from D to C. Thus the
current flows along DCBA in the coil. In the external circuit the
current flows from B1 to B2
WORKING OF AC GENERATOR
• On further rotation, the arm AB of the coil moves upwards and DC
moves downwards. Now the current in the coil flows along ABCD. In
the external circuit the current flows from B2 to B1. As the rotation
of the coil continues, the induced current in the external circuit keeps
changing its direction for every half a rotation of the coil. Hence the
induced current is alternating in nature . As the armature completes
ν rotations in one second, alternating current of frequency ν cycles
per second is produced. The induced emf at any instant is given by e=
Eo sin ωt The peak value of the emf, Eo = NBAω where N is the
number of turns of the coil, A is the area enclosed by the coil, B is the
magnetic field and ω is the angular velocity of the coil
•
 WORKING OF AC GENERATOR
• The peak value of the emf, Eo = NBAω
• where N is the number of turns of the coil,
• A is the area enclosed by the coil,
• B is the magnetic field and
• ω is the angular velocity of the coil
Sl. No. Differentiating AC Generator DC Generator
Property

1 Definition AC generator is a mechanical device that
converts mechanical energy into AC
electrical power.
2 Direction of In an AC generator, the electrical current
Current reverses direction periodically.
DC generator is a mechanical device that converts
mechanical energy into DC electrical power.
In a DC generator, the electrical current flows only in
one direction.

3 Basic Design In an AC generator, the coil through which In a DC generator, the coil through which the current
the current flows is fixed while the magnet flows rotate in a fixed field. The overall design is very
moves. The construction is simple and simple but construction is complex due to
costs are less. commutators and slip rings.
4 Commutators AC generator does not have commutators. DC generators have commutators to make the
current flow in one direction only.

5 Rings AC generators have slip-rings. DC generators have commutators.

6 Efficiency of Since slip-rings have a smooth and Both brushes and commutators of a DC generator
Brushes uninterrupted surface, they do not wear wear out quickly and thus are less efficient.
quickly and are highly efficient.

7 Short Circuit As the brushes have high efficiency, a short Since the brushes and commutators wear out quickly,
Possibility circuit is very unlikely. sparking and short circuit possibility is high.

8 Rotating Parts The rotating part in an AC Generator is a The rotating part in a DC generator is generally heavy.
low current high resistivity rotor.
 DC GENERATOR
• According to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever
a
conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is
moved in a magnetic field), an emf (electromotive force) gets induced
in the conductor.
DC GENERATOR
 DC GENERATOR
• According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever
a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is
moved in a magnetic field), an emf (electromotive force) gets
induced in the conductor. The magnitude of induced emf can be
calculated from the emf equation of dc generator. If the conductor is
provided with the closed path, the induced current will circulate
within the path. In a DC generator, field coils produce
an electromagnetic field and the armature conductors are rotated
into the field. Thus, an electromagnetically induced emf is generated
in the armature conductors. The direction of induced current is given
by Fleming’s right hand rule.
 DC GENERATOR
• According to Fleming’s right hand rule, the direction of induced
current changes whenever the direction of motion of the conductor
changes. Let’s consider an armature rotating clockwise and a
conductor at the left is moving upward. When the armature
completes a half rotation, the direction of motion of that particular
conductor will be reversed to downward. Hence, the direction of
current in every armature conductor will be alternating. If you look at
the above figure, you will know how the direction of the induced
current is alternating in an armature conductor. But with a split ring
commutator, connections of the armature conductors also gets
reversed when the current reversal occurs. And therefore, we get
unidirectional current at the terminals.
 DC MOTOR
• A DC motor is a device that deals in the conversion of electrical energy to mechanical
energy and this is essentially brought about by two major parts required for
the construction of DC motor, namely.
• Stator – The static part that houses the field windings and receives the supply and,
• Rotor – The rotating part that brings about the mechanical rotations.
• Other than that there are several subsidiary parts namely the
• Yoke of DC motor.
• Poles of DC motor.
• Field winding of DC motor.
• Armature winding of DC motor.
• Commutator of DC motor.
• Brushes of DC motor.
DC MOTOR
DC MOTOR
PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR
•  "whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,
it experiences a mechanical force".
• The direction of this force is given by Fleming's left-hand rule
• and its magnitude is given by F = BIL.
• Where, B = magnetic flux density,
• I = current and
• L = length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
Application of DC motor

