POLIOMYELITIS

Prepared by:
Cadotdot, Flora, Hatague, & Jacob

0X
 THE CONTENTS

001 002 003

About the disease Causative Agent Laboratory/

Diagnostic Tests

004 005 006

Medical Treatment Nursing Prevention

Intervention
 THE PLAYERS
FLORA JACOB
001 002 003 004
CADOTDOT HATAGUE

001 004
002 003
ARE YOU READY?
LEARN ABOUT POLIOMYELITIS
 01
ABOUT THE
DISEASE
Overview: definition, prevalence, incidence,
mortality, and types
 Poliomyelitis
● Polio “Grey”, Myel “Marrow”,
Itis “Inflammation”
● The inflammation of the
anterior horns of the grey
matter of the spinal cord,
leading to a destruction of the
large multipolar cells of these
horns.
Poliomyelitis
● Poliomyelitis or also known as Infantile Paralysis.

● Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a

virus. It invades the nervous system and can cause
total paralysis in a matter of hours, which mainly
affects young children.

001
 PEOPLE AT HIGHER RISK FOR
EXPOSURE

LABORATORY &
0 TRAVELERS HEALTHCARE
0
2
WORKERS

PEOPLE IN
CONTACT
WITH/CARING FOR UNVACCINATED
ADULTS
0
AN INFECTED 0
2

PERSON

ACCORDING TO CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC, 20222)

INCIDENCE & PREVALENCE
RATE
PHILIPPINES

● The Philippines was declared polio-free in 2000 and the last

case of wild poliovirus was recorded in 1993.

● The declaration of a polio outbreak followed a confirmed

Vaccine Derived Poliovirus Type 2 (VDPV2) case in a
three-year old child in Lanao del Sur (Mindanao) reported on
16 September 2019
INCIDENCE & PREVALENCE
RATE
PHILIPPINES

● Subsequently, another VDPV2 case of polio was confirmed on

20 September, this time in a five-year-old boy who was
immunocompromised from Laguna which is adjacent to Metro
Manila.
● There have been no new polio cases reported after 15
February 2020.
● Cases due to wild poliovirus have decreased by over 99%
since 1988, from an estimated 350 000 cases then, to 6
reported cases in 2021
 MORTALITY RATE

● The case fatality ratio for paralytic polio is

generally 2% to 5% among children and up to
15% to 30% among adolescents and adults. It
increases to 25% to 75% with bulbar
involvement.

● Mortality Rate: From 2019 to 2020, 0% in the

Philippines with a total 17 cases.
 02
CAUSATIVE
AGENT
Vector, incubation period, and mode of
transmission
CAUSATIVE AGENT
Legio debilitans or polio virus

STRUCTURE

Smallest known virus RNA

virus with a spherical
capsid of 25-35 nm in
diameter 1 billionth of a
meter.
VECTOR
Flies

Flies as Mechanical Vector

caused by contact with infective
fecal matter transferred to food,
etc from the sponging
mouthparts, exoskeletal hairs
and bristles, and pulvilli of
house flies.
 TYPES OF POLIO

01 02 03

Abortive poliomyelitis Non-paralytic Paralytic poliomyelitis

poliomyelitis

04 05

Polioencephalitis Post-polio syndrome

 INCUBATION
PERIOD
● 3 to 6 days for nonparalytic poliomyelitis
● 7 to 21 days for onset of paralysis in paralytic poliomyelitis

● Paralysis is often permanent.

● Paralytic disease may be caused by wild-type
polioviruses, attenuated polioviruses in oral vaccine,
or by vaccine-derived polioviruses.
 MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
Spreads through: An infected person can spread the virus to others
➔ Direct immediately before and up to 2 weeks after
person-to-person symptoms appear.
contact
➔ Contact with ● The virus can live in an infected person’s
infected mucus, intestines for many weeks. It can
phlegm, or feces contaminate food and water in unsanitary
➔ Contact with conditions.
contaminated ● People who don’t have symptoms can still
food and water pass the virus to others and make them sick.
 03
LABORATORY &
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Kind of lab test/exam, values, signs &
symptoms, and interpretations or significance.
 SYMPTOMS
ABORTIVE
NON-PARALYTIC
POLIOMYELITIS
● Fatigue ● Neck stiffness.
● Fever ● Pain or pins-and-needles feeling in
● Headache your arms and legs.
● Vomiting ● Severe headache.
● Diarrhea or constipation ● Sensitivity to light (photophobia).
● Sore throat

NON-PARALYTIC
● Sensitivity to touch.
● Muscle spasms.
 SYMPTOMS
● Most people who get infected with poliovirus will not have any visible
symptoms.
● About 1 out of 4 people (or 25 out of 100) with poliovirus infection will
have flu-like symptoms that can include:

● Sore throat
● Fever
● Tiredness
● Nausea
● Headache
● Stomach pain

These symptoms usually last 2 to 5 days, then go away on their own.

