Computational Mathematics

ICT 2305

Department of Electrical & Electronic Technology

Faculty of Technology
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Evaluation Criteria
Continuous Assessments - 40%

Assignments/ Tutorials/ Quizzes -05%

Practical -20%
Mid Semester Examination -15%

End Semester Examination - 60%

What is computational mathematics?
It involves some areas of mathematical work which
focus on the application of math to computing
technology.

There are so many ways to apply computational

mathematics to computer science.
Applications of Matrices
Chapter 01
Outline

Solvability of a system of equations

Ill-conditioned matrices

eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers or symbols arranged
in rows and columns.

Eg:
 3 5  1
 2 4 5 
  23
Order of the matrix is 23
Types of matrices
NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Row matrix A matrix with only 1
row 3 2 1 4

Column matrix A matrix with only I 2

column 3
 
Square matrix same
A matrix with  2 4
number of rows and  1 7 
columns  
Zero matrix A matrix with all zero 0 0 
entries
0 0 
 
Exercise 01
Add the following matrices.
 3  1   3  1   4 
  4  0       4
       4  0   
 2  2  2  2   4 
Exercise 02
Subtract:

 3  1   3  1   2 
  4  0       4
       4  0   
 2  2  2  2   0 
Exercise 03
Can you multiply these two matrices?

3 2 1 
A  4 1  2
2  1 4 
1  1 5
B 
3 2 2 
Solution

3 2 1 
  1  1 5
A  B   4 1  2   
2  1 4  33   23
3 2 2

Number of columns in the first matrix must be

equal to number of rows in the second matrix.
But here 3≠5. So we cannot find
What is about B*A?

3 2 1 
1  1 5  4 1  2
B A      
3 2 2  23 2  1 4 
  33

Number of columns in the first matrix is equal

to number of rows in the second matrix A  B
Solution
3 2 1 
1  1 5  4 1  2
B A      
3 2 2  23 2  1 4 
  33
1  3   1  4   5  2  1  2    1  1  5  1 1  1   1  2   5  4 
 
 3  3   2  4   2  2  3  2    2  1  2  1 3  1  2  2   2  4  
9  4 23
 
 21 6 7 
Properties of Matrices
If A, B & C are any three matrices of same order, then
A  B  B  A (commutative law)
But A  B  B  A (does not satisfy commutative law)
A  (B  C)  (A  B)  C
A( B  C)  AB  AC
( A  B)C  AC  BC
Properties of Matrices(cont..)
when A is a square matrix, then
A * I  I * A  A (I is called an multiplicative identity matrix of A)
1 1 1
A  A  A A  I ( A is called the multiplicative inverse of A)
Provided that above operations can be performed.
Identity Matrix

If A is a square matrix, then

A I  I  A  A

I is called an Identity matrix. Also it is an square matrix.

Inverse Matrix(only for a square matrix)
If A is a square matrix and
A B  I
B A  I
then B is called inverse of matrix A

Which means
A  A 1  A 1  A  I
Determinant of a 2*2 matrix
a b 
Let A   
c d 
The determinant of A is denoted as det( A) or A
So we can find it as follows :

det( A)  a  d  b  c
so,
A  ad bc
Example
 1 3
Find the determinant of A 
 2 5

 1 3
A 
 2 5
A  1  5  3  2 
 11
 For a 3*3 matrix?
 a11 a12 a13 
 
A   a 21 a 22 a 23 
a a33 
 31 a32

a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
A  a11  a12  a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
This is the expansion using the first raw. You can do this using any row.
Find the determinant of the following matrix.
 1 2 3 1 2 3
 
A  1 5 1 A  1 5 1
 0 3 2
  0 3 2
2 3 1 3 1 2
0 3 2
5 1 1 1 1 5
 0  3(1  1  3  1)  21  5  2  1
 12  14
2
Properties of determinant
Let A be a square matrix.
We shall use det (A) or A to denote the determinant.
I. det(A)=det AT 
II. If two rows(columns) are equal, then the det is equal to zero.
III. If there is a zero row (every entry in the row) the det is zero.
IV. Let B be a matrix obtained by multiplying a row(column) of a
matrix A by a constant k. then
det(B)=k.det(A)
Properties of determinant(cont..)
V. Let B be the matrix obtained by adding a multiple(k) of a
row(column) to another row(column) of a matrix A, then
det(B)=k det(A)
VI. If A is an diagonal matrix, the det(A) in the product of diagonal
entries.
VII. Let A and B two square matrices of order n.
Then det(AB)=det(A).det(B)
Properties of determinant(cont..)
 
VIII. If A is a square matrix for which A inverse A 1 exists,
Then
   det A
det A 1 1

Exercise

Show that det A  1


1
det  A
.
Inverse of a 2*2 matrix
a b 
Let A   
 c d 
The inverse matrix of A is denoted as A -1
So we can find it as follows :

1  d  b
A 
-1
 c a 
A  
where,
A  ad bc
Note
If A 
1
exists, then det  A  0
In fact the converse is also true.
i.e. det  A  0 then A 1  exists.

Hence A 
1
exists if and only if det  A  0
Thank You