• Major applications for DC motors are: elevators, steel mills, rolling

mills, locomotives, and excavators. Like other rotating machines, DC
motors result from the interaction of two magnets.
WORKING OF DC MOTOR
• When armature windings are connected to a DC supply, an electric
current sets up in the winding. Magnetic field may be provided by
field winding (electromagnetism) or by using permanent magnets. In
this case, current carrying armature conductors experience a force
due to the magnetic field, according to the principle stated above.
• Commutator is made segmented to achieve unidirectional torque.
Otherwise, the direction of force would have reversed every time
when the direction of movement of conductor is reversed in the
magnetic field. This is how a DC motor works!
BACK EMF
• When the armature of a motor is rotating, the conductors are also
cutting the magnetic flux lines and hence according to the Faraday's
law of electromagnetic induction, an emf induces in the armature
conductors. The direction of this induced emf is such that it opposes
the armature current (Ia). The circuit diagram below illustrates
the direction of the back emf and armature current.
BACK EMF
SERIES TYPE DC MOTOR
SHUNT TYPE DC MOTOR
COMPOUND MOTORS
AC MOTORS
• An AC is an electric motor that converts alternating current into
mechanical power. An AC motor works on the principle
of electromagnetic induction. Based on the operation principle,
they are classified into two types as synchronous motors and
induction motors.
Types of AC Motor
Synchronous Motor

• The main function of a synchronous motor is to change the AC

electrical energy into mechanical energy. As the name suggests, this
kind of motor works simply at a synchronous speed.
• The synchronous motor working principle is, once the power supply
is provided to the synchronous motor, and then a rotating field can
be formed. So this field seeks to drag the rotor through it, although
could not perform due to the inactivity of the rotor. Therefore no
starting torque can be generated. So basically this is not a self-
starting motor.
Induction Motor

• The induction motor is also known as an asynchronous motor. The function of this
motor is to change the AC power into mechanical power through electromagnetic
induction. This type of motor is simply categorized into two types like the single-
phase & the three-phase.
• An induction motor working principle is, the armature winding in this motor works
like both the windings like armature & field. Once the connection of stator
windings can be done with an AC supply, then flux can be generated within the air
gap. Here the flux will rotate at a set speed that is known as synchronous speed.
So the voltages can be induced through the rotary flux within the stator & rotor
windings.
• If the circuit of the rotor is closed, then-current supplies throughout the rotor
winding & responds through the rotary flux to generate a torque. In the stable
condition, the rotor revolves at a very close speed of synchronous speed.
• Again induction motor is available in two types like single-phase induction & three-
phase induction motor
Three Phase Induction Motor

• The three-phase induction motors are extensively used for

generating mechanical energy within the applications of
industries. In industrial areas, most of the motors used are
three-phase induction. So as compared to other motors, this
motor is the most essential one.
 advantages of ac motor

• Design is easy & simple

• The power factor is good
• Inexpensive
• An AC source can be directly connected to this motor
• Good power to weight ratio
• Maintenance is less
 disadvantages of ac motor
• The starting torque of this motor is very less
• At low speeds, it won’t operate
• Poor positioning control
• Limited speed through the frequency supply
 applications
• They are appropriate for projects wherever constant motion &
permanent speed are not necessary.
• They are not appropriate for applications that need very fewer
speeds.
• These motors are a very good choice for applications that need
high performance & torque o/p.
• These motors are used in power tools, clocks, disk drives, fans,
blowers, pumps, compressors, conveyors, audio turntables,
home appliances, washing machines & industrial areas.
 THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT
• The production of electricity by keeping the junction of two dissimilar metals at
different temperatures is called thermoelectric effect. The emf thus produced across
the junction is called thermo emf and the current obtained from the thermo emf is
called thermoelectric current.
HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT:

• When current flows through a conductor, heat energy is generated in the

conductor. The heating effect of an electric current depends on three
factors:
• The resistance, R of the conductor. A higher resistance produces more heat.
• The time, t for which current flows. The longer the time the larger the
amount of heat produced
• The amount of current, I. the higher the current the larger the amount of
heat generated.
• Hence the heating effect produced by an electric current, I through a
conductor of resistance, R for a time, t is given by H = I2Rt. This equation is
called the Joule’s equation of electrical heating.
APPLICATION OF HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC
CURRENT

1. Electric cookers- electric cookers turn red hot and the heat
energy produced is absorbed by the cooking pot through
conduction.
2. Electric heaters- radiant heaters turn red at about 9000C
and the radiation emitted is directed into the room by
polished reflectors.
3. Electric kettles- the heating element is placed at the bottom
of the kettle so that the liquid being heated covers it. The
heat is then absorbed by water and distributed throughout
the whole liquid by convection.
4. Electric irons- when current flows through the heating
element, the heat energy developed is conducted to the
heavy metal base raising its temperature. This energy is