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Site Week 2 Lecture 1
Site Week 2 Lecture 1
• Pavement construction,
• Road fills,
Proper compaction on site often is the key difference between a poor fill and
an excellent fill.
Compaction tests
How do we determine the optimal compaction
parameters?
Australia:
Standard (AS 1289.5.1.1-2003)
Modified (AS 1289.5.2.1-2003)
USA:
Standard Proctor (ASTM D698, AASHTO T99)
Modified Proctor (ASTM D1557, AASHTO T180)
Modified
Molds and hammers (2703kJ/m3)
Standard
(596kJ/m3)
105 mm 152 mm
pmax
Standard
Modified
pmax
Standard
•Construction specifications
•Usually 95% max density
•Cation: 2 moisture contents!
•Compaction strength ↑
Modified
pmax
0.95*pmax
Standard
Sheep-foot-roller:
Used for fine-grained soils
(Duncan)
Field Compaction
1:10,000,000
1:1,000,000
1:100,000
1:10,000
1:1,000
Scale: Self-guide site visit (group)
0 400 m
Scale: Self-guide site visit (group)
0 400 m
North!
0 400 m
Orientation / Longitude and Latitude
180 degrees
Orientation / Longitude and Latitude
The Legend
Igneous rocks
Formed from the cooling of molten rock material
Sedimentary rocks
Consolidation of sediments (sand, clay, silt, mud!)
Metamorphic rocks
Have changed their nature (re-crystallised) due to high
pressures (may be heated, but not melted)
Rock Cycle
http://maps.unomaha.edu/Peterson/geog1000/Matrix.html
Some definitions…
Geological Map Reading
Although new sedimentary layers are laid in horizontal layers, they often do not
remain horizontal due to the pressure of underlying magma, volcanic activity,
tectonic plate movements and movement of fault lines.
First, we will calculate the exaggerated true dip for cross section AA.
If the horizontal scale is 1:6,000 and the vertical scale is 1:2,000 – then the
exaggeration factor is 3
Slides Courtesy of Dr Robert Evans
Calculating the Exaggerated True Dip for Section AA
As the exaggeration factor is 3 and True
Dip = 36°, then
1. Draw a triangle to scale using the true dip angle (it is good practice to
have the height of the triangle as an even unit).
3 x 4 cm = 12 cm
3 x 4 cm = 12 cm
Igneous Rocks:
• Extrusive (Volcanic)
• Major Intrusive (Plutonic)
• Minor Intrusive (Hypabassal)
Some definitions…
Contour lines
•Lines that joint points of equal elevation above the sea level.
•Contour interval
•Contour lines close to each other means…
a) Steep slopes b) Gentle slopes
(raise you hand) (raise a piece of paper)
Contour lines
•Lines that joint points of equal elevation above the sea level.
•Contour interval
•Contour lines close to each other means…
a) Steep slopes b) Gentle slopes
(raise you hand) (raise a piece of paper)
Summary
•Compaction (tests & field)
•Reading maps
•Scales
•Legends
•Symbols
Reminders:
Tutorial = none this week
PC Lab = Yes, 1hr with tutors to ask questions
Field practical = none this week (BUT self-guided week 3)
Assignments = Check LMS>Assessment and Feedback
PC Lab Session
• 1 hr PC lab session this week
(check Tut/PC/FT schedule in LMS)
• Your fieldwork timeslots/stream Tut/Prac stream
• Attend YOUR own pract timeslot
• Evacuate your doubts
Groups
• Self-guide visit (group effort)
• Groups posted by ~Friday in LMS
• Your fieldwork timeslots/stream Tut/Prac stream