Mathematics SSC-I

BAHRIA FOUNDATION COLLEGES (NORTH)

Centralized Notes of Definitions
(F.B.I.S.E)

Mathematics SSC–I

Matrix:
A rectangular layout or a formation of a collection of real numbers, say 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7,
such as;

1 3 4 and then enclosed by brackets „[ ]‟ is said to form a matrix [ 1 2 4

]
7 2 0 7 3 0

Rectangular Matrix:
A matrix M is called rectangular if, the number of rows of M ≠ to the number of columns of
M.

Square Matrix:
A matrix M is called a square matrix if, the number of rows of M = the number of columns of
M.

Row Matrix:
A matrix M is called a row matrix if M has only one row.

Column Matrix:
A matrix M is called a column matrix if M has only one column.

Null or Zero Matrix:

A matrix M is called a null or zero matrix if each of its entries is 0.

Transpose of a Matrix:
Let A be a matrix. The matrix At is a new matrix which is called transpose of matrix A and is
obtained by interchanging rows of A into its respective columns (or columns into respective rows).

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Symmetric Matrix:
A square matrix M is called symmetric if Mt = M.

Negative of a Matrix:
Let A be a matrix. Then its negative, - A is obtained by changing the signs of all the entries of
A.

Skew Symmetric Matrix:

A square matrix M is said to be skew symmetric if Mt = - M.

Diagonal Matrix:
𝑎 0 0
A square matrix M of the type [0 𝑏 0] is called a diagonal matrix of order 3-by-3, where all
0 0 𝑐
the three entries a, b, c are not zero i.e. at least one entry is non-zero.

Scalar Matrix:
𝑘 0 0
A square matrix M is called a scalar matrix of order 3-by-3, if it is of the type 0 𝑘
[ 0] where
0 0 𝑘
the scalar k ≠ 0.

Identity Matrix:
A square matrix of the type

1 0 0
A = [0 1 0] is called a 3-by-3 identity matrix.
0 0 1

Additive Identity of a Matrix:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Let A = [ ] be a matrix of order 2-by-3. Then a matrix B is said to be an additive
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
identity of matrix a, if, B+A=A=A+B

Additive Inverse of a Matrix:

Let A be a matrix of order 3-by-3. A matrix B is defined as an additive inverse of A if B + A =
0 0 0
[0 0 0] = A + B.
0 0 0

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Multiplication Identity of a Matrix:

Let A be a matrix. Another matrix B is called the identity matrix of A under multiplication if
BA = A = AB.

Determination of a 2-by-2 Matrix:

Let M = [𝑎 𝑏] be a 2-by-2 matrix. A real number ‫ ג‬is called determinant of M, denoted by det
𝑐 𝑑
M such that

det M = det [𝑎 𝑏] = [𝑎 𝑏] = ad – bc = ‫ג‬

𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑

Singular Matrix:
A square matrix M is called singular if the determinant of M is equal to zero.

Non-Singular Matrix:
A square matrix M is called non-singular if the determinant of M is not equal to zero (i.e. M is
not singular)

Adjoint of a Matrix:
Given a matrix M = [𝑎 𝑏], adjoint of M is define by Adj M = [ 𝑑 −𝑏].
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎

Inverse of a Matrix:

Let M be a square matrix[𝑎 𝑏].

𝑐 𝑑
(1) Write adjoint of matrix M
(2) Multiply by 1 to the Adjoint (M)
det 𝑀

The desired Inverse of M is obtained as

𝑑 −𝑏
M-1 =
1 , where det M = ad – bc ≠ 0
𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎

The Set of Real numbers:

R = union of two disjoint sets (the set of rational Q and the set of irrational numbers Q’).

i.e., R = Q 𝖴 Q’

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nth Root of “a” :

If n is a positive integer greater than 1 and a real number, then any real number x such that
xn = a is called the nth root of a, and in symbols is written as

x = n√a , ….. (Radical form)

Or x = (a)1/n ….. (Exponential form)

In the radical n√a , the symbol √ is called the radical sign, n is called the index of the radical
and the real number a under the radical sign is called radicand or base.

Complex number:

A number of the form z = a + bi where a and b are real i = √−1, is called complex number.

Complex Conjugate:
The numbers a + bi and a - bi are conjugate of each other.

Scientific Notation:
A number written in the form a × 10n, where 1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10 and n is an integer, is called the
scientific notation.

Logarithm of a Number:

If ax = y then x is called the logarithm of y to the base „a‟ and is written as log𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥, where
a > 0, a ≠1 and y > 0.

Common Logarithm or Brigg’s Logarithm:

If the base of logarithm is taken as 10 then logarithm is called Common Logarithm or Brigg’s
Logarithm.

