Journal of Arid Environments 180 (2020) 104215

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Journal of Arid Environments

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaridenv

Experimental investigation of the performance of earth-to-air heat T

exchangers in arid environments
Nasreddine Sakhria, Younes Mennib, Houari Ameurc,∗
a
Laboratory of Energy in Arid Areas (ENERGARID), University of Bechar, P.O. Box 417, 08000, Bechar, Algeria
b
Unit of Research on Materials and Renewable Energies, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Abou Bakr Belkaid University, P.O. Box 119, Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
c
Department of Technology, University Centre of Naama - Salhi Ahmed, P.O. Box 66, Naama, 45000, Algeria

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) is used for heating and/or cooling of dwelling and buildings in arid regions.
Earth-to-air heat exchanger In the present paper, experiments are performed to investigate the efficiency of an earth-to-air heat exchanger
Soil temperature without external devices (fans, air blowers, etc.). The climatic conditions of the region of Bechar, which is
Arid region located in the Southwest of Algeria, are considered. The EAHE is made of a PVC pipe with 66 m in length and
Hygrometry regime
0.11 m in diameter. It was buried at a depth of 1.5 m in the agricultural zone, where the annual undisturbed
Natural ventilation
subsoil temperature at 1.5 m is 28 °C. An increase of 19% in the relative humidity (RH) of EAHE has been
observed in the humidification regime. While a decrease of 27% in RH has been reached in the dehumidification
regime. For the hygrometric regime, the daily working regime was 62.5% of dehumidification (from 00 h to 09 h
and from 18 h to 23 h) and 37.5% of humidification (from 10 h to 17 h). The EAHE technique has excellent
potential for the enhancement of building hygrometry in arid regions.

1. Introduction
The south of Algeria is classified as a hyper-arid and desert region
known by its extensive period of discomfort. This situation implies at
least a cooling period of six months starting from May to September and
four months of heating from November to February.
To over this thermal discomfort in the summer season, HVAC
(Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning) systems are widely used,
which leads to 40% of electrical energy consumption rising only in the
building sector (APRUE, i.e., the Algerian Agency of Promotion and
Rationalization of the Use of Energy). In the winter season, the heating
is also essential to reach the thermal comfort requirements in those
zones. The outside temperature sometimes drops under 5 °C (and
sometimes under zero). The heating system with natural gas is used to
raise the temperature inside dwellings, which also leads to bigger nat-
ural gas consumption.
The significant amount of this energy consumption is covered by
fossil energies, where the conversion for renewable energies will be a
benefit on the economic, environmental, and social aspects. The South
of Algeria is known for its potential for solar and wind energies. The
geothermal energy is less known in comparison with the other renew-
able energies, and it should take more intention and must be in-
vestigated.
In the ancient Persian Gulf and before 3000 years B.C., the earth-to-
air heat exchangers were used and called Qanat (Tiwari et al., 2006;
Trombe et al., 1991; Ozgener, 2011; Ozgener and Ozgener, 2011). The
earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) is considered as passive heating,
cooling, and natural ventilation strategy that may be integrated into
buildings, palaces, and water reservoirs. Their conception is very
straightforward; some pipes made of local materials (generally clay) are
buried underground at a defined depth where the soil temperature is
called yearly undisturbed temperature. The EAHE inlet is oriented to-
wards the direction of prevailing winds. The outside air that enters and
circulates through the device will submit a thermal exchange by natural
convection with the sub-soil through the medium of pipe material (it
should have good thermal conductivity).
The outlet air gains some degrees in winter (Tsoil > Toutside air) and
loses some degrees in summer according to the difference between air
and soil temperatures. Final results, a natural pre-heating in the winter
season, a free pre-cooling in the summer season, and natural ventilation
throughout all year, which reduces the energy required for the thermal
comfort.
The EAHEs may be used in open or closed loops, under horizontal or
vertical configurations (BordoloiSharma et al., 2018; Sakhri et al.,
2019, 2020). This technique can also be coupled to other renewable
techniques like wind-driven natural ventilation, wind catchers, or non-

