Internal Combustion Engine

Test
•Emission Test and Certification
•Quality and Performance Investigation

Internal Combustion BME, Energetikai Gépek és 1

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 Excess air factor

C8H18 + 12,5 O2 = 8 CO2 + 9 H2O

C8H18 + 12,5 (O2 +79/21N2) = 8 CO2 + 9 H2O + 12,5 79/21N2

114 kg C8H18 + 400 kg O2 + 1316,67 kg N2 = 352kgCO2+ 162kgH2O + 1316,67kgN2

1 kg C8H18+ 15,06 kg air = 3,09 kg CO2 + 1,42 kg H2O + 11,55 kg N2

λ = mreal/mtheoretical = mreal/B*µlo

Stoiciometric air-fuel ratio

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 Requirements of the IC
Engines:
• High Performance
• High Efficiency
• Low Emissions
Emissions CO
CxHy
CO2 NOx

Efficiency Performance

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EU Emission Standards for Passenger
Cars (Category M1*), g/km

www.dieselnet.com
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Spark Ignition Engines, MPI (Ford)

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OTTO CYCLE
1-2
4
p

2-3

3
4-5 5
3-4

1 6
5-6
2
6-1
V

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 Control of the Otto cycle (- full load, --- partial load)
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Emissios in the function of the Excess air factor

Perfomance Efficiency

Passenger Cars

Gas Engines

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 Catalytic Converters
3-way (NSCR) Catalysts (λ=1)
NOx N2+O2
CO CO2
CxHy H2O+CO2

2-way (oxidation) Catalysts

λ
CO CO2
CxHy H2O+CO2

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Emission Standards for Spark Ignition
type Engines

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Compression Ignition Engines

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DIESEL CYCLE
1-2

p
2-3
3 4

3-4

4-5 5

1 6
2
6-1 5-6
V

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 Control of the Diesel cycle (- full load, --- partial load)

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 Emissios in the function of the Excess air
factor
Perfomance Efficiency

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 Emission Standards of CI Engines
EGR

Co
nst
Present

Particulate Filter

rac
Engines

tio
n
EURO 3 (2000)
Without
PM [g/kWh]

EGR
Co
ntr
ol

Catalytic Convert.
EURO 5 EURO 4

USA NOx [g/kWh] Prof. Bengt Johansson, ECM-2005

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Engine Test Stand

500 g

Puffer tartá ly
U∆p mérı perem

2156 HM 6U

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Water brake
absorption

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 Eddy Current Dynamometer
absorption

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Different Operation of
Dynamometers

Const. Torque Const. Speed

Square Law mode

(like Air Resistence)

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Asynchronous Drives

Absorption and motoring or universal AVL: DynoEXACT APA

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Chassis Dynamometers

Absorption and motoring or universal Christian Schyr, AVL List GmbH, Graz Austria
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Ambient Conditions:
– Dry atmospheric pressure at least 96,6 kPa
– Ambient temperature 23±7 °C
0, 7
 99   Ta 
Correction: F =   ∗  
 ps   298 

– Cooling liquid by the manufacturer or 80±5 °C

– Cooling air by the manufacturer or 0-20 °C,
– Fuel temperature by the manufacturer or 38±5°C
– Oil temperature by the manufacturer, constant
– Intercooler temperature by the nominal temperature given by the
manufacturer ± 5 K

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Diesel Engine Emissions at different
Speed and Load

Internal Combustion BME, Energetikai Gépek és (Speed/load in %) 23

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Otto Engine Emissions at different
Speed and Load

Internal Combustion BME, Energetikai Gépek és (Speed/load in %) 24

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 Test Cycles

• Stationary Cycles
• European Stationary Cycle (ESC)
• ISO 8178 A-D2
• Unsteady Cycles
• European Load Response (ELR)
• European Transient Cycle (ETC)
• ECE R 83

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The ESC Cycle
• The engine is tested on an engine dynamometer over a sequence of
steady-state modes.
• The engine must be operated for the prescribed time in each mode,
completing engine speed and load changes in the first 20 seconds.
The specified speed shall be held to within ±50 rpm and the
specified torque shall be held to within ±2% of the maximum torque
at the test speed.
• Emissions are measured during each mode and averaged over the
cycle using a set of weighting factors. Particulate matter emissions
are sampled on one filter over the 13 modes. The final emission
results are expressed in g/kWh.
• During emission certification testing, the certification personnel may
request additional random testing modes within the cycle control
area. Maximum emission at these extra modes are determined by
interpolation between results from the neighboring regular test
modes.

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 European Stationary Cycle (ESC)

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 The engine Speeds are defined as follows:

• The high speed nhi is determined by calculating 70% of the

declared maximum net power. The highest engine speed
where this power value occurs (i.e. above the rated speed)
on the power curve is defined as nhi.
• The low speed nlo is determined by calculating 50% of the
declared maximum net power. The lowest engine speed
where this power value occurs (i.e. below the rated speed)
on the power curve is defined as nlo.

A speed = nlo + 0,25 (nhi - nlo)

B speed = nlo + 0,5 (nhi - nlo)
C speed = nlo + 0,75 (nhi - nlo)

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 Pmax
P max 50 %

Pmax 70 %

A speed = nlo + 0,25 (nhi - nlo)

B speed = nlo + 0,5 (nhi - nlo)
C speed = nlo + 0,75 (nhi - nlo)
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ELR engine test
• The ELR engine test has been introduced by the Euro III emission
regulation, effective year 2000, for the purpose of smoke opacity
measurement from heavy-duty diesel engines [Directive 1999/96/EC
of December 13, 1999].
• The test consists of a sequence of three load steps at each of the
three engine speeds A (cycle 1), B (cycle 2) and C (cycle 3),
followed by cycle 4 at a speed between speed A and speed C and a
load between 10% and 100%, selected by the certification
personnel. Speeds A, B, and C are defined in the ESC cycle.

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 ELR Test

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The ETC test
• The ETC test cycle (also known as FIGE transient cycle) has been
introduced, together with the ESC (European Stationary Cycle), for
emission certification of heavy-duty diesel engines in Europe starting in the
year 2000 (Directive 1999/96/EC of December 13, 1999). The ESC and
ETC cycles replace the earlier R-49 test.
• The ETC cycle has been developed by the FIGE Institute, Aachen,
Germany, based on real road cycle measurements of heavy duty vehicles
(FIGE Report 104 05 316, January 1994). The final ETC cycle is a
shortened and slightly modified version of the original FIGE proposal.
• Different driving conditions are represented by three parts of the ETC cycle,
including urban, rural and motorway driving. The duration of the entire cycle
is 1800s. The duration of each part is 600s.
• Part one represents city driving with a maximum speed of 50 km/h, frequent
starts, stops, and idling.
• Part two is rural driving starting with a steep acceleration segment. The
average speed is about 72 km/h
• Part three is motorway driving with average speed of about 88 km/h.

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ETC test cycle

Vidéki utak
Városi utak Autópályák

Speed %

Torque %

Idı [s]

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 ECE R 83 (Emission standards for
on-road vehicles )

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 ECE R-49 (cycle was replaced by
the ESC schedule )

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ISO 8178 A-D2 Tests

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 Thank You !

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Literatures:
• http://www.dieselnet.com
• http://www.avl.com/wo/webobsession.servl
et.go/encoded/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamometer

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