NEW ERA UNIVERSITY

9 Central Ave.
Quezon City

CE 225-18 (ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2)

Section : 2CE-2

NAME : OBAÑA, JEA MAY C. Year : 2ND YEAR

FINAL EXAMINATION

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS
PLUMBING

Our home's plumbing system is divided into two subsystems. One subsystem brings in
freshwater, while the other removes wastewater. The water entering your home is under
pressure. It enters your home under enough pressure to move upstairs, around corners,
and wherever else it is required. When water enters your home, it passes through a meter
that records how much you use. The main water shut-off, or stop, valve is usually near the
meter. It is critical to quickly close the main shutoff valve in the event of a plumbing
emergency.

Water from the main supply is instantly available for your cold-water requirements. The hot
water supply, on the other hand, necessitates an additional step. One pipe connects the
cold-water system to your water heater. A hot water line runs from the heater to all the
fixtures, outlets, and appliances that require hot water. A thermostat on the heater keeps
the temperature you set by switching the heating elements on and off as needed.

The normal temperature setting for a home water heater is between 140°F and 160°F (60
and 71°C), but 120°F (49 C) is usually adequate and also more economical. Some automatic
dishwashers require hotter water, but many of them include a water heater that raises the
temperature by another 20 degrees Fahrenheit.
 SIAMESE CONNECTION

The Fire Department Connection, also known as the Siamese connection, is a vital
component found on the majority of sprinkler and standpipe systems. When a fire sprinkler
system activates, the FDC allows firefighters to connect hose lines to supplement the
domestic water supply of the fire sprinkler system.

A Siamese connection, named after the Y-shaped Siamese twins, is a Y-shaped fire
department connection with two female inlets through which firefighters can attach two
hoses and refill standpipes or sprinkler systems with water. FDC is another name for the
Siamese connection (Fire Department Connection). We can supplement your water supply
with it.

A Siamese connection is intended to supplement rather than replace your automatic

sprinkler systems and standpipes. When the fire has grown beyond the capacity of the
current water supply to extinguish it, this connection is required. The fire department will
then send trucks loaded with water to supplement the FDC.

To direct the flow of water into the standpipe or automatic sprinkler system, Siamese
connections can have a single or double clapper. The double clapper is widely used but
relatively expensive. It is more stable and provides greater control of water through both
inlets, whereas a single clapper allows water pressure to close the other inlet while water
is channeled through the other. When we connect two hoses, the pressure is equal on
both sides of the connection.
 VENT STACK

• Most people are familiar with drain pipes and supply lines in household plumbing
systems. Drain pipes transport water and waste from your home to the sewer system.
A water or supply line brings water into the house and allows you to fill sinks,
bathtubs, and washing machines.
• The second function of your plumbing vent is to remove sewer gases. Such gases
are common in the sewer system and can enter your home. This gas buildup not
only produces a foul odor, but it can also be hazardous.

COMMON TYPES OF PLUMBING VENTS PIPES

When you install a new plumbing fixture like a sink, you need to make sure it’s properly
vented. Here are the different types of vent pipes and where they’re usually located.

• TRUE VENT: This is the most common type. It’s a vertical pipe attached to your
drain line. Because no water runs through it, it vents from the roof.
• COMMON VENT: Use a common vent between two fixtures installed on opposite
sides of a wall, like back-to-back sinks. They’re connected to the stack with a
sanitary cross.
• RE-VENT PIPE OR AUXILIARY VENT: This type attaches to the drain line or
behind the plumbing fixture. It runs up and over to the main vent that goes to the
roof.
• AIR ADMITTANCE VALVE (AAV): This is actually a valve that opens when
wastewater drains. It lets air in and uses gravity to stop any gases from getting into
the room. Usually, these vent for more than one fixture.
 ASBESTOS PIPE

Asbestos cement pipe, also known as transited pipe, is a tubular cement liquid
transportation vessel made of asbestos. Asbestos is used in asbestos cement pipe to
improve its mechanical properties. Asbestos cement pipe, which was widely used in the
twentieth century, has been mostly phased out due to health concerns.

