2 - 2021 KW40 E Wasser Surface and Wax Shared

Surface Additives
October 2021
Philipp Teriete, EndUse Specialist Coil-Coatings
Surface Additives
Theory of Leveling Chemistry: Surface Defects and

Surface Tension Silicones Solutions
Silicone-Macromers
Acrylate Leveling Additives
Polymer Leveling Additives
Silicone Surfactants
Wax Additives
Page 2 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Common Paint Surface Defects
• Poor flow and leveling
• Insufficient substrate wetting
• Foam stabilization
• Overspray acceptance
• Craters
...are all surface tension related phenomena

Definition Surface Tension
• Molecules in liquids show a relatively high mobility Liquid

• There are forces between the molecules = cohesive forces Gas
• The higher the cohesive forces, the higher the surface tension
Water: ~73 mN/m = high cohesive forces
Mineral spirit: 23 mN/m = low cohesive forces

Surface Tension
Impact on Leveling
Smallest possible surface area= excellent flow
Typical 100% UV system:

~ 35 mN/m
Surface tension mercury = 484 mN/m Higher surface tension = better leveling

Surface Tension
Impact on Wetting
Good substrate wetting:
paint < substrate
without additive with additive

Surface Tension of Typical Paint Raw Materials and Substrates
Solvents Resins Substrates
80
Water
70
60
50 Melamine resins
mN/m
Phosphated steel
40
Aqueous
30
20 Xylene Acrylic Non – treated steel

Alkyd resins
resins
White spirit
SMC-Polyester
Polysiloxanes

Poly-Siloxanes Working Mechanism
Basic Molecule
Di-Methyl Group provides „typical“

silicone properties:
A) Reduction of Surface Tension

B) Reduction of COF values
CH3
(CH3)3 Si O Si O Si (CH3)3
CH3
x
The higher the amount of

di-methyl groups,
the „stronger“ is a silicone

Basic Molecule
CH3
(CH3)3 Si O Si O Si (CH3)3
CH3
x
compatible incompatible
x 2 - 27 45 - 230 380 - 1500 1800 - 2900

Wetting / Leveling COF Surface Defoaming Hammertone

Modified Poly-Siloxanes
CH3 CH3
(CH3)3 Si O Si O Si O Si (CH3)3
Organic Modification
CH3
x
x 2 - 27 45 - 230 380 - 1500 1800 - 2900


Basic Molecule
CH3 CH3
CH3
• Polyether
•
y
Aralkyl x
• Polyester
• reactive groups
- Acrylic
- COOH
- OH BYK´s Poly-siloxanes are organically
modified:
- Epoxy
Basic Molecule
CH3 CH3
Alkyl-Modification
x
Alkyl mN/m
CH3 21 Less „active“ silicones
CH2CH3 26 contain longer alkyl
modifications.
(CH2)9CH3 32

Theory of Leveling
Leveling Additives
Poly-Siloxane Additives with a low impact on reduction of surface tension
Polymeric Leveling Additives
Polyacrylate Leveling Additives
Poor leveling Good leveling

Theory of Leveling
X
Surface Flow Control Additives
Poly-Siloxane Additive
Polymeric-Leveling Additive

Surface Defects: Cratering
Spray dust or dirt

with lower surface
tension
Paint with higher
surface tension
coating
substrate

Substrate Wetting and Flow / Leveling
System 1: System 2: System 3:

Surface tension 33 mN/m Surface tension 29 mN/m Surface tension 25 mN/m
Substrate: Surface tension 30 mN/m
System 1: System 2: System 3:

No substrate wetting Good substrate wetting Good substrate wetting
 Poor flow  Poor flow and leveling
Action: Action: Action:
Reduce surface tension, If needed, adjust flow and leveling Increase surface tension
then adjust flow and leveling with with less active silicones or polyacrylates by reducing the amount of active silicones,
active silicones or polyacrylates then adjust flow and leveling with polyacrylate