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ameur@cuniv-naama.dz (H. Ameur).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104215
Received 20 March 2020; Received in revised form 1 May 2020; Accepted 12 May 2020
Available online 22 May 2020
0140-1963/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
N. Sakhri, et al.
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up of the earth to-air-heat exchanger.
renewable techniques like the conventional heating/cooling systems
(Nayak and Tiwari, 2009, 2010; Maerefat and Haghighi, 2010; Yildiz
et al., 2011).
Some researchers investigated the thermal performance of earth-to-
air heat exchangers (Diaz-Mendez et al., 2014; Misra et al., 2015;
Alimonti et al., 2018; Gao et al., 2018). Among others, Gao et al. (2007)
used an approach to determine the soil temperature in arid regions
based on the soil thermal diffusivity and the water flux density for four
soil layer depths. They suggested that this method can be used as a
reference to soil temperature. Rouag et al. (2018) developed a new
transient semi-analytical model to determine the soil temperature in the
region of Biskra (Southeast of Algeria). Cuny et al. (2019) investigated
the effect of soil composition on EAHE performance. They found that a
mixture of sand and bentonite increases the energy performance by
12% and reduces the pipe length by 10%.
As reported by Yang et al. (2019) and Rosti et al. (2019), the year-
round indoor thermal comfort may be achieved by using an earth-to-air
heat exchanger coupled to a simple building. Hermes et al. (2020)
conducted realistic annual simulations of earth-air heat exchangers in a
Brazilian coastal city. They found that an EAHE buried at 2 m depth can
reduce the heating and cooling of a residential building.
The pipe material of EAHEs can change from PVC, clay, steel, and
even new innovative materials like Phase Change Materials (PCM) to
enhance the overall thermal performances (Liu et al., 2019a). The dif-
ferent parameters affecting the performance of an EAHE connected to a
building in the Mediterranean region were studied numerically by Rosa
et al. (2020). They focused on the effect of the spaces between pipes,
pipes diameter, as well as the flow rates. They found that the pipe
diameter and air velocity are the main parameters affecting EAHE
performance. They also reported that the distance between the two
pipes could be reduced to 0.5 m. By experiments and CFD simulations,
Amanowicz (2018) investigated the effect of geometrical parameters of
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Journal of Arid Environments 180 (2020) 104215
multi-pipe earth-to-air heat exchangers. Papakostas et al. (2019) de-
veloped a one-dimensional model to predict the thermal behavior of the
EAHE technique. Liu et al. (2019b) have found that by using a 16.5 m
vertical EAHE in Hunan, China can raise the air temperature at the
outlet of the system from 22.4 to 24.2 °C with 1 m s−1 airflow velocity.
The control of airflow velocity is found to have a significant influence
on technique performance (Taurines et al., 2019; Wengang et al.,
2019).
The air quality at the outlet due to condensation phenomena inside
the buried tube was discussed by Chardome and Feldheim (2019). They
concluded that the quality of air must be controlled to avoid any effect
on the occupant's health. Earth-to-air heat exchanger could be used
with other renewable energies. Afrand et al. (2019) studied a coupled
EAHE/solar photovoltaic thermal system. Energetic and exergetic per-
formances of the new system were compared between two scenarios,
where they found that the annual thermal energy, electrical energy, and
thermal exergy were for configuration A: 3499.59, 5908.19, and
55.59 kWh and for configuration B: 3468.16, 5969.87, and 51.76 kWh,
respectively. Li et al. (2019) studied the cooling capacity of an EAHE
system coupled to an irrigation system to simulate the natural pre-
cipitation. When using short pipes or shallow depth, these authors
found that the increased soil moisture from 0.37 cm3/cm3 to 0.42 cm3/
cm3 yields a decrease in air temperature by 1.6 °C at the pipe outlet. Li
et al. (2020) conducted an annual performance of an EAHE in the cold
region coupled to the air-handling unit. Heating capacity of 7718 W
was obtained in the heating mode, and a decrease of 13.6 °C in air
temperature was obtained in the cooling mode.
2. EAHE methodology
The study was conducted in November 2018. The experimental
device characteristics are described as follow (Fig. 1):
N. Sakhri, et al. Journal of Arid Environments 180 (2020) 104215

Fig. 2. EAHE: (a) site preparation, (b) pipes assembly, (c) EAHE inlet side, (d) EAHE outlet side.

Fig. 3. EAHE inlet, outlet, and outside air temperature (°C).