To transport drinking water, wastewater, gases, and fumes, asbestos cement pipe was
commonly used. Although highly resistant to corrosion, it does thin over time, so
replacement of existing asbestos pipe systems is becoming more common. PVC pipe is a
less hazardous alternative that is frequently used.

In the middle of the twentieth century, asbestos pipe was primarily used. Its use declined
during the 1970s and 1980s, owing primarily to the health risks it posed to workers
fabricating and installing the pipe. When workers cut asbestos pipe, dust was often
released into the air, which was especially concerning. When asbestos dust is inhaled, it
can cause serious health problems, including mesothelioma.

In the mid-1900s, asbestos-cement (AC) pipe was widely used in potable water distribution
systems, particularly in the western United States. AC pipe lifespan is estimated by the
Chrysotile Institute to be 70 years, but actual service life is heavily dependent on pipe
condition and working environment. Because thousands of miles of AC pipe installed in
distribution systems across the United States is nearing the end of its useful service life,
AC pipe condition assessment and strategic replacement planning will be required over
the next decade.
 BRASS PIPE

Brass is a popular material for the manufacture of pipe fittings. Because of its unique
properties that make it a good choice for a variety of uses, the zinc and copper alloy has
been used for centuries. Of course, in more recent history and modern times, the most
common use for brass is in plumbing pipes and fittings.

Because of their dynamic properties, brass pipe fittings are frequently used by plumbers
and other construction professionals. It is more durable and flexible than other materials,
as well as corrosion resistant. Brass pipe fittings are commonly used to transport water,
chemicals, flammable gases, slurries, and other plumbing materials.

HERE ARE FIVE REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD USE BRASS FITTINGS FOR YOUR
NEXT PLUMBING PROJECT:

• They are durable - Brass fittings have been used in both residential and industrial
plumbing because it is great for heavy-duty use and it stays in good condition for
years.
• They can withstand high temperatures - As the best fitting material for distributing
hot water, brass provides exceptional conductivity and improves the efficiency of
the distribution system.
• They are malleable - You may find that you need to mold or shape a fitting to
make it work in specific areas.
• They are corrosion resistant - Brass doesn’t rust and it is highly resistant to
corrosion. Rust and corrosion rapidly speed up the natural wear and tear process
on the fitting, so when you are looking for long-lasting fittings, brass is the best
material for the job.
•
 BITUMINOUS FIBER SEWER PIPE

Orangeburg pipe is a bituminized fiber pipe made from layers of ground wood pulp fibers
compressed and bound by a water-resistant adhesive before being impregnated with
liquefied coal tar pitch. It was used from the 1860s until the 1970s, when PVC pipe for
water supply and ABS pipe for drain-waste-vent (DWV) applications replaced it. The name
comes from Orangeburg, New York, where the vast majority of Orangeburg pipe was
produced, primarily by the Fiber Conduit Company. It was renamed Orangeburg
Manufacturing Company in 1948.

Orangeburg pipe was made of wood pulp and sealed with liquified coal tar pitch, with inside
diameters ranging from 2 to 18 inches and a perforated version for leach fields. Joints were
made of the same material and were sealed without adhesives due to the residual
stickiness of the coal tar. Orangeburg was cheap, lightweight, brittle, and soft enough to
be cut with a handsaw.

Orangeburg was a low-cost alternative to metal, particularly for sewer lines. Pipes made of
Orangeburg fail more frequently than pipes made of other materials due to a lack of
strength. Under ideal conditions, an Orangeburg pipe has a useful life of about 50 years,
but it has been known to fail in as little as 10 years. Most building codes have removed it
from the list of acceptable materials.
 GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE

Galvanized Iron Pipes Usage

• Water & Sewage pipes
• Electric poles
• Structural purposes
• Engineering purposes
• Automotive purposes
• Oil and gas transmissions

Scientists first discussed galvanization in the 1770s, nearly 60 years before it was finally
implemented in the 1830s. In 1937, French engineer Stanislaus Tranquille Modeste Sorel
received the first patent for the process and began manufacturing it shortly after. By the
1850s, Europe's manufacturing plants were producing galvanized steel across the
continent. The United States quickly followed, opening its first plant in the 1870s.

