EDidernioloEv Wd
INTRODUCTION
of periodontal
disease in
poodles
Th. Hoffmann and P. Gaengler*
Department of Periodontology. Dental School of Technical
University of Dresden. Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden
and *Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of
Witten-Herdecke. Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 50, D-68455
Witten, Germany
Iournal of Small Animal Practice (1996) 37, 309-316
ABSTRACT
The periodontal condition of 1 2 3 poodles was
assessed using the parameters of depth of gum
pocket, attachment level, bleeding on probing,
and plaque and calculus accumulation. No dogs
were free of periodontal disease. The number of
deep pockets and dramatic loss of attachment
ranged from 0.1 teeth in young dogs to 4-2 teeth
in old animals. A sixfold increase in deep pock-
eting took place in dogs between the ages of six
and seven, followed by a twofold increase in the
number of teeth missing in dogs within the 10 to
11 year age group. First premolars, incisors and
second molars were at highest risk. No correla-
tion between dietary conditions and disease
incidence could be detected. It is concluded that,
by concentrating their diagnostic efforts on those
age groups and types of teeth at highest risk,
clinicians could improve the effectiveness of
their treatment interventions.
The epidemiology of periodontal disease in
humans has been the subject of many studies,
and is being defined more precisely on the basis
of internationally recognised disease indices and
measurable parameters of periodontal breakdown
(World Health Organization 1978). This, in turn,
represents a valuable base for the elucidation of
the aetiology and pathogenesis of such diseases,
as well as for the development of treatment plan-
ning and maintenance care (Becker and others
1979, Ainamo and others 1982, Loe and others
1986, Grossi and others 1994, 1995, Machtei and
others 1994).
In veterinary dentistry, periodontal diseases of
dogs represent a major problem but few epidemi-
ological studies have been carried out. In an early
study, Talbot (1899) reported a frequency of 75
per cent of pyorrhoea alveolaris among stray dogs
in Chicago. Beier (1915) and later Rosenberg and
others (1963) and Hamp and others (1975) re-
ported a high distribution of periodontitis in dogs
of different age groups, starting in young dogs
and increasing with age. Established destructive
periodontal disease in a group of dogs of three
years and older was reported by Gad (1968). By
contrast, these observations were not supported
by others (Mooser 1958, Page and Schroeder
1981), who found a low frequency of periodontal
disease in dogs. In most cases of reported peri-
odontitis, investigators observed a causal rela-
tionship between the prevalence of periodontal
disease and the age of the animal (Wright 1939,
Rosenberg and others 1963, Gad 1968, Hull and
others 1974, Grove 1985, Hennet and Harvey
1992). No studies have been carried out, how-
ever, to study systematically the relationship
between disease severity, frequency and teeth
distribution and the age of the animal. In addi-
tion, most of the previous studies were carried
out either on dogs of different breeds and in dif-
ferent living conditions or on dogs living in
colonies (Rosenberg and others 1963, Sorensen
and others 1980, Page and Schroeder 1981); none
examined domesticated dogs of a single breed
living in a typical home environment. This may
present an epidemiological problem, as heredi-
tary and breed-specific forms of severe periodon-
tal breakdown have been reported (Beier 1915,
von Alten 1938, Hamp and others 1975, Hennet
and Harvey 1992).
The aim of the present study was the epidemi-
ological assessment of periodontal conditions in
different age groups of one breed, the poodle,
using a highly standardised methodology. Specif-
ically, the study looked at frequency of gingivitis
and periodontitis, distribution of teeth affected
by periodontitis and severity of periodontitis in
309
 TH. HOFFMANN AND P. GAENGLER

Table 1. Distribution of investigated animals in relation to age, sex and dietary habits

Age (years)
<4 4-5 6-7 89 10-11 >12

Number of animals 22 20 20 21 20 20
Female 10 11 11 8 9 11
Male 12 9 9 13 11 9
Diet 1 10 8 9 9 10 7
Diet 2 6 7 5 6 5 7
Diet 3 6 5 6 6 5 6

