CHEM 111 MIDTERMS

LABORATORY\ FIRST SEMESTER 1-Y1-1 | BSMLS

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DELOCALIZED BOND
OUTLINE:
 causes benzene and its derivatives to
 AROMATIC COMPOUNDS be resistant to addition reactions, a
 CHEMICAL REACTION property normally associated with
 CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR unsaturation in a molecule.
HYDROCARBONS NOMENCLATURE OF AROMATIC
 DIFFUSION OF GASES HYDROCARBONS
 DIFFERENCE OF ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC COMPOUND  Replacement of one or more of the hydrogen
 EXTRACTION atoms con benzenes with other groups produces
 ALKYL HALIDES benzene derivatives. Compounds with alkyl
 SUBLIMATION AND MELTING POINT groups or halogen atoms attached to the
DETERMINATION benzene ring are commonly encountered
 LIQUID TO LIQUID EXTRACTION  The IUPAC system of naming monosubstituted
benzene derivatives uses the name of the
substituent as a prefix to the name benzene
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS  For monosubstituted benzene rings that have a
group attached that is not easily names as a
substituent, the benzene ring is often attached
 chemical compounds that consist of to this substituent.
conjugated planar ring systems  A few monosubstituted benzenes have names
accompanied by delocalized pi-electron wherein substituent and the benzene ring taken
clouds in place of individual alternating together constitute a new parent name.
double and single bonds.  In this reversed approach, the benzene ring
attachment is called a phenyl group, and the
 also called the aromatics or arenes compound is named according to the rules for
naming alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
EXAMPLES: TOLUENE AND BENZENE
BENZENE DERIVATIVES
BENZENE
 simplest aromatic hydrocarbon  Ortho – means 1,2 disubstitutio; the
AROMATIC RING SYSTEM
substituents are on adjacent carbon atoms
 Meta – means 1,3 disubstitution; the
 functional group present in aromatic substituents are one carbon removed
compounds. from each other
 HIghly unsaturated carbon ring system in  Para – means 1,4 disubstituion; the
which both localized and delocalized substituents are two carbons removed
bonds are present. from each other

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CHEM 111
LABORATORY\ FIRST SEMESTER
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BENZENE DERIVATIVES WITH THREE OR MORE
SUBSTITUENTS
 If there are more than two groups are
present on the benzene ring, their
positions are indicated with numbers
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS
 Insoluble in water, are good solvents for
other nonpolar materials, and are less
dense than water.
 Benzene, a monosubstituted benzenes,
and many disubstituted benzenes are
liquids at temperature. Benzene itself is a
colorless, flammable liquid that burns
with a sooty flame because of incomplete
combustion
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS
Substitution reaction
 Characterized by different atoms or groups of
atoms replacing hydrogen atoms in a
hydrocarbon molecule.
Alkylation
 Most important industrial reaction of benzene
FUSED RING AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
 An aromatic hydrocarbon whose structure
contains two or more rings fused together.
Two carbon rings that share a pair of carbon
atoms are said to be fused.
CHEMICAL REACTION
 process in which one or more substance is
changed into different substance, it occurs
when the chemical bonds between atoms are
form or broken.
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THE BOUNCY EGG EXPERIMENT
Reactant
 substance that undergoes a chemical
reaction.
Product
 substance that are produce after the
reaction.
CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCARBONS
 most basic of organic substance consisting
only of hydrogen, and carbon, hence the
name hydrocarbon.
2 MAIN TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
 Straight chain structures thus they are
also referred to as the open chain
organic compound.
 Divided into three classifications
namely alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Alkanes
 saturated hydrocarbons that
contain only carbon-to-carbon
single bond.
Alkenes
 unsaturated hydrocarbons
containing at least one carbon
to carbon double bonds.
Alkynes
 unsaturated hydrocarbons with
at least one carbon to carbon
triple bonds.
CHEM 111 MIDTERMS
LABORATORY\ FIRST SEMESTER 1-Y1-1 | BSMLS

