General Biology; Jhov Joshua Galvan
Vocabulary
Heredity - the sum of all biological
processes by which particular characteristics
are transmitted from parents to their
offspring.
Genetics - is the scientific study of genes
and heredity—of how certain qualities or
traits are passed from parents to offspring as
a result of changes in DNA sequence.
P1 (Parent1) - is the first set or first
generation in the study of inheritance.
F1 (Filial1) - s the first filial generation and
the offspring of P generation.
Unit Determiners or genes - are the units
of heredity inherited from parent to
offspring.
Gametes - is a reproductive cell of an
animal or plant.
Zygote or offspring - fertilized egg cell that
results from the union of a female gamete
(egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).
Pure breeding - refers to offspring resulting
from a true breeding. True breeding is a way
to produce offspring that would carry the
same phenotype as the parents.
Dominant character - An inherited trait
that results from the expression of the
dominant allele over the recessive allele.
Recessive character - a trait that is
expressed only when genotype is
homozygous; a trait that tends to be masked
by other inherited traits, yet persists in a
population among heterozygous genotypes.
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Phenotype - The observable characteristics
in an individual resulting from the
expression of genes.
Genotype - refers to the genetic makeup of
an organism; in other words, it describes an
organism's complete set of genes.
Phenotypic ratio - is a ratio comparing the
possible outcomes for an organism based on
physical appearance.
Genotypic ratio - describes the number of
times a genotype would appear in the
offspring after a test cross.
Homozygous - The presence of two
identical alleles at a particular gene locus.
Heterozygous - The presence of two
different alleles at a particular gene locus.
Hybrid - When organisms from two
different species mix, or breed together, it is
known as hybridization.
Dihybrid cross - a mating experiment
between two organisms that are identically
hybrid for two traits.
Locus - The physical site or location of a
specific gene on a chromosome.
Autosomes - is one of the numbered
chromosomes, as opposed to the sex
chromosomes.
Alleles - is one of two or more versions of
DNA sequence (a single base or a segment
of bases) at a given genomic location.
Linked genes - The two or more genes are
said to be linked when they are located on
the same chromosome and cannot segregate
independently as they are inherited together.
Sex-Linked genes - characteristics (or
traits) that are influenced by genes carried
on the sex chromosomes.
Multiple alleles - an allele of a genetic locus
having more than two allelic forms within a
population.
Continuous variation - is the differences
between individuals of a species where the
differences are quantitative (measurable).
Mutation - is a change in the DNA
sequence of an organism.
Multiple gene inheritance - is defined as
quantitative inheritance, where multiple
independent genes have an additive or
similar effect on a single quantitative trait.