Mobility of Poly-Siloxanes
Silicone additive
First paint layer
Second paint layer
<150°C Baking temperature of first paint layer >150°C

Surface Additives
Overview of non-reactive silicones
Surface Tension COF Explanation:
Reduction Coefficient of friction Solvent-borne
Universal
(solvent- &
Strong BYK-3760 BYK-378 / BYK-3764 Low water-borne)
BYK-306 / BYK-3761 Solvent-borne +

defoaming properties
BYK-330 / BYK-3763 BYK-333
Solvent-borne +
BYK-329 BYK-307 / BYK-3762 heat-stable
Solvent-borne +
heat-stable +
BYK-310 / BYK-313 defoaming properties
BYK-342 / BYK-3754
Cyclic siloxanes
BYK-302 / BYK-3752 content below 0.1%
BYK-300 / BYK-3750
BYK-301/ BYK-3751
BYK-331 / BYK-3753
BYK-323 / BYK-3780
BYK-332 BYK-327
BYK-320
BYK-325 N
BYK-315 N
BYK-326
Low BYK-322 High
Low Polarity High
Poly-Siloxanes for Improvement of Flow & Leveling
mN/m
30
29 Mainly good leveling

BYK-326, BYK-327
28
BYK-3753 (BYK-331)
27
BYK-3752 (BYK-302)
26 BYK-3762 (BYK-307)
BYK-3760, BYK-333
25
Additive dosage Cyclic siloxanes

content below 0.1%

Measurement of Surface Effects
Surface Tension and Surface Energy
Application
Liquid Coating Dry Coatings film

Measurement of Surface Tension Calculation of Surface Energy
Static Surface Tension Contact Angle

Dynamic Surface Tension

Surface Tension and Surface Energy
Liquid Paint Dry Coatings film, Substrate

Static surface tension Dynamic surface tension Surface energy
Du Noüy ring method: Bubble pressure tensiometer Contact Angle Measurement
Determination of the surface tension of a
liquid
90°
45°
0°
Substrate
0° <90° 90° >90° 180°

Measurement of Coefficient of Friction (COF)
COF = coefficient of friction

Force Sensor
FN = m * g
m = Mass of used weight
F g = gravity
.
F = COF • FN
.

Poly-acrylates

Poly-Acrylate Leveling Additives
Orientation towards the surface by controlled incompatibility
perfect orientation too incompatible too compatible
Effect
• No or minor reduction of surface tension
• Prevention of local surface tension differences

Surface Additives
Overview of polyacrylate and polymer based leveling additives
Molecular weight Explanation:
Leveling
Leveling + Defoaming Water-borne
80000 BYK-354
Leveling + substrate wetting
BYK-390
Leveling + defoaming
60000
Anti-Popping
BYK-352
40000
Release effect, OH reactive
Leveling
Defoaming / Anti-popping
20000
Polymer based,
BYK-392
leveling + substrate wetting
BYK-350 BYK-381
BYK-356/355
10000
BYK-359 BYK-394
BYK-361N/358N
BYK-399
0
Low Polarity High
Specialities

The future is Macromer – Solution Provider for Multi-layer Application
Benefits with BYK-3560, BYK-3565 and BYK-3566
• Increase the surface energy of cured coatings films
• Improve the adhesion to the next layer, such as:
- second coatings layer
- lamination foil
Branched main chain and BYK-3560
- adhesives
- printing inks Polyether-Macromer
Linear main chain and short BYK-3565

• Provides very good leveling properties Silicone- Macromer
• Do not cause turbidity in clear coats
Branched main chain and BYK-3566
• 100% active substance Medium Silicone- Macromer
• Suitable for water-borne, solvent-borne and rad-cure systems
Polyacrylate
Polyether
Silicone
BYK-3560 does not influence the surface tension of the liquid
silicone free
BYK-3565 provides a very slight reduction of surface tension of the liquid paint
BYK-3566 provides moderate anti-crater properties.

