Lecture 5 T- Beams

Concrete beams are often poured integrally with the slab, forming a much stronger T shaped beam. These beams are very efficient because the slab portion carries the compressive loads and the reinforcing bars placed at the bottom of the stem carry the tension. A T-beam typically has a narrower stem than an ordinary rectangular beam. These stems are typically spaced from 4-0 apart to more than 12-0. The slab portion above the stem is designed as a one-way slab spanning between stems (see Lecture 6).

A typical T-beam has the following dimensions and notations:

b = Effective flange width

hf = Slab thickness

Overhang width

bw

Clear distance

bw

NOTE: Stirrups in T-beam are required (not shown in this sketch)

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Assuming T-beams are symmetrical, the following design dimensions are used: 8hf Overhang width = smaller or (Clear distance) (Beam span) b = smaller or (2 x overhang width) + bw

T-Beam Analysis
T-beams are analyzed similarly to rectangular beams, except the compression area is a narrow strip usually located in the slab. a = Effective conc. compressive thickness hf Z = (d Ac = Shaded area = Effective concrete compression area = (a)(b)

b = Effective flange width

a ) 2

bw

As = Total area of main tension bars

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Mu = Usable moment capacity of T-beam = TZ where: = 0.9 T = Tension force developed in main bars = Asfy Ac = Effective concrete compression area T = 0.85 f ' c a = Effective concrete compressive thickness A = c b Z = Moment arm distance between center of compression to center of tension =d-

a 2

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Example 1
GIVEN: A commercial building has T-beams spaced 6-6 (center-to-center) with a 4 thick concrete slab as shown in the framing plan and cross-section views below. Use the following information: Superimposed service floor dead load (NOT including conc. wt.) = 40 PSF Superimposed service floor live load = 100 PSF Concrete fc = 3000 PSI ASTM A615 Grade 60 bars

REQUIRED: 1) Determine the maximum factored moment, Mmax, on the T-beam. 2) Determine the usable moment capacity, Mu, for the T-beam.

T-beam

6-6 Perimeter girder Typ. Framing Plan Column

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T-beam span = 20-0

6-6 hf = 4

16

18

2 - #9 bars

Section A-A Thru T-Beams (NOTE: stirrups and top bars not shown) Step 1 Determine maximum factored moment, Mmax, on T-beam: Determine area of T-beam = Slab area + Stem area = (6.5)(0.333) + (1.1667)(0.666) = 2.94 ft2 Determine service weight of T-beam = Area of T-beam x Conc. unit wt. = 2.94 ft2(150 lb/ft3) = 441 PLF Det. factored uniform load on T-beam wu = 1.2D + 1.6L Service Dead Load Service Live Load

= 1.2[(6.5)(40 PSF) + 441 PLF] + 1.6[(6.5)(100 PSF)] = 841 PLF + 1040 PLF = 1881 PLF Use wu = 1.9 KLF Det. Maximum factored moment, Mmax = wu L2 8 (1.9 KLF )(20'0" ) 2 8

Mmax = 95 KIP-FT

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Step 2 Determine effective concrete slab width b: 8hf = 8(4) = 32 USE Overhang width = smaller or (Clear distance) = (78 8) = 35

(Beam span) = (20-0 x 12/ft) = 60 USE b = smaller or (2 x overhang width) + bw = (2 x 32 + 8) = 72 Step 3 Determine effective conc. compression area Ac: T = Tension force developed in main bars = Asfy = 2 bars(1.00 in2 per #9 bar)(60 KSI) = 120 KIPS Ac = Effective concrete compression area = T 0.85 f ' c 120 KIPS 0.85(3KSI )

= 47.1 in2

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Step 4 Determine usable moment capacity, Mu for the T-beam: a = Effective concrete compressive thickness A = c b = 47.1in 2 60"

a = 0.79 Z = Moment arm distance between center of compression to center of tension =d-

a 2 0.79" 2

= 16 Z = 15.6 Mu = TZ

= 0.9(120 KIPS)(15.6) = 1685 KIP-IN Mu = 140.4 KIP-FT NOTE: Since Mu = 140.4 KIP-FT > Mmax = 95 KIP-FT, T-beam is ACCEPTABLE.

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Heavily-Reinforced T-Beams
T-beams with a lot of tension reinforcement may have a portion of the effective concrete area located within the stem as shown below: b

hf d

Z Ac = Shaded area = Effective concrete compression area bw As

The location of the centroid of the effective concrete compression area is found by methods discussed in AECT 210 Structural Theory (see Lecture 5). After the location is found, analysis is exactly the same as ordinary T-beams. Similar to ordinary rectangular reinforced concrete beams, the ACI 318 limits the amount of tension steel in T-beams so that the steel will yield prior to concrete compression failure. The maximum area of steel, As is shown in the table below.

Maximum Tensile Steel Permitted in T-Beams

Concrete and Steel Properties: Concrete fc = 3000 PSI Steel fy = 40 KSI Concrete fc = 3000 PSI Steel fy = 60 KSI Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Steel fy = 40 KSI Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Steel fy = 60 KSI Formula (As = in2) As max = 0.0478[bhf + bw(0.582d hf)] As max = 0.0319[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)] As max = 0.0638[bhf + bw(0.582d hf)] As max = 0.0425[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)]

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Example 2
GIVEN: The T-beam from Example 1. REQUIRED: Determine the maximum area of tension steel permitted, As max: Step 1 Determine As max: From Example 1: Concrete fc = 3000 PSI Steel fy = 60 KSI b = 60 hf = 4 bw = 8 As max = 0.0319[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)] = 0.0319[(60)(4) + 8(0.503(16) 4)] As max = 8.7 in2 NOTE: This area of tension steel As = 8.7 in2 is a LOT!! In order to supply this much steel the beam would require 9 - #9 bars, 15 - #7 bars or 20 - #6 bars! It would be far better to change the beam dimensions than to try to squeeze this many bars into the beam.

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