Diet 1 Normal home diet, Diet 2 Carbohydrate-rich non-abrasive diet, Diet 3 Protein-rich abrasive diet

animals of different age groups. Groups were
adjusted for living conditions and diet as well as
the correlation of plaque formation and consist-
ency of diet (Bunvasser and Hill 1939, Egelberg
1965).
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
Animals
A total of 123 male and female poodles, aged
from two to more than 12, were used in the study
(Table 1). The animals were obtained through a
veterinary practice; they were healthy and under
care for a variety of different non-systemic pro-
cedures (trauma, routine health check, vaccina-
tions). Animals were used only with the
permission of the owners.
A questionnaire was given to the owners to
elicit information as to the age, sex, diet and liv-
ing conditions of their dogs. Based on the dietary
information, the animals were divided into three
groups: (1) normal home diet, (2) carbohydrate-
rich non-abrasive diet and (3) protein-rich abra-
sive diet (Table 1). All examinations were done
under general anaesthesia using normal dental
instruments.
Clinical parameters
0 Plaque accumulation and calculus formation
at buccal and oral (ie, lingual and palatal) sur-
faces were documented for each tooth using the
modified oral hygiene index (Greene and Vermil-
lion 1960).
0 Inflammation using bleeding on probing, docu-
mented at each of the six probing sites on each
tooth.
0 Gingivitis/periodontitis progression using the
parameters of
pocket depth (PD, the distance from the gingi-
val margin to the bottom of the gum pocket)
attachment loss (AL, the distance from the
cemento-enamel junction to the bottom of the
pocket)
registered by six-point probing per tooth (Fig 1).
0 Missing teeth.
0 Dietary habits as recorded on the questionnaire.
All data were recorded on a clinical sheet (Fig
2); significant differences were analysed using a
Student’s t test. Data were summarised using the
GPM/T index (Gaengler 1984), where G repre-
sents gingivitis teeth, P periodontitis teeth and M
missing teeth.
Teeth were classified as follows:
Sound - Teeth without bleeding and without
periodontal pockets/AL.
Gingivitis - Teeth with bleeding on probing but
without periodontal pockets/AL.
Periodontitis - Teeth exhibiting PD or AL, and
divided into three categories:
PI = slight (PD 3 to 5 mm or AL 2 to 4 mm)
P, = moderate to severe (PD 5.5 to 8 mm or AL
4.5 to 7 mm)
P, = severe (PD >8 mm or AL >7 mm).
These data allowed the determination of fre-
quency and severity of disease, as well as the
distribution of sites with high AL. The data were
then compared with the age of the animal,
dietary habits and plaque accumulation. PD and
AL as optimal diagnostic parameters were also
compared.

FIG 1. Scheme of six point probing: 1 Posterior vestibular,
2 Medio-vestibular, 3 Anterior vestibular, 4 Posterior oral, 5
Medio-oral, 6 Anterior oral
RESULTS
Generally, there was an increase in the number
of periodontitis and missing teeth with ad-
vancing age in the animals. This increase was

310
 Epidemiology of periodontal disease in poodles

Clinical sheet

Owner: Breed- Diet:

Nimi her: Age:

th

10

411 410 409 408 4 0 7 406 A05 404 403 402

FIG 2. Clinical sheet

accompanied by a relative decrease in the num-
ber of gingivitis teeth. Interestingly, 90 per cent
of the dogs under four years of age, and all dogs
older than four years, had at least one tooth with
periodontitis.
Table 2 represents the relationship between the
GPM/T index and the age of the animals on the
basis of PD. There was a marked increase in the
number of teeth with shallow pockets (PI) in
dogs within the four to five age group compared
with those under four years, although no sub-
stantial increase was observed in the subsequent
age groups - that is, the number of PI teeth
remained relatively constant after the age of six.
There was, however, a dramatic increase in the
number of teeth with deep pockets (P,) in dogs
aged between six and seven years. This increase
continued in the older age groups.
The number of missing teeth also increased
with age, peaking twice - first in the six to seven
year age group and again in the 10 to 11 age
group. This increase may simply be due to the
fact that an older dog has had more opportunities
to lose a tooth. For this reason, the owners were
asked if there were any reasons for the missing
teeth, such as trauma or a surgical procedure
independent of periodontitis. If so, these teeth
were not included in the study.
Based on these results, it seems possible to
define poodles aged between six and seven as a

Table 2. Results of using the parameter pocket depth (PD) to assess the average number of teeth affected by gingivitis and
periodontitis or missing

Age group Periodontitis

(years) Missing Gingivitis P1 p2 p3

<4 2.1 16.1 8.2 0.5 0.1

4-5 5.2 9.2 13.6 0.4 0.2
6-7 7.0 8.9 11.4 2.3 0.9
8-9 5.1 9.6 12.5 2.4 0.7
10-11 11.5 5.5 12.5 3.7 0.4
>12 11.1 5.4 11.2 2.6 0.5

PI 3 to 5 mm pocket depth, P, 5.5 to 8 mm pocket depth, P, >8 mm pocket depth

311
 TH. HOFFMANN AND P. GAENGLER

Table 3. Results of using the parameter attachment loss (AL) t o assess the average number of teeth affected by gingivitis and
periodontitis or missing