Macromer Modified Acrylic Additives
Excellent Wetting of a Water-borne Base Coat
Dry film thickness
Test system:
Water-borne base coat applied
0 µm
onto a solvent-borne primed
surface, partly modified with a
surface-active additive
20 µm
0 µm
Base Coat
Primed surface + additive
on total formulation
Control 0.1% Polymeric 0.3% BYK-3560 0.3% BYK-3565

Silicone
20 µm

BYK-3565
used in Solvent-borne Primer Surfacer
Adding 10 drops of water on primer

surfacer to see the wettability.
1. Panel / left side = control

2. Panel / right side = + 0.3% BYK-3565

Macromer Modified Acrylic Additives
Surface Energy Increase of a Water-borne Base Coat
The longer the silicone chain the better the orientation to the surface.
in mN/M
Disperse parts Polar parts

60,0
46,1
50,0 44,4
40,0
27,2
22,9
30,0
16,2
11,0 12,5
3,6
20,0 21,8
16,9 16,5 15,4
10,0 12,3 13,7
8,8 9,0
0,0
Control 0.3% 0.7% 0.3% 0.5% 0.7% 0.3% 0.7%
BYK-3560 BYK-3560 BYK-3565 BYK-3565 BYK-3565 BYK-3566 BYK-3566
Test system:
Electrostatically applied
water-borne base coat
Drying conditions:
(10 min 23°C +10 min 80°C)

Surfactants for Water-borne Systems

Wetting of low energetic substrates with water

Water-borne Systems
Reduction of Surface Tension and Influence on COF
Surface tension COF

(Coefficient of Friction / surface slip)
Alcohol alcoxylate
Water-borne Systems* = Co-solvent amount <5%

Si(CH3)3
CH3 O
Si
CH3
O
Polyether
EO basic structure of a silicone surfactant
EO/PO
O CH3
Si
O
CH3 Si(CH3)3
polar non polar
x 2 - 27 45 - 230 380 - 1500 1800 - 2900

Surface Additives for Water-borne Systems
Overview of Surfactants
Silicone surfactant
universal
Silicone surfactant
MW improved leveling
Defoaming
silicone surfactants
BYK-3480
BYK-3420 (Silicone) Surfactants
dynamic
Tri-Siloxanes
BYK-3481 BYK-349
Hydrolytically
BYK-3455 BYK-345 / BYK-346 stable silicone
surfactant
BYK-348
All products:
BYK-3456 Cyclic siloxane
BYK-347 BYK-3450 content below 0.1%
BYK-3451 BYK-3400
BYK-3410
BYK-DYNWET 800
Polarity very high

Surface Additives in Water-borne Systems
Overview of Surfactants
Reduction of dynamic Universal silicone surfactants

surface tension
Tri-siloxanes Silicone surfactants
Silicone free Wetting of low polar substrates Hydrolytically stable BYK-345 Improved leveling
Defoaming silicone surfactants
BYK-DYNWET 800
silicone surfactant BYK-346
BYK-3450 BYK-3455 BYK-3480
BYK-3410 BYK-347
Silicone based BYK-3451 BYK-3420 BYK-348 BYK-3456 BYK-3481
BYK-3400 BYK-349
✓ Ideal for all ✓ Wide resin ✓ Especially

✓ Small and „fast“ ✓ Fast ✓ water-borne
kind of compatibility (but not only)
surfactants ✓ Excellent inkjet inks and
substrates ✓ Ideal for suitable for
✓ Strong impact spreading coatings
✓ Very wide resin ✓ water-borne UV spray applied
on reduction on low polar ✓ Hydrolytically
compatibility systems systems
of dynamic substrates stable
✓ Good ✓ Good leveling
surface tension
performance properties
with porous ✓ Defoaming
substrates
✓ Very good
leveling
Surfactants have one property in common: great substrate wetting properties

