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Unit 1
Unit 1
(def) Theory: A unified explanation for natural phenomena based on evidence from the natural world
Cell Theory states the following:
a. Cells care the smallest unit of life that can survive independently
b. All living things consist of at least on cell
c. All cells must come from pre-existing cells by divisions; new cells cannot arise from non-living
○
● Living tissues and organisms have been seen to consist of cells, using the microscope
○ Cell membranes and nuclei were visible under the earliest light microscopes
○
● Robert Hooke - The first person to use the word “cell” for structures of living organisms
○ His examinations of cork and other parts of plants in 1665
○
New Measuring Unit
The development of microscopy lef to new ways of denoting measurement units of living things:
𝑡ℎ −2
● 1 centimeter (cm): 100 of a meter (10 m)
𝑡ℎ −3
● 1 millimeter (mm): 1000 of a meter (10 m)
○ Some large plant cells
𝑡ℎ −6
● 1 micrometer (µ𝑚): 1000 of a millimeter (10 m)
○ Mitochondria
○ Bacteria
𝑡ℎ −9
● 1 nanometer (nm): 1000 of a micrometer (10 m)
○ A Glucose molecue
Measuring Magnification
Steps to find the Magnification level of an microscopic image:
1. Convert the units
a. Match the given specimen’s measurements and scale bar label’s measurements units
2. Use the formula
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Magnification = 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙
Example:
Specimen’s Measurement: 30 mm
Scale Bar label: 2 µ𝑚
1. Convert the units (match them as micrometers)
a. 30 mm = 30,000 µ𝑚
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 30,000 µ𝑚 30,000
2. 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙
= 2 µ𝑚
= 2
= 15, 000
∴ Magnification: 15,000 ×
Measuring Actual Size
Finding the Actual size of a specimen with given Measurement length + Magnification
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Actual Size = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Example:
Specimen’s measurement: 450 mm
Magnification: 15,000×
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 450 𝑚𝑚
Actual Size = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 15,000×
= 0. 03 𝑚𝑚 = 30 µ𝑚
Functions of Life
Organisms consisting of cells carry out all these functions of life:
● Nutrition: A way to obtain the energy for growth
● Metabolism: Chemical rxns within the cell for energy processing
● Growth: Increase of cell’s size
● Response: Adaptations to the changes in surrounding environments
● Excretion: Removal of the waste productions of metabolism
● Homeostasis: Keeping inside conditions within tolerable limits
● Reproduction: Producing offsprings through division or exchanges of
genetic information
Differentiation
● Muticellular organisms have different types of cells that perform different functions, and different cell
structures allow the cells to perform specialized functions
● Cells differentiate, or become different in structure and function by expressing certain portions of the
genetic code, and “turning off” other portions
● Differentiation, ultimately, is the process during development of a newly formed cells becoming more
specialized and distinct from one another
○ All cells of an organism share an identical genome; each cell that arise in an organism contain the
entire set of genetic instructions for that organism
○ The chemical signals within the cell’s genetic instructions causes the differentiation
Stem Cells
● (def) Stem Cells: Cells that have not been differentiated
● Stem cells are “generic cells” that can divide and differentiate into any type of cell
Definition Example
Totipotent Can form any cell type, as well as extra-embroynic tissue Zygote
Mutipotent Can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types Haematopoeitic Adult Stem Cells
Unipotnet Can not differentiate, but are capable of self renewal Progenitor Cells, Muscle Stem Cells
(def) Self Renewal: They can continuously divide and replicate
(def) Potency: The ability or the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types