Age group Periodontitis

(years) Missing Gingivitis P1 p2 p3

<4 2.1 12.0 12.9 1.8 0.1

4-5 5.2 3.4 22.4 4.2 0.5
6-7 7.0 3.3 15.1 6.1 3.1
8-9 5.1 2.9 14.6 7.5 2.7
10-11 11.5 2.6 8.2 8.6 4.2
212 11.1 3.0 10.0 5.6 3.5

PI 2 to 4 mm attachment loss, P, 4.5 to 7 mm attachment loss, P, >7 mm attachment loss

Table 4. Severity index representing the number of periodontitis teeth (P,, 2 t o 4 mm AL) exhibiting low attachment loss

Number of periodwrtitls tes

Age group
(years) 0.7 8-14 15-21 8 29-38

<4 9 1 6 6 0 Number of animals

40.9 4.5 27.3 27.3 0 %
4-5 2 1 3 11 3 Number of animals
10.0 5.0 15.0 55.0 15.0 %
6-7 3 5 8 4 0 Number of animals
15.5 25.0 40.0 20.0 0 %
8-9 2 10 5 3 1 Number of animals
9.5 47.6 23.8 14.3 4.8 YO
10-11 11 5 1 3 0 Number of animals
55.0 25.5 5.0 15.0 0 %
>I2 10 5 3 2 0 Number of animals
50.0 25.0 15.0 10.0 0 %
Total 37 27 26 29 4 Number of animals
70.7 21.1 4.1 3.3 0.8 %

high risk group for exhibiting advanced peri-
odonitis. Poodles between the ages of 10 and 11
represent a high risk group for exhibiting the
greatest number of missing teeth.
These observations were much more evident
when analysing AL (Table 3). Again, there was a
significant increase in AL with advancing age. In
addition, although the trends described for PD
(ie, risk groups and peak age groups) were the
same for AL, the increases were substantially
higher. As with PD, the number of teeth with gin-
givitis in the AL analysis decreased with age.

Table 5. Severity index representing the number of periodontitis teeth (P2, 4.5 t o 7 mm AL) exhibiting moderate attachment
loss

Number of periodontitis twth

Age group
(years) 0-7 1-3 4-7 8-14 1521 22-28
_____

<4 14 3 4 0 0 0 Number of animals

63.6 13.6 18.2 0 0 0 %
4-5 1 12 3 4 0 0 Number of animals
5.0 60.0 15.0 20.0 0 0 %
6-7 0 5 9 6 0 0 Number of animals
0 25.0 45.0 30.0 0 0 %
8-9 2 3 8 4 4 0 Number of animals
9.5 14.3 38.1 19.0 19.0 0 %
10-11 2 5 3 6 3 1 Number of animals
10.0 25.0 15.0 30.0 15.0 5.0 %
>I2 2 6 8 4 0 0 Number of animals
10.0 30.0 40.0 20.0 0 0 %
Total 21 34 35 25 7 1 Number of animals
17.1 27.6 28.5 20.3 5.7 0.8 %

312
 Epidemiology of periodontal disease in poodles

Table 6. Severity index representing the number of periodontitis teeth (P,, > 7 m m AL) exhibiting pronounced attachment
loss

Number of periodontitis teeth

Age group
(years) 0 1-3 4-7 8-1 4 15-21

<4 21 1 0 0 0 Number of animals

95.5 4.5 0 0 0 YO

4-5 14 6 0 0 0 Number of animals

70.0 30.0 0 0 0 %
6-7 4 10 4 2 0 Number of animals
20.0 50.0 20.0 10.0 0 YO

8-9 3 13 4 1 0 Number of animals

14.1 61.9 19.3 4.7 0 %
10-11 9 3 3 3 2 Number of animals
45.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 %
212 3 11 2 4 0 Number of animals
15.0 55.0 10.0 20.0 0 %
Total 54 44 13 10 2 Number of animals
43.9 35.8 10.6 8.1 1.6 YO

