‫ض‬ ِ ْ‫ِيز َّي ِة ( عُلو ُم اَألر‬ ِ ‫ ِباِإْل ْن ِجل‬: Earth science ‫ ْو‬geoscience ) ‫وم‬

‫َأ‬ ُ ِ ‫ِي َجمي ُع َمجاال‬

ِ ‫ت ال ُعل‬ َ ‫ه‬
‫ض‬ ِ ْ‫ين الما ّديِّ لَِأْلر‬ ِ ‫وم َي َتعا َم ُل َم َع ال َّت ْك ِو‬ُ َ
ِ ‫ َهذا ال َفرْ ُع ِمنْ ال ُعل‬. ‫ض‬ ِ ْ‫ب اَألر‬ َّ
ِ ‫الطبيع َّي ِة ال ُم َت َعلِّ َق ِة ِب َك ْو َك‬
‫الز ِل ِإ َلى‬
ِ ‫الز‬ َّ ْ‫ ِمن‬، ‫الفيزيائ ِّي ِة َل َك َو ْك ِبنا‬ ْ ‫صاِئص‬
ِ َ ‫ِراس ُة‬
‫الخ‬ َ ‫ِي د‬ َ ‫ضه‬ ِ ْ‫ عُلو ُم اَألر‬. ‫ت فِي باطِ نِها‬ ِ ‫وال َّتفاعُال‬
ِ ‫ُلوم ال َكوا ِك‬
،‫ب‬ ِ ‫ض َفرْ عًا ِمنْ ع‬ ِ ْ‫ُلوم اَألر‬ ِ ‫ يُمْ كِنُ اعْ تِبا ُر ع‬. ‫ت‬ <ِ ‫الح ْف ِريَّا‬
َ ‫ت ِإ َلى‬ ِ ‫ضا َنا‬ َ ‫ َوال َف َي‬، ‫ت ال َم َط ِر‬ ِ ‫َق َطرا‬
‫ َت ْش َم ُل عُلو ُم اَألرْ ِ َأ‬. ‫ِير‬ ٍ ‫اري ٌخ َأ ْقدَ ُم ِب َكث‬
ُ‫ِي الغِالف‬ َ ‫ َوه‬، ‫اس ِة‬ ٍ ُ‫ض رْ َب َع َة ف‬
َ ‫روع َرئيس َّي ٍة لِل ِّد َر‬ ِ ‫َو َل ِكنْ َل َها َت‬
ُ ‫ َحي‬. ُّ‫الح َيوي‬
‫ْث َي ْن َقسِ ُم ُك ٌّل ِم ْن َها ِإ َلى‬ َ ُ‫ َوَأ ِخيرً ا الغِالف‬، ُّ‫الجوّ ي‬ َ ُ‫ الغِالف‬، ُّ‫ الغِالفُ المائي‬، ُّ‫الص َّْخري‬
‫ث‬ٍ ‫ت َأ ْك‬ ِ ‫َمجاال‬

‫ عِ ْل ُم‬، ِ‫ عِ ْل ُم ال َف َلك‬: ‫ِي‬ َ ‫ئيس ٍة ه‬َ ‫ت َر‬ٍ ‫مْس َت َخصُّصا‬ ِ ‫ يُمْ كِنُ َت ْقسي ُم ُه ِإ َلى َخ‬، ‫ض َمجا ٌل واسِ ٌع‬ ِ ْ‫َمجا ُل عِ ْل ِم اَألر‬
‫ عِ ْل ُم البيَئ ِة‬، ‫ت‬ َ ‫ عِ ْل ُم ال ُمح‬، ) ‫ض ( الجيولوجْ َيا‬
ِ ‫ِيطا‬ ِ ْ‫ت اَألر‬ِ ‫ عِ ْل ُم َط َبقا‬، ‫الجوّ َّي ِة‬
َ ‫صا ِد‬ َ ْ‫ اَألر‬.
‫الجيولوجْ َيا‬
ِ ْ‫ُلوم اَألر‬
‫ض‬ ِ ‫ْقسا ُم ع‬
‫َأ‬

‫ِجيُو ِديسْ ًّيا‬

Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This
is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions
and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres, namely biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere,
and geosphere. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a
much older history. Earth science encompasses four main branches of study, the lithosphere,
the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere, each of which is further broken down into
more specialized fields.

There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. It is also the study of Earth

and its neighbors in space. Some Earth scientists use their knowledge of the planet to locate and
develop energy and mineral resources. Others study the impact of human activity on Earth's
environment, and design methods to protect the planet. Some use their knowledge about Earth
processes such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes to plan communities that will not expose
people to these dangerous events.
Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the large-scale structure of
Earth's interior, as well as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Typically, Earth scientists
use tools from geology, chronology, physics, chemistry, geography, biology, and mathematics to
build a quantitative understanding of how Earth works and evolves. For example, meteorologists
study the weather and watch for dangerous storms. Hydrologists examine water and warn of floods.
Seismologists study earthquakes and try to understand where they will strike. Geologists study rocks
and help to locate useful minerals. Earth scientists often work in the field—perhaps climbing
mountains, exploring the seabed, crawling through caves, or wading in swamps. They measure and
collect samples (such as rocks or river water), then record their findings on charts and maps.