The effect of surfactants is system dependant

Co-Solvent Content in Water-borne Systems
BYK-345 / BYK-346 Universal, Standard
BYK-347
Fast, for wetting of low
energetic substrates
Standard for BYK-333 / BYK-3760 / BYK-3764
BYK-348
co-solvent free systems
Universal, for VOC free systems,
BYK-349 almost no impact on foam stabilization
BYK-3420 Hydrolytically stable
BYK-3455 More hydrophobic, substrate wetting + improved leveling,

BYK-3456 lowest foam stabilizing tendency
BYK-3450 Fast, excellent spreading on low polar
BYK-3451 substrates
BYK-3480
Defoaming, excellent substrate wetting
BYK-3481
0% 5% 15%
Content of organic solvents in total solvent blend
Specialities Water-borne Systems

Anti-Popping and Leveling Additives for Water-borne Systems
Polymer Emulsifier APEO-free Solvent
BYKETOL-AQ B B Yes Methoxy-propanol
BYKETOL-WA A C Yes Butyl glycol

Summary:
• Surface additives are useful do adjust paint properties
• It is necessary to find the optimum between leveling and substrate wetting/anti crater properties
• Various additives provide different effects
• Combinations of additives are necessary for the optimal performance

Wax Additives
Wax = Technological Collective Term
Melting point of at least 40°C

as opposed to fats and oils
Relatively low melt viscosity (droplets)

unlike most resins and plastics
No chemical decomposition at higher temperatures

which distinguishes them from natural resins

Origin of Natural Waxes
Natural waxes
Living nature Fossil
Animal Plants Crude oil Lignite

Bees wax Carnauba wax Paraffin wax Montan wax

Origin of Waxes
Semi-Synthetic Synthetic
Homopolymers Copolymers
Polyethylene waxes Ethylene-vinylacetate

(LDPE, HDPE, oxidized) (EVA)
Montan esters
Fischer-Tropsch waxes Ethylene-acrylic acid
Ethylene-bis-stearamide
(EBS) (EAA)
Polypropylene waxes

Why Are Wax Preparations Needed?
Wax raw materials are too coarse

▪ Flakes
▪ Granules
▪ Plates
▪ Powders

Product Technologies offered by BYK
Raw Wax
Option: Alloying
Water Solvent Solvent-free
Emulsion Wet grinding Precipitation Wet grinding Micronization
AQUACER AQUAMAT CERAFAK CERACOL CERAFLOUR
AQUATIX CERATIX CERAMAT
HORDAMER MINERPOL

Typical Wax Additive Particle Size distribution
High Gloss Gloss reduction Texture
Particle size (µm)

0.05 0.1 0.3 1 5 10 25 100
AQUACER / AQUATIX
HORDAMER
AQUAMAT water-borne
CERAFAK / CERATIX solvent-borne
CERACOL / CERAMAT/ MINERPOL
CERAFLOUR micronized

Surface Effects Related to the Particle Size
Soft feel, texture Gloss reduction
Anti-Settling and orientation of effect

pigments

Surface Effects Related to the Wax Additive Chemistry
Water repellency, Mechanical properties

anti-blocking and low COF like scratch resistance and
abrasion resistance

Wax Additive Properties
Melting point
°F °C
338 170
Polypropylene wax
Anti-slip
302 150
EBS Amide wax
HDPE wax
266 130
Anti-blocking Mechanical resistance
230 110
Fischer Tropsch wax LDPE wax
194 90
158 70
Water repellency Carnauba wax
Paraffin wax COF Surface

122 50
lower Polarity higher
Predictable Wax Additive Properties
Melting point
CERAFLOUR 920
°F °C
CERAFLOUR 1000
338 170
CERAFLOUR 913/ 914/915
Anti-slip CERAFLOUR 916 Texture
AQUACER 593
302 150
AQUAMAT 208 AQUACER 513
266 130 AQUACER 531 Mechanical resistance

Anti-blocking AQUAMAT 272 N CERAFLOUR 927 N
230 110 AQUACER 537
194 90
AQUACER 539 AQUACER 2650
158 70 Water repellency