002
 SYMPTOMS
A smaller proportion of people with poliovirus infection will develop other, more
serious symptoms that affect the brain and spinal cord:

● Meningitis: (infection of the covering of the spinal

cord and/or brain) occurs in about 1–5 out of 100
people with poliovirus infection, depending on virus
type

● Paralysis: (can’t move parts of the body) or weakness

in the arms, legs, or both occurs in about 1 out of 200
people to 1 in 2000 people, depending on virus type
002
LAB/DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

Lumbar puncture or spinal tap:

- may be used to take a
sample of fluid from your
spinal cord (cerebrospinal
fluid) to help diagnose a
condition.

002
LAB/DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

Blood culture:
- checks samples of blood
for presence of
disease-causing germs
(bacteria and fungi).

002
LAB/DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

Throat culture, or throat swab

culture,
- test of the germs or
bacteria in the back of
your throat.

002
LAB/DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

Stool test
- looks at fecal matter for
evidence of a medical
condition. The test may
look for evidence of
infection, allergy, blood
or digestive problems.
002
 04
MEDICAL
TREATMENT
 HOW IS POLIO TREATED?
There are no specific medications to treat polio. If you have:

● Paralytic polio = you’ll receive physical therapy.

● If your breathing muscles are weakened or paralyzed, you’ll need
mechanical ventilation, a machine that helps you breathe.
● You might be able to improve your symptoms by:
○ Drinking fluids (such as water, juice and broth).
○ Using heat packs to help muscle aches.
○ Taking pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil®, Motrin®).
○ Doing physical therapy and any exercise recommended by your
healthcare provider.
○ Getting plenty of rest.
 05
NURSING
INTERVENTION
 NURSING MANAGEMENT
NURSING ASSESSMENT

● History. Obtain a history of vaccination, travel.

and contact with recently returned travelers.

● Physical assessment. Observe the client for

possible signs and symptoms of polio as listed
above.
 NURSING MANAGEMENT

NURSING DIAGNOSES

● Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirement related to

anorexia, nausea, and vomiting.
● Ineffective thermoregulation related to the infection process.
● Ineffective airway clearance related to muscle paralysis.
● Ineffective breathing pattern related to muscle paralysis.
● Acute pain related to the infection that attacks the nerve.
● Impaired physical mobility related to paralysis.
● Anxiety in children and families related to disease conditions.
 06
PREVENTION
 PREVENTION
According to Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (Jan, 2023)

There are two types of vaccine that

can prevent polio:

1. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) given as an injection in the leg or

arm, depending on the patient’s age. Only IPV has been used in the
United States since 2000.

2. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is still used throughout much of the world.
 PREVENTION
Healthcare officials recommend four
polio shots in childhood:

● First shot at 2 months old.

● Second shot at 4 months old.
● Third shot between 6 and 18 months old.
● Booster shot between 4 and 6 years old.
 PREVENTION
If you’ve never been vaccinated for
polio and it’s recommended you get
vaccinated as an adult, you’ll get three
shots:

● Two doses one to two months apart.

● A third dose six to 12 months after the second.

 PREVENTION
According to Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (Jan, 2023)

● Polio vaccine protects children by preparing their bodies to fight

the poliovirus.
● Almost all children (more than 99 percent) who get all the
recommended doses of the inactivated polio vaccine will be
protected from polio.
● It is important to practice good hand hygiene and wash hands
often with soap and water.
● Note: alcohol-based hand sanitizers do not kill poliovirus.
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?

REFERENCES:
Please keep this slide üWhat
for attribution
is Polio? (cdc.gov)
üChapter 18: Polio; Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable
Diseases 14TH Edition (cdc.gov)
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