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DIFFUSION OF GASES
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
 Referred as close chain hydrocarbons.  Thermal motion of gas particles at
above absolute zero temperature is
2 MAIN CLASSIFICATION OF CYCLIC
called molecular diffusion. The rate of
HYDROCARBONS
this phenomenon movement is a
Homocyclic compounds function of the viscosity of the gas,
temperature, and size of the particles.
 Ring forming atoms are only carbon.
DIFFUSION
heterocyclic compounds
 Defined as the movement of individual
 At least one hetero atom for example molecules of a substance through a
nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur is present as one semipermeable barrier from an area of
of the rings forming atoms. higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration. It is the
7 CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR
movement of atoms or molecules from
HYDROCARBONS
higher potential region to lower
 Physical State and Color potential region.
 Solubility in Concentrated H2SO4 (Sulfuric GASES
Acid)
 Gases diffuse very fast because of the
 Combustibility Test
presence of large spaces between the
 Baeyer’s Test- It is conducted to test for gaseous particles and high kinetic
the presence of carbon, carbon double energy of these molecules. They diffuse
bond and carbon triple bonds. faster than the other states of matter.
 Bromine Test- It is conducted mainly to
test for the presence of unsaturated DIFFERENCE OF ORGANIC AND
carbons and phenols. INORGANIC COMPOUND
 Test for Aromaticity - Aromaticity is an
ORGANIC INORGANIC
aromatic molecule or compound that has
special stability and properties due to a one of the large simply any substance
closed loop of electrons. chemical compounds in that do not contain
 Basic Oxidation test- is used to determine which one or more both carbon and
whether an organism uses carbohydrate carbon atoms are hydrogen.
substrates to produce acid by products. covalently paired with
BAEYERS TEST other elements atoms.
 Presence of carbon-carbon
BROMINE TEST Have low melting point Have high melting
 Presence of unsaturated carbon and and boiling point point and boiling point
benzene Have weak covalent Have of strong ionic
bond bonds
Used mostly covalent Used ionic bonding
bonding
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CHEM 111 MIDTERMS
LABORATORY\ FIRST SEMESTER 1-Y1-1 | BSMLS

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Resulted
 The from activities
two types ofofliquid-liquid
Obtained extractions
from natural
a living being processes
are Natural and Acid/base extraction.
Colorless
 Thisand is
cannot
sometimes alsoColorful and solvent
called can conduct
conduct extraction,
electricity is an important
electricityseparation
Bonds are stable thus
technology Bonds
for a variety of are not stable
applications
difficult to react and thus chemical
in the chemical process industry, reactions
chemical rate will be slow occur
including the petrochemical, food,
Gasoline, soap, methane, Sodium chloride, carbon
pharmaceutical, and metal industries.
ethanol dioxide, silver, sodium
SOLID TO LIQUID EXTRACTION
bicarbonate
• Process the components of a solid mixture are
extracted into aEXTRACTION
solvent.
ACID
 BASE EXTRACTION
Typical method for isolating a target
chemical
 Utilize the in organic
acid-basechemistry.
propertiesWhere
of a
solute is moved
organic from oneand
compounds phaseselectively
to another in
the extraction
isolate them process
from oneto another
separate when
it from
unreacted startinginmaterials
they're present a mixture.or In
contaminants.
organic
This process is also
chemistry, acids are knownemployed to make
as it
easier to isolate
carboxylic a solute
acids from a the
and contain reaction
-
solvent
COOH functional group. Basesas a
that is difficult to evaporate, such
high-boiling point one
contain at least solvent.
nitrogen atom and
THREEare commonlyTYPES
COMMON called amines.
OF EXTRACTION
LIQUID TO LIQUID EXTRACTION
ALKYL HALIDES
 Separation process consisting of the transfer
of a solute from one solvent to another, it is
 Inorganic molecules containing a
based on the principle that a solute or an
halogen atom bonded to a sp3
analyte can distribute itself in a certain ratio
hybridized carbon atom. Alkyl Halides
between two immiscible solvents, usually
also known as haloalkanes are
water (aqueous phase) and organic solvent
compounds in which one or more
(organic phase).
hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been
 Most common method of liquid-liquid replaced by halogen atoms.
extraction is performed the classical way, PROPERTIES OF ALKYL HALIDES
using a separatory funnel.
 The extraction technique can be used to  Colorless when they exist in pure form.
purify compounds or to separate mixtures of But bromides and iodides develop color
compounds, such as when isolating a when exposed to light. Many volatile
product from a reaction mixture (known as compounds have a sweet smell.
an extractive work-up).