3
N. Sakhri, et al.
Fig. 4. EAHE inlet, outlet, and outside air relative humidity (%).
⁃ PVC tube with a good thermal conductivity (λ = 0.2 W/m∙K),
⁃ PVC tube thicknesses: 2 mm,
⁃ Elbow: PVC elbows (110 mm of diameter) serve as inlet and outlet,
⁃ The length of the horizontal underground tube is 60 m,
⁃ The length of the vertical tube is 3 m (½ underground) for each cell,
⁃ The working fluid is atmospheric air,
⁃ The inlet section is oriented towards the north in the direction of
prevailing winds, and the outlet section is oriented towards the
south,
⁃ The vertical parts of the EAHE device are insulated thermally to
eliminate the chimney effect,
⁃ The open-loop system is selected,
⁃ The site of the study is located in the agriculture zone,
⁃ Depth of buried pipes: 1.5 m underground,
⁃ Site altitude: 806 m,
⁃ Soil nature: homogeneous sandy-loam with different layers.
The site of the study is located in the North-east of Béchar city (31°
37′ 0.01″ N - 2° 13′ 0.01″ W), and it is classified as an agricultural zone.
At a depth of 1.5 m, the annual undisturbed sub-soil temperature of this
site in September 2018 was found to be equal to 28 °C (Sakhri et al.,
2019).
For this region, the wind velocity varies between 1 and 6 m/s, and
the annual mean wind speed is 3 m/s. In the absence of all air accel-
erating equipment like the fan and air blower, the wind is the only
driving force for air circulation inside the earth-to-air heat exchanger
(Fig. 2).
3. Results and discussion
For an autonomous and earth-to-air heat exchanger in an arid re-
gion, the values of air temperature at the inlet and outlet of EAHE, as
4
Journal of Arid Environments 180 (2020) 104215
well as the relative humidity, were determined. Outside air parameters
(temperature and relative humidity) are obtained from the weather
station of Béchar university near the studied site. The outside air tem-
perature was between 11 and 24 °C. Fig. 3 shows a comparison between
the air temperatures at the outside, EAHE inlet, and EAHE outlet. The
EAHE inlet is exposed directly to the sunlight, which explained Tinlet
air = 39 °C even in winter. The system of the earth-to-air heat ex-
changer could reduce this temperature to 27 °C at the outlet (approxi-
mately by 12 °C). The mean inlet and outlet temperatures were 32 and
22 °C, respectively. This result also shows that the EAHE was able to
provide a reduction in temperature by 10 °C. The direct effect of ex-
ternal climatic conditions (sun radiations and wind speed) is visible,
which explains the change from 36 or 37 °C at 10 a.m. to 4 °C in the
early morning and nighttime (Fig. 3).
At the outlet section, the variation between the day highest tem-
perature (29 °C) and the lowest one (7 °C) during the night was 22 °C,
which is more stable in comparison with the inlet. The thermal reg-
ulation is another benefit of EAHE, which could reduce the outlet
temperature difference between the maximum and minimum values
throughout the day.
The relative humidity is another critical parameter in thermal
comfort. Values of RH at the outside, EAHE inlet, and EAHE outlet are
presented in Fig. 4.
The external relative humidity was between 37 and 77%. From
Fig. 4, it is clear that the highest values of RH at the inlet are more
significant than those at the outlet. However, the lowest values of RH at
the outlet are more significant than those at the inlet. Even with the
reduction of RH from the inlet due to the presence of solar radiation,
the EAHE increases RH at the outlet. This characteristic could be ex-
plained by the hourly mean relative humidity ΔRH and the dew point
inside the buried PVC tube. The hourly mean relative humidity
ΔRH = RHinlet - RHoutlet is calculated and presented in Fig. 5.
N. Sakhri, et al.
Fig. 5. Relative humidity difference ΔRH between EAHE inlet and outlet.
Table 1 summarizes the values of hygrometry per hour and day. The
obtained results show clearly the direct relationship between tem-
perature and relative humidity. Because of this direct relation, Tem-
perature-Relative Humidity, two main humidity regimes were ob-
served:
- From 00 h to 09 h: Dehumidification regime where ΔRH > 0
(RHinlet > RHoutlet). With the rise of outlet temperature, the relative
humidity decreases at the outlet of the system (see Fig. 6).
- From 10 h to 18 h: in this period, the cooling regime occurs and, at
the same time, RHoutlet > RHintlet creating thus a humidification
regime.
- From 19 h to 23 h: Dehumidification regime (ΔRH > 0) took place
with a heating regime.
- The relative humidity for day 3 follows a humidification regime
where ΔRH < 0.
- The low values of temperature and relative humidity characterize
the phase of weak wind speed values (close to zero and sometimes
equal to zero Vwind = 0 m/s).
The EAHE could also contain some quantity of humidity due to the
condensation phenomena accompanied by the cooling regime (Fig. 6).
Inside the pipe, the dew point is formed between the inlet and outlet
dew points. It was approximately 3.6 °C.
Variations of the daily mean relative humidity (RHinlet -RHoutlet)
that are presented in Fig. 7 give an idea about the hourly-daily differ-
ence ΔRH. It is observed that solar radiation plays a vital role in the
changes of ΔRH. From midnight to 9 a.m. and with the absence of solar
radiation, the difference was positive (RHinlet ˃ RHoutlet), and it is one of
the characteristics of the arid environment. Since the solar radiation
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Journal of Arid Environments 180 (2020) 104215
appears, the situation is inversed (RHinlet < RHoutlet), and, at this
moment, the EAHE increases the relative humidity until the sun-set,
where the difference becomes again positive (RHinlet ˃ RHoutlet).
4. Conclusion
Arid regions around the world are characterized by hard weather
conditions in both the summer and winter seasons. This characteristic
leads to significant thermal and hygrometric discomfort situation inside
houses and dwellings. A large amount of energy is dedicated to solving
this crucial situation, and the source of this energy is fossil fuels having
a big impact on the environment. Also, the arid environments are
known by their renewable energy resources like sun, wind, and geo-
thermal. Among these renewable resources of arid regions, the geo-
thermal resources are less known, and their potentials must be studied.
In our paper, en experimental investigation was conducted regarding
one of these passive techniques. The performance of an earth-to-air heat
exchanger, which is based on a geothermal source and may be used to
provide heating/cooling and to enhance the hygrometry, was explored.
The obtained results and daily hygrometric analysis of EAHE show
that the daily working regime of the system is as follows:
⁃ From 00 h to 08 h: Dehumidification regime. The outside air tem-
perature was low; it entered from the EAHE inlet and passed
through the device. At the outlet, the air relative humidity reduces
by 5–28%.
⁃ From 09 h to 17 h: Humidification regime. The outside air warm-up
and the upper part of the EAHE inlet was exposed directly to the
sunlight. A cooling mode was created and associated with an in-
crease in relative humidity by 1–19%. This humidification is due to
N. Sakhri, et al. Journal of Arid Environments 180 (2020) 104215