AQUACER 497 COF Surface
122 50
lower Polarity higher
Anti Blocking in a Water-borne Emulsion System
Control 1.5% AQUACER 513 1.5% AQUACER 539

Wax Additives in a Water-borne baking system based on a PUR Emulsion
Evaluation of Sheen Hardness and COF
Sheen Hardness (N) COF
Altek COF
1400 Hardness [N] 0,35
COF
1200 0,3
1000 0,25
800 0,2
600 0,15
400 0,1
200 0,05
0 0
Sheen Hardness
Wax additive dosage: active

substance on total formulation

Abrasion Resistance
CERAFLOUR Wax Alloy Technology
Particle distribution of traditional mixtures
Examples:
AQUAMAT 272 N, CERAFLOUR 925 N, CERAFLOUR 927 N, CERAFLOUR 929 N
Abrasion Resistance
WAZAU RCA-Tester
Aqueous parquet
lacquer based on
Control 2.0% CERAFLOUR 920 NeoPac E-180,
50 cm paper
2.0% CERAFLOUR 927 2.0% Silica

N
Orientation of Effect Pigments
Water-borne Coating after Application
Wet film: high surface tension
Slow drying due to water evaporation: high mobility of effect pigment particles
AQUATIX 8421: Rheology-modifying Wax Emulsion
to improve the effect pigment orientation in aqueous coatings
not acceptable excellent
basecoat
without rheology modifier AQUATIX 8421

AQUATIX 8421
• Improves significantly the brilliance of co-solvent-free effect pigment slurries.
• Reduces sedimentation in the coating during storage and processing
• “Ready to use” – no pre-dilution required
Base Coats
Matting Agents Effect Pigments (spray viscosity)
Minimizing of Better Orientation Storage Stability

sedimentation (Flip/Flop)

Wax Additive Properties
Surface Protection
Related to the melting point
Water repellency / Anti Blocking

Related to the polarity
Gloss Reduction / Haptic

Related to the particle size
Rheology
Related to the wax base

Thank you for
your attention.

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Surface Additives

Theory of Leveling Chemistry: Surface Defects and

Page 2 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

• Poor flow and leveling

• Insufficient substrate wetting

...are all surface tension related phenomena

Page 3 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

• Molecules in liquids show a relatively high mobility Liquid

Page 4 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Smallest possible surface area= excellent flow

Typical 100% UV system:

Page 5 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Good substrate wetting:

paint < substrate

without additive with additive

Solvents Resins Substrates

20 Xylene Acrylic Non – treated steel

Page 8 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Di-Methyl Group provides „typical“

A) Reduction of Surface Tension

The higher the amount of

Page 9 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

x 2 - 27 45 - 230 380 - 1500 1800 - 2900

Page 10 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

x 2 - 27 45 - 230 380 - 1500 1800 - 2900

Page 11 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Page 13 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Poly-Siloxane Additives with a low impact on reduction of surface tension

Polymeric Leveling Additives

Polyacrylate Leveling Additives

Poor leveling Good leveling

Page 14 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Page 15 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Spray dust or dirt

Page 16 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

System 1: System 2: System 3:

Substrate: Surface tension 30 mN/m

System 1: System 2: System 3:

Action: Action: Action:

Page 17 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

First paint layer

Second paint layer

<150°C Baking temperature of first paint layer >150°C

Page 18 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

BYK-306 / BYK-3761 Solvent-borne +

29 Mainly good leveling

Additive dosage Cyclic siloxanes

Page 20 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Liquid Coating Dry Coatings film

Static Surface Tension Contact Angle

Page 21 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Liquid Paint Dry Coatings film, Substrate

0° <90° 90° >90° 180°

Page 22 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

COF = coefficient of friction

Page 23 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Page 24 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Orientation towards the surface by controlled incompatibility

perfect orientation too incompatible too compatible

Page 25 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives

Molecular weight Explanation:

Page 27 October 2021 BYK Additives - Surface Additives