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CHEM 111
LABORATORY\ FIRST SEMESTER
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Boiling and Melting points of Alkyl Halides:
 Methyl chloride, methyl bromide, ethyl
chloride and some chlorofluoromethanes
are in the form of a gas at room Primary Alkyl Halide
temperature.
 Higher members are liquids or solids.
 In alkyl halides, the attraction gets
stronger as the size and number of
electrons increases.
Density:
 The density increases with an increase in
the number of carbon atoms, halogen
atoms and atomic mass of halogen atoms.
Solubility:
 The haloalkanes are less soluble in water
 Very less amount of energy is released
when new attractions between the
haloalkanes and the water molecules are
formed.
The uses of Alkyl Halides:
 Many organic compounds containing
halogens occur in nature and some of
VINYL HALIDES
these are clinically useful.
 They are used as synthon equivalents in
organic synthesis.
 Previously used as refrigerants and
propellants.
 They are also used in fire extinguishers.
NUMBER OF HALOGEN ATOMS
1. Mono Haloalkane
2. Dihaloalkane
3. Trihaloalkane ARYL HALIDES
Halogen atoms
 can be fluorine, chlorine, bromine or
iodine and the alkyl is a functional group
of an organic chemical that contains only
ALLYLIC HALIDES
carbon and hydrogen atoms, which are
arranged in a chain.
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THE POSITION OF HALOGEN ATOM
ALONG THE CHAIN OF CARBON
 In a primary (1º) haloalkane, the
carbon bonded to the halogen atom
is only attached to one other alkyl
group.
Secondary Alkyl Halide
 In a secondary (2º) haloalkane, the
carbon bonded with the halogen atom
is joined directly to two other alkyl
groups that can be the same or
different.
Tertiary Alkyl Halide
 In tertiary (3º) halogenoalkane, the
carbon atom holding the halogen is
attached directly to three alkyl groups,
which may be any combination of same
or different.
4 TYPES OF ORGANIC HALIDES
 Have a halogen atom (X) bonded to a
double bond of carbon
 Halogen atoms:
 Fluorine (F)
 Iodine (I)
 Chlorine (Cl)
 Astatine (As)
 Bromine (Br)
 Tennessine (Ts)
 Have a halogen atom bonded to a
benzene ring.
 Have X or any element bonded to the
carbon atom adjacent to a double
carbon bond.
CHEM 111
LABORATORY\ FIRST SEMESTER
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BENZYLIC HALIDES
 Have X or any element bonded to the carbon
atom adjacent to a benzene ring.
NAMING OF ALKYL HALIDES
1. Find the parent carbon chain containing the
halogen.
 Name the parent chain as an alkane, with
the halogen as a substituent bonded to the
longest chain.
2. Apply all other rules of nomenclature.
 Begin at the end nearest the first substituent,
either alkyl or halogen.
 Alphabetize
SUBLIMATION AND MELTING POINT
DETERMINATION
MELTING POINT
 Temperature at which the solid and liquid are in
equilibrium. Meaning to say the substance state
are in equilibrium because it is a normal melting
point.
There are two main reasons in determining the
melting point of the substances:
Determine the purity
 Purity of substances means that it only
consists of one element or compound and it
has a fixed or constant structure.
 Pure compound has an accurate and narrow
melting range and pure compounds have sharp
melting point.
 Impure substances are mixtures.
Identify the unknowns
 Pure substances can be identified by
comparing their melting point to the literature
values.
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 Literature value is known as the
documented melting point values.
There are two main instruments that can
be used to determine the melting point
Fisher john’s apparatus or the hot stage
melting point instrument
 This apparatus allows us to determine
the melting point of solid chemical
compounds without loading samples
into fragile capillary tubes that is why
it is easy to operate.
 The voltage control regulates the
rate of heating, not the
temperature. The
thermometer notes the temperature
of the hot stage.
Mel- temp apparatus
 Offers a quick and easy way to
measure the melting points of
samples at a budget price with a
temperature resolution of ±1°C.
The voltage control regulates the rate of
heating, not the temperature
SUBLIMATION
 Transition of a substance directly from
the solid to the gas state, without
passing through the liquid state.
 Endothermic process that occurs at
temperatures and pressures below a
substance's triple point in its phase
diagram, which corresponds to the
lowest pressure at which the substance
can exist as a liquid.
CHEM 111 MIDTERMS
LABORATORY\ FIRST SEMESTER 1-Y1-1 | BSMLS

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LIQUID TO LIQUID EXTRACTION  Put the green solution in the separatory

OBJECTIVES :
 To purify the 2-naphtol solution.
 The color of the 2-Naphthol is yellow and
the contaminant that will be used is blue
food dye, and if this two is already mixed it
will result a green color.
MATERIALS :
 Hot plate
 Separatory funnel- used for extraction
 Erlenmeyer flask
 Ring stand- hold separatory funnel
 2-Naphthol- will give a yellow solution if it
is mixed with liquid, and if it is mixed with
blue dye then the color will be green
 Food-dye
2 liquids that are used in the experiment (2
miscible liquids):
funnel.
 Then purify the 2-naphthol solution.
 After,put the water in separatory funnel in
order to mixed it with the green solution.
 The food die which is the color blue is
soluble in water and the 2-naphthol which
is the color yellow did not mix with water
and it only mixed with the other liquid
which is the butanol.
 Next is cover the separatory funnel and
then agitate or mix the solution in order
to mixed the solution with liquid that they
are belong.
 Wait for the separation.
Take note : We must have Erlenmeyer flask or
other glassware that can be used.
 After that is separate the blue color which
is the food dye that mixed in water and
the stopcock will be the one who will
control the draining.
 Lastly, transfer the purified 2-naphthol in
glassware or Erlenmeyer flask.

 Water CONCLUSION
 Butanol- is like an oil.
 Oil are not mixing with water so that means The 2-naphthol was successfully extracted.The
purpose of this extraction is to extract what is
it will or they will not mix .
needed in the experiment.Using this process, we
Separatory funnel has Teflon stopcock can separate a number of different organic
which is used to regulate the exit of liquid, it used compounds from one another and also it enables
for draining. the selective removal of components in a mixture.
PROCEDURES
 Put the beaker in hot plate and put the butanol
mixed in n-naphthol.

 The n-naphthol(yellow)is mixed with

contaminant color blue dye.When this two is
already mixed it will result a green solution.

 Make sure that the stopcock is closed before we

proceed in mixing the liquids in funnel.

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