Fig. 6. EAHE inlet and outlet air Dew point (°C).

Table 1
Hourly mean relative humidity RHinlet - RHoutlet.
ΔRH (RH inlet - RH outlet) (%)

Day hours Days Mode

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

00 – 8.83 - 13.76 - 21.12 16.89 12.77 8.22 4.43 Dehumidification

01 – 12.41 - 14.1 5.742 19.5 10.34 12.85 9.78
02 – 9.35 - 10.88 20.21 22.73 - 5.01 8.16 9.95
03 – - 2.28 - 4.04 17.92 23.35 5.25 12.72 0.8
04 – 12.93 - 12.65 19.37 25.1 14.01 15.12 - 3.63
05 – 17.06 - 10.93 18.83 20.65 24.50 19.62 7.28
06 – 20.82 - 11.85 23.94 29.57 25.64 14.39 11.63
07 – 23.65 - 15.32 13.77 30.4 27.65 14.55 16.52
08 – 22.01 - 16.73 18.52 11.69 23.85 18.54 15.42
09 – 6.60 - 16.49 26.12 - 3.15 8.91 - 3.25 1.59
10 – - 0.76 - 11.21 18.52 - 11.92 - 5.99 0.02 - 0.62 Humidification
11 – - 8.47 - 9.62 0.82 - 13.18 - 7.07 2.75 - 8.2
12 – - 8.96 - 7.34 - 5.52 - 11.6 - 8.74 - 0.12 - 2.73
13 – - 9.26 - 5.97 - 7.35 - 7.45 - 5.52 0.45 - 3.72
14 – - 7.07 - 5.06 - 8.53 - 6.57 - 5.1 - 2.22 - 6.3
15 – - 7.10 - 4.85 - 6.51 - 5.16 - 4.02 - 4.21 4.43
16 – - 5.73 - 5.65 - 7.16 - 4.91 - 4.29 - 4.63 0
17 - 3.02 - 4.04 - 8.98 - 7.14 - 4.89 - 3.98 - 4.18 –
18 - 1.4 - 1.03 - 19.23 - 1.17 - 2.58 - 1.36 - 5.26 –
19 2.9 2.39 - 25.37 4.95 1.89 3.85 1.59 – Dehumidification
20 3.6 - 0.90 - 24.25 9.90 5.58 4.42 6.25 –
21 4.23 0.89 - 26.27 11.15 8.81 3.62 5.82 –
22 4.383 - 3.15 - 26.92 10.06 13.48 5.9 2.81 –
23 4.06 - 9.59 - 23.5 14.28 11.91 7.57 2.04 –

6
N. Sakhri, et al. Journal of Arid Environments 180 (2020) 104215

Fig. 7. Repartition of daily mean relative humidity ΔRH = RHinlet -RHoutlet.

the condensation phenomena. next stage (00 h–08 h).

⁃ From 18 h to 23 h: Dehumidification regime. After the sunset and
the reduction of outside temperature, the EAHE reduces the relative Also, a significant dependence of EAHE to local climate conditions
humidity by 0.8–14%. This phase serves as a preparation for the was found. If the wind changes its direction or the day was cloudy, the

7
N. Sakhri, et al.
outlet parameters like temperature and humidity change also.
In the arid region, and the winter season under usual and ordinary
climatic conditions (sunny day, wind blow in prevailing wind direction,
average external temperature and humidity), the autonomous EAHE
works in 24 h as follow: 62.5% (dehumidification) and 37.5% (humi-
dification) for the hygrometric regime.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Nasreddine Sakhri: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal ana-
lysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing - original draft, Project admin-
istration, Funding acquisition. Younes Menni: Formal analysis,
Supervision, Writing - review & editing, Visualization. Houari Ameur:
Supervision, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
None.
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