Galvanized steel pipe is steel pipe that has been zinc-coated. This coating prevents
corrosion of the steel. It is most commonly used in outdoor construction, such as fences
and handrails, as well as some interior plumbing. It is also known as galvanized iron pipe.

This type of pipe is not suitable for gas lines, but it was widely used for full-service in-home
plumbing until the mid- to late-1900s, when copper replaced it as the preferred pipe
material. At the time, it was discovered that lime scale buildup occurred faster in galvanized
steel pipe than in copper or plastic pipe. It is still used indoors for plumbing, particularly for
replacing small sections of pipe where the flow will not be greatly disrupted by sections of
lime scale.
 REDUCING SOCKET

STAINLESS STEEL 316 REDUCING SOCKET THREADED

• Material: CF8M (316) manufactured to ASTM A312M
• Design Standard: ISO 4144
• Threading Standard: BS21 (ISO 7-1)
• Suitable for used in low pressure applications, harsh environments such as
chemical applications, corrosive environments as well as standard air and water
applications.
• Working Pressure: 150PSI

Reducing sockets are used to join together two pieces of imperial PVC pipe of different
diameters. PVC solvent cement should be used along with cleaner to bond the pipes and
fitting together.
 COUPLING

Couplings are classified into two types: material flexing and mechanical flexing. The
flexibility of material flexible types is obtained by stretching or compressing a resilient
material, such as rubber, or by flexing thin metallic discs or grid. Except for grid couplings,
material flexing couplings do not require lubrication.

Couplings are classified into two types: material flexing and mechanical flexing. The
flexibility of material flexible types is obtained by stretching or compressing a resilient
material, such as rubber, or by flexing thin metallic discs or grid. Except for grid couplings,
material flexing couplings do not require lubrication.

Mechanical flexing couplings accept misalignment caused by metal surface rocking, rolling,
or sliding. Lubrication is required for all metal mechanical flexing couplings.

A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the
purpose of transmitting power. The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of
rotating equipment while permitting some degree of misalignment or end movement or
both. In a more general context, a coupling can also be a mechanical device that serves
to connect the ends of adjacent parts or objects.[1] Couplings do not normally allow
disconnection of shafts during operation, however there are torque-limiting couplings which
can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded. Selection, installation and
maintenance of couplings can lead to reduced maintenance time and maintenance cost.
 WYE BRANCH

Wye Branch refers to the portion of the Sewer Lateral connected to a public Sanitary Sewer
that is made at an angle similar to a "wye" so that a sewer cleaning rod will not come into
the Sewer at a right angle and penetrate the far side, but will travel down the Sewer's
course.

II. ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL IN A

BUILDING.
Government, business, and professional organizations, as well as their activities,
must work together to manage building-related trash effectively. In the United States,
several non-governmental organizations and societies promote coordinated action and
have identified best management practices in the interest of public health and welfare
(see resources). Consistent and stable markets for recovered materials cannot be
achieved or sustained without coordinated regulations, realistic business opportunities,
and the commitment of design and construction professionals and their clients for
continuous improvement of industry practices.
 There are numerous ways to help reduce and reuse materials that would
otherwise, be thrown away. The benefits of reuse, effective tactics for identifying and
separating waste, and how to encourage suitable approaches to reduce total waste
disposal can all be taught to construction professionals and building owners. For
garbage collection, processing, and repurposing, organizations and governments can
establish stable business-friendly environments. Businesses can add value by reusing
waste materials in industrial processes, looking for ways to repurpose them into new
goods, and minimizing waste in the construction industry through efficient methods.

JOB SITE SORTING

Superintendents and project managers put effective materials into action. Project-level
identification and sorting They rely on project specifications provided by architects and
engineers for information on diversion target rates and general performance requirements.
On the job site, materials may be separated into various containers for different types of
garbage.