However, using AL as a parameter, the number of
teeth classified as gingivitis was lower (50 per
cent) then when using PD, suggesting that AL
was a better method for assessing periodontitis.
This parameter was therefore used for all subse-
quent analysis.
In order to determine the relationship between
age and severity of periodontal disease, the num-
ber of teeth per dog in the P,, P, and P, categories
were evaluated and compared within the differ-
ent age groups (Tables 4, 5 and 6).
Six dogs aged less than four years and 11 dogs
in the four to five age group had between 22 and
2 8 teeth exhibiting attachment loss of 2 to 4 mm
(P,). This demonstrated that even at an early age
these animals were exhibiting generalised symp-
toms of early onset periodontitis. As expected,
with advancing age there was an increase in the
number of teeth with higher AL (P2, P,) and a
parallel decrease in the number of teeth with
low AL (P,). Only one dog under the age of four
had between one and three teeth with AL greater
than 7 mm (P,). On the other hand, two animals
of the six to seven age group and five animals in
the 10 to 11 age group had more than eight teeth
with AL greater than 7 mm. The tables also
demonstrate the high individual variability of
progression of periodontitis.
As an additional analysis of severity of disease,
the number of dogs that exhibited one or more
teeth in a single category (ie, in G alone, or G and
P, together [but no P, + P,], or G + PI + P, [but no
P,] or G + P, + P, + P, together) were evaluated
(Table 7). Only two animals in the youngest age
group exhibited gingivitis alone, while 12 dogs
exhibited low AL and one dog pronounced AL.
The distribution was quite different in the older
groups. No animal under four years had gingivitis

Table 7. Comparison of highest values representing the number of animals exhibiting gingivitis teeth only (GI,gingivitis and
P, teeth (P,), gingivitis, P1 and P, teeth (P,) or gingivitis, P,, P, and P, teeth (P,) using the parameter attachment loss

Age group
(years) G P1 P2 p3

<4 2 12 7 1 Number of animals

9.1 54.5 31.8 4.5 %
4-5 0 1 13 6 Number of animals
0 5.0 65.0 30.0 %
6-7 0 0 4 16 Number of animals
0 0 20.0 80.0 %
8-9 0 1 2 18 Number of animals
0 4.8 9.5 85.70 Yo
10-11 0 5 9 11 Number of animals
0 0 45.0 55.0 %
>12 0 1 2 17 Number of animals
0 5.0 10.0 85.0 YO
Total 2 15 37 69 Number of animals
1.6 2.2 30.1 56.1 %

313
 TH. HOFFMANN AND P. GAENGLER

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age groups (YW age groups (YW
pronounced missing teeth
< 4 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 >12 a c h m h 10- >12 10-11 8-9 6-7 4-5 < 4 < 4 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 >12 >12 1011 8-9 6-7 4-5 < 4
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FIG 3. Tooth-related distribution of pronounced attachment FIG 4. Tooth-related distribution of missing teeth
loss

only; in the six to seven age group, most animals DISCUSSION

(80 per cent) had a higher number of teeth
exhibiting pronounced AL. As before, individual This report gives an overview of the frequency
variations were observed within the different distribution and the progression of gingivitis and
age groups. However, the severity of disease periodontitis, and the risk groups for periodontal
increased with age. breakdown in poodles in relation to age. Previous
When examining the type of teeth that were studies (Rosenberg and others 1963, Bell 1967,
periodontally involved, the canines had the high- Gad 1968, Sorensen and others 1980, Dorn 1981,
est frequency of periodontitis, followed by the Hamp and others 1984) had suggested an
fourth premolars of the upper jaw and the first increase of progression of periodontitis with
molars of the lower jaw (Fig 3). The high fre- increasing age. The present study was therefore
quency observed in the canines may have less designed to carry out a more in-depth analysis of
clinical relevance, however, because their very these phenomena. Considering the breed-specific
long roots prevent tooth loss. periodontal conditions often observed in epi-
The incisors and first premolars exhibited the demiological studies using a variety of different
highest frequency of tooth loss (Fig 4). Analyses breeds, it was felt important to limit the present
of plaque and calculus accumulated demon- study to a single breed, specifically the poodle,
strated significantly higher scores at buccal sur- kept in the usual home environment. The latter
faces compared with oral (ie, lingual and palatal) was considered a valuable factor, as most
surfaces (Table 8). poodles seen in the average veterinary practice
To exclude the role of diet in the above are likely to live in that environment.
results, the dietary groups were analysed in Several clinical parameters were used in this
relation to the various clinical parameters. No study, including GPM/T index (Gaengler 1984),
differences were seen in any of the parameters PD, AL, plaque and calculus. For the assessment
between the three diet groups. of periodontal disease, AL was found to be a