Natural Logarithm:

Logarithm having base 𝑒 is called Napier Logarithm or Natural Logarithm.

Characteristics:
The integral part of the logarithm of any number is called the characteristics.

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Mantissa:

The decimal part of the logarithm of a number is called the mantissa and is always positive.

Rational Expression:

The quotient 𝑝(𝑥) of two polynomials p(x) and q(x), where q(x) is a non-zero polynomial, is
𝑞(𝑥)
called a rational expression.

Surd:

An irrational radical with rational radicand is called a surd.

Remainder Theorem:

“If a polynomial f(x) is divided by a linear divisor (x-a), then the remainder is f(a)”.

Factor Theorem:

“The polynomial (x – a) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) if and only if f(a) = 0”.

Remainder Theorem:
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by a linear divisor (x-a) then the remainder is P(a)

Factorization:
If the polynomial p(x) can be expressed as p(x) = g(x) h(x) , then each of the polynomial g(x) and
h(x) is called a factor of p(x) .

LCM:
If an algebraic expression p(x) is exactly divisible by two or more expression then p(x) is called
least common multiple.

HCF:
If two or more algebraic expression are given then their common factor of highest power is called
HCF

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Extraneous root:

The solution which does not satisfy the original equation is called extraneous root.

Equivalent equation:
Equation having the exactly same solution is called equivalent equation.

Conditional Equation:
An conditional Equation is a equation which is satisfied by at least one number but is not an
identity.

Consistent Equation:
An inconsistent equation is an equation whose solution set is empty.

Identity Equation:
An identity Equation that is satisfied by every number for which both sides are defined.

Inequality:

A statement involving any of the symbol (˂,≤,≥,˃) is called inequality.

Radical Equation:
When the variable in an equation occurs under a radical, the equation is called radical equation.

Linear Equation:
An equation with one variable whose degree is one.

Abscissa:

X-component of the point P(x,y) is called Abscissa

Ordinate:
Y component of the point P(x,y) is called ordinate

Ordered Pair:
An ordered pair of real number x and y is a pair (x,y) in which elements are written in
specified order .In plane two mutually perpendicular straight lines is called coordinate axis.

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Origin: The point where coordinate axis meet is called origin

X Axis: In Cartesian plane the horizontal line is called X axis

Y Axis: In Cartesian plane the vertical line is called y axis

Coordinate Geometry:

The study of geometrical shapes in a plane is called plane geometry. Coordinate geometry is
the study of geometrical shapes in the Cartesian plane (coordinate plane).

Collinear Points:

Two or more than two points which lie on the same straight line are called collinear points with
respect to that line.

Non collinear points:

Two or more points which does not lie on the same straight line are called non collinear
points.

Equilateral Triangle:

If the lengths of all the three sides of a triangle are same then the triangle is called an
equilateral triangle.

An Isosceles Triangle:

An Isosceles triangle PQR is a triangle which has two of its sides with equal length while the
third side has a different length.

Right Angle Triangle:

A triangle in which one of the angles has measure equal to 90° is called a right angle triangle.

Scalene Triangle:
A triangle is called a scalene if measure of all sides is different.

Square:

A Square is closed figure formed by non–collinear points such that lengths of all sides are
equal and measure of each angle is 90°.

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Rectangle:
A figure formed in the plane by four non–collinear points is called a rectangle if,
(i) Its opposite sides are equal in length.
(ii) The angle at each vertex is of measure 90°.

Parallelogram:

A figure formed by four non–collinear points in the plane is called a parallelogram if,
(i) Its opposite sides are of equal length.
(ii) Its opposite sides are parallel.
(iii) Measure of none of the angles is 90°

A.S.A Postulate:

In any correspondence of two triangles, if one side and any two angles of one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding side and angles of the other then the triangles are congruent, this
postulate is called A.S.A postulate.

S.S.S Postulate:

In a correspondence of two triangles, if three sides of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding three sides of the other, then the two triangles are congruent, this postulate is called
S.S.S postulate.

H.S Postulate:

If in the correspondence of the two right-angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of one
triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other, then the
triangles are congruent, this postulate is called H.S postulate.

Parallelogram:

If two opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent and parallel, it is a parallelogram.

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Medians:

A line segment joining a vertex of a triangle to the mid–point of the opposite side is called the
median of the triangle.

Trisection:

The process to divide a line segment into three equal parts.

Parallelogram info:

In a parallelogram,
(i) Opposite sides are congruent.
(ii) Opposite angles are congruent.
(iii) The diagonals bisect each other.

Right Bisector of the line segment:

Right Bisector of the line segment means to draw a perpendicular at the mid–point of line
segment.

Bisector of angle:

Bisector of an angle means to draw a ray to divide the given angle into two equal parts.