COLLECTION AND HAULING

Construction and demolition trash containers are collected and delivered to diversion sites
by trucks. When it comes to construction, there is a lot of waste. You must remove and
replace all walls, floors, windows, and other structural elements.
Structures must be improved in order to be more visually appealing. When it's time to get
rid of these items, use Peachtree Waste's products and services. We not only provide the
appropriate size dumpster for your residential or commercial construction garbage removal
needs, but we also offer regular haul-away services if needed.

TIPPING

It is critical to identify loads when arriving at construction and demolition sites.

debris to ensure that the materials are handled properly). The facility's administration will
know which materials are acceptable and which will be rejected and, most likely,
disposed of in a sanitary landfill. The four properties of hazardous waste are corrosivity,
ignitability, reactivity, and toxicity.

PICKING

It's common to use equipment that's built to withstand abrasion and withstand severe
loads. Materials are deposited on a tipping floor, where they will be picked up by a wheel
loader, who will then stockpile them. Preparation for sorting normally begins with the
selection of steel reinforcement bar, carpeting and huge pieces of wood, concrete, and
other materials with dimensions greater than three feet before the sorting process begin.

SORTING

Following a manual narrative, goods are loaded onto a chain belt. Materials are detected,
seized, and deposited in vertical holes at each sort station.

CONTAINERIZATION AND TRANSPORT

Materials that have been selected and sorted are stored in a variety of containers.
containers for industry Combination compactor-balers are used in some cases to produce
dense bales of materials, which are then placed in shipping containers for transportation.
For local, regional, national, and global shipping, containers of all sizes and shapes are
transported by road, rail, or barge. After being containerized, recyclable materials become
commoditized and traded on the global market.

DIVERSION OR DISPOSAL

Material that has been diverted is recycled or processed for use in manufacturing.
new products Refuse, contaminated waste, and commodities with no market value are
among the items that will be disposed of in landfills.

III. WHAT ARE TRAPS IN A PLUMBING SYSTEM?

Traps are used to keep sewage odors out of the home by allowing sewage aromas to
travel through plumbing fixtures. The waste water serves as the trap's seal. When we use
a fixture, we flush the water that is forming the trap seal and replace it with fresh water.
Traps are well-thought-out mechanisms that have been meticulously designed crafted.
They are self-scouring, which means they do not collect dirt but instead keep water in the
seal while keeping it clean. It is critical to consider how quickly waste moves through a trap.

Traps, as the name implies, simply trap water and sewer gas. A trap is a type of
plumbing device designed to keep odors, bacteria, and insects out of your home. Every
water-using appliance or fitting has a drain line that allows waste water to drain, and the
drain must be sealed with a pipe trap.

The seal must be in place to prevent sewage gasses from entering the structure in order
to keep the environment clean. Plumbing equipment found in traps includes sinks,
bathtubs, toilets, and washbasins.

IV. ENUMERATE THE TYPES OF TRAPS IN PLUMBING SYSTEM. DEFINE AND SHOW ITS
APPEARANCE

Plumbing Trap Types

1. P Trap 7. Running Trap

2. S Trap 8. Drum Trap
3. Q Trap 9. Straight-Through Trap
4. Floor Trap / Nahni Trap 10. Low-Level Bath Trap
5. Bottle Trap 11. Building Trap
6. Intercepting Trap 12. Bell Trap
14. Grease Trap
P TRAP

This trap is utilized with the Indian water closet (ORISSA Pattern). The traps are
produced using cast iron or UPV sheet. This trap likewise has a water seal and forestalls
section of foul gases to the house.

Q TRAP

This plumbing trap types are utilized in the latrine submerged storage room. It is practically
like an S trap and is being used in the upper storey other than the ground floor.