314

Table 8. Comparison of plaque accumulation at buccal and oral surfaces
<4 4-5
Buccal surfaces* 1.67 1.77
Oral surfaces* 1.39 1.52
*Mean value of the oral hygiene index
Using Student's ttest, significant difference = 0.01 except for age group 8-9years where SD = 0.1
better method than PD, confirming the results of
other studies (Sorensen and others 1980, Page
and Schroeder 1981, Hoffman and others 1992).
AL was therefore used for evaluating frequency
as well as severity of disease.
A significant increase in periodontal disease
was found with advancing age, both in frequency
as well as severity. This appeared to be indepen-
dent of factors such as systemic conditions and,
certainly, of diet. While the relationship between
age and disease was seen across the board, it was
of interest that variability of disease frequency
and severity was seen between dogs of the same
age group. Moreover, such variability was also
seen between different age groups. These find-
ings support the concept of discontinuous
development of periodontal diseases proposed
by Koenig (1944) and later described in dogs by
Page and Schroeder (1981). They also abide by
the concept of progression and stagnation of
periodontal diseases in humans (Socransky and
others 1984, Gaengler 1985, Loe and others
1986).
Of greater interest was the fact that certain age
groups appeared to stand out from other age
groups. This was particularly the case with the
six to seven age group, which was the first to
show a significant increase in the number of P,
teeth compared with the age group below it.
Similarly, the 10 to 11 age group exhibited the
highest incidence of tooth loss due to periodontal
disease. These results are supported by Sorensen
and others (1980), who found a distinct increase
in periodontitis between the sixth and seventh
years of age. These data suggest that dogs of these
ages may represent high risk groups for progres-
sion of periodontitis, although more definite
studies must be carried out to confirm this
hypothesis.
When looking at the rate of missing teeth by
tooth type, a high frequency of first premolars
were found to be missing, confirming the find-
ings of Page and Schroeder (1981). This may
result from the progression of periodontitis
(Morgan and Miyabayashi 1991) or from the type
of thecodontal attachment (the collagen fibre
attachment supporting the teeth in the alveolar
bone) (Dorn 1981, Gaengler 1986). However, a
high frequency of incisors was also found to be
Epidemiology of periodontal disease in poodles
Age group (years)
6-1 8-9 10-11 >I2
1.77 2.06 1.58 1.62 ~
1.47 1.66 1.29 1.43
missing in the present study, which was not the
case in the Page and Schroeder (1981) study.
These, and other, differences may be due to the
variety of different breeds used in other studies,
which further emphasises the importance of
selecting a single specific breed. On the other
hand, a comparison of different breeds found
poodles severely affected (Hamp and others
1984).
While most studies also found the highest
plaque and calculus accumulation at the buccal
surfaces (Beier 1915, Hull and others 1974,
Sorensen and others 1980, Page and Schroeder
1981), this study found no correlation between
dietary regimen and periodontal health and sup-
ports earlier findings in wild and domesticated
animals (Gaengler and others 1987). This empha-
sises the importance of looking at many different
factors which could influence the incidence and
progression of disease, rather than at a single
factor (Grove 1985).
CONCLUSION
The present study provides evidence of those
teeth that have a higher risk of developing peri-
odontal disease. It also suggests that certain age
groups in poodles may represent high risk
groups. No aetiological or pathogenetic explana-
tion exists at this point for such a phenomenon.
However, clinicians must be aware of rapid
attachment loss in teeth that are at a higher risk
as well as age-related increases in periodontal
disease, and should concentrate their diagnostic
efforts and effective treatment interventions
(Hoffman and others 1995) accordingly.
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ABSTRACT
Treatment of th roid carcinoma in
T
dogs by surgica resection alone:
20 cases (1981 to 1989)
TWENTY dogs with freely movable thyroid carci-
nomas, without visible metastasis, were treated
only by surgical excision of the tumour. Clinical
signs included a palpable mass in the thyroid
gland region and coughing. One dog had megaoe-
sophagus and laryngeal paralysis. Affected lobes
were right only (nine dogs) left only (six), bilat-
eral (four) and unrecognisable (one). Type of
carcinoma included solid-follicular (six dogs),
solid (five) and follicular (five). Tumour type was
unavailable in four cases. Most tumours had only
mild neovascularisation compared to that of
invasive thyroid carcinomas. Mean survival time
was 44 months for solid tumours, 24 months for
follicular tumours and 17 months for solid-follic-
ular tumours. The mean and median survival
times were 20.5 months. When non-tumour relat-
ed deaths were taken into account the median
survival time was greater than 36 months. Seven
dogs died from tumour-related causes: metastasis
(two) and local recurrence (five). Eight died
because of treatment complications such as
laryngeal paralysis. Results show that long-term
survival is possible after thyroid carcinoma is
treated by surgery alone.
KLEIN,M. K., POWERS,B. E. & OTHERS(1995) Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 206, 1007-1009