S TRAP

This plumbing trap types are like a P-shaped trap and is utilized for fixing water closets in
latrines. The lone contrast between the P trap and the S trap is that the P-shaped trap is
being used for an outlet through the wall while the S-shaped trap is utilized for an outlet
through the floor.
FLOOR TRAP | NAHNI TRAP

• The floor traps are additionally called Nahni Trap. Nahni Trap is given to forestall the
foul gasses going into the building by providing the water seal.
• At least 50 mm profundity of water seal ought to be given. If squander water is streaming,
floor trap forestalls the foul gases (awful stenches) to enter the building.
• To gather wastewater from the bathroom, wash zone, washbowl, kitchen sinks, and so on,
a floor trap or Nahni trap is provided into the floor. Floor traps are accessible in PVC,
UPVC, and CI; they are without vent pipe, yet removable grinding is shown at the Traps’
highest point.
• Floor traps or Nahni traps (Nahni implies washing place) arrive in an assortment of
shapes, sizes, and outlet conditions. Many don’t have a water seal by any stretch of the
imagination and have a non-uniform and unpleasant bore.

Nahni traps are a wellspring of significant spillages because of their helpless plan, projecting,
and low quality. It is forestalled by utilizing just profound seal P traps with multi-gulf fitting/traps with
associations from washbowls and other fitting to give a positive joint. This plumbing trap types are
introduced in the regions may lose their water seal because of dissipation. The arrangement should be
made to re-establish the seal by adding water intermittently. This should be possible by associating a
waste apparatus to the trap (for example, a washbowl, and so forth). Likewise, recharging is
accomplished by introducing a refined water supply valve with a reverse avoidance gadget associated
with the trap. Care must be taken to forestall the establishment of traps that are presented to freezing
conditions.
The floor trap’s length is 310 mm, with at least 80 mm distance across at the channel end, 30 mm
width close to outlet end, and 73 mm breadth outside the floor trap outlet. What’s more, 95 mm grinding
size gave the highest point of floor trap with 8 mm measurement openings.
BOTTLE TRAP

A bottle pumbling trap is given to get squander from washbasin, kitchen

sinks and different machines where the apparatuses don’t have an underlying
trap.

INTERCEPTING TRAP

Intercepting plumbing trap types are given into the Interceptor Manhole
(Interceptor Chamber). An Interceptor sewer vent is provided at the interference
of building sewer and Public sewer. That blocking type of trap is given to keep the
foul gases from public sewers entering into the building sewer by providing a
water seal.

RUNNING TRAP
 A depressed U-shaped section of pipe in a drain; allows the free passage of fluid,
but always remains full, whatever the state of the pipe, so that it forms a seal against
the passage of gases.

DRUM TRAP

In plumbing, a cylindrical trap, with its axis in a vertical direction, having a cover
plate which may be unscrewed for access; commonly used on the drainpipe from a
bathtub or under a bathroom floor.

GREASE TRAP

A grease trap is introduced in the waste line from at least one installation
to isolate grease from the fluid and hold it.

This kind of trap is a gadget to gather the grease substance of waste and
can be cleaned from the surface. This is mostly utilized in the food handling unit.
 V. DETERMINE THE SIZE OF THE SANITARY HOUSE DRAIN TO SERVE 10 URINALS,
8 WATER CLOSETS, 6 FLOOR DRAINS, 8 WASHBASINS, 4 COMBINED FIXTURES
AND 8 SHOWER BATHS.
10 URINALS 10 X 5 50 UNITS
8 WATER CLOSETS 8X6 48 UNITS
6 FLOOR DRAINS 6X1 6 UNITS
8 WASHBASINS 8X1 8 UNITS
4 COMBINED FIXTURES 4X3 12 UNITS
8 SHOWER BATHS 8X2 16 UNITS
TOTAL 140 UNITS
SIZE OF SANITARY HOUSE DRAIN PIPE 125 mm/ 5 inches

VI Determine the size of the downspout required to drain the roof with dimension as
shown :
Roof A
14 x 24 = 336 sq. m

Roof B
12 x 24 = 228 sq. m

Size of Gutter Top = 150 mm

Size of Roof Leader = 100 mm

Submit on or before Saturday/ May 21, 2022

Submit to : bvramos1151@gmail.com

ENGR. BENJAMIN V. RAMOS

INSTRUCTOR