LOGARITHM

Atleast one question from this chapter is necessarily Logarithm : Let a, b be positive real numbers then
asked in CAT. Whenever a question appears related with
a x = b can be written as
~ -thin it is of applied nature and the logic behind the
.,~SJ\n i~ the application of logarithm. log a b=x; a :;t: I, a > 0, b > 0
.oesnOne more thing I would like to mention that many a
~ t are scared of this chapter. But In my opinion they
e. g. , 2 5 =32 ~ log 2 32 = 5
c"Wd not bother about the word ' logarithm' instead they 3
10 =1000 ~ log 10 1000 =3
:uid look the problems of logarithm as problems of
.oooents and most of the problems can be easily solved by
~ g the graph. Notice that this chapter is important for
r4=_!_
81
~ log 3 ( ; i) = - 4 etc.
i'AP, MAT, IIFT, JMET and XAT etc. ·
,-- ·----·-- (i) Natural Logarithm:· loge N is called Natural
~ FUNC'116N / logarithm or Naperian Logarithm, denoted by In N i.e. , when
x x2 x3 xn the base is 'e then it is called as Natural logarithm.
For every x ER, e = I + x + - +- + ... - + ...
2! 3! n!
00 xn c.g, log e 5, log e ( ; } log e 72 ... etc.
ex = :E 1
or
n =0 n!
(ii) Common Logarithm : log 10 N is called common
Here ex is called as exponential function and it is a fini te logarithm or Brigg's Logarithm i.e., when base of log is 10,
m ber for every x ER . then it is called as common logarithm
Properties : For every x ER, ex is defined, then
e.g. , log 10 (100), log 10 25, log 10 248 etc.
(i) ex >0for all x ER and e 0 =1
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
=
.._-:,-----~,r.-::-"'"'7".......
(ii) ea> eb if a> band a , b ER
(iii) ea x eb = e<a + b> for all a, b ER 1. log a I_= 0, ~ a> 0, a :;t: 1
(iv) ea +eb =e<a-b ) foralla,bER
(v) (ea )b = eab for all a, b ER
(vi) For each positive real number x there exists one and
.. only one real number y such that eY =x ~
ma
2. log a a ::;= ~
3.loga a x =xV-xER,x>0
4. a log a x
a > 0, a

= x '<:/ x ER, x > 0

:;t: 1

(vu) t? is one-one function
(viii) e:::2.714
j(
· ~--I -;;.. log. a X is the in~erse function of a X .
5. log a ( m . n) = log a m + log a n V m. n > 0, a > 0, a ;t l
6. log a ( m/ n) = log a m - log a n '<:/ m. n > 0, a > 0, a l *
7. loga (mn) = n log a m'<:/ m>0, a>0, a :1:l

8. log a ( : ) = - log a m '<:/ m > 0, a > 0, a ;t 1

l log e b
9. log a b = - - = - -
logb a log ,, a
V a, 'b, c > 0 and a ;t l, b ;t l, c :;i"; l
IO. 1f log " b = x v u > o, a ;t l, b > 0 and x ER
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ( i) log( l/ a) b =- x
Graph of y = ti t
 a >I
512 19.

(ii) log 0 ( i )= -x
log, r is II J ccrcasing functi on log , x is un incre

log" x :-- log ,, y (x < y)

asin

log 0 x < lo g 0 y

(iii) log 1 ., l hIi= "

/ I
i.e .. inequalit y get s reversed i.e.. the ineq ualit y
unchan ged
y
y
l
ti. !(lg ,,, (h) ::- m log ,, h
.,
log 11 x log 11 y
12. lou 17 r is n decreasing fonction. i fO < a < 1
U . log ,, ., is an increasing fi.mction. if a > I
~
log, x ····· ·,(
~
. log 6 y
11111 The base of logarithm can never be equal to 1
0
i.e.., ioOI Xis undefined V X
14. On the real number line the base of logar
ithm can Sign of log
assume any positive real value except I (i. e.. unity
) Sign of log 0 x y
y
Hence at a = I, log a x is not defined; x > 0
1 qc t Positive for
1( >J I I I ~I JI I I JI J I JI
J I J I ) I J I JI
I I Ii It I
I I I ) t I t It ; 1 JI J; ..

0<X <1
-1 0 1 2 3

Thus at a > 0 except a = l. log" .r is defined; x > O

15. On the real number line x can assume
any positive
real value (number) for log 0 x ; a> 0, a :1:- I -:::-+_ _,...__ __. X
0
I(l / / / / / / ll,' ,r ,c / / ,< / ,q,< ,c ,< ,< / ,< ,< ,'I,' / ,< ., Negative for
1 2 3 x>1
-1 0
ed
Thus the logarithm of only positive values is defin 0< a< 1 a>I
I 20.
i. e., log x is defined for every 'x > 0, a> O, a :1:-
0 y Y.
Hence for f(x) = toga x
Domain ➔ R + and Range ➔ R 3
♦ not defined
16.

0 = (a) I (= a) 2 = (a) 3 (= a)

--O <a < 1-- - - - - a > ] - - -

x - -+- -+- ~- -
log" x < loga y -2- 1 0 1 2 3 -2- 1 0 1
loga x > loga Y
(ifx< y) (ifx <y) Domain ➔ R Dom ain
Also cf > cl Also cl < cl Range ➔ R+ Ran ge
at a= l, log a xis not defined. Decr easin g func tion Incr easing f
l 7. 6, ll l ,' I ,. /,' ,' /,' / / ,' ,1

For0 < a < I

1
21. For x I I<1
2
log a X > 1 if X< a V X > 0 + ~ - x"
(i) log( l +x ) = (x - x - + ...
log u x = I if x = a V X > 0 2 ' 4
-

18. o)'
log u X< I if x > a V x = O
---~~·•y.,,•,y.,c,c,y.,1,•,/.../-t/+,/,H',''+/h,l,'~,'+,/,~','+,',H'/L,,1./--►
For a -> I
(ii) log( l - x) =- ( .« { +'i x"
+ ---,
4

log u x. < I I·1· X< u'ifx > O 1 5

(iii) log ( I + x. ) = 2 [ x + ]
x + --
X +-
I - x• 3 5 ...
log a x = I if x =- u V x > O
log a X > I if X > u V X > 0
( iv) log 2 ::::: ( I __I + ~ _ J
2 3 ...
 garit11rn - 2.784 = (- 2) - (.784)
LO (v) log,o 2 == 0.30 10
(2) If the logarithm of a number is negative, then we
(vi) log 10 3 == 0.4 77 1 have to make the mantbsa positive .
1 ,.garithmic Inequalities For thi s we subtrac1 I from the integral part and add
ll,lft'
a> I up I to the decim al part .
O< • < 1
log h ?. log 0 c ~ log. ,1 h ~ log,, c ~ b ;?: c > 0 e.g., - 2.5 436 = (-· 2) H - .5436) Step l.
0
b c::; t' = (- 2 - I) + (- .5436 + I) Step 2.
⇒
log o t, "2 c c:> h S t1 ,· log O h ~ c ~ b ~ a " = ( - 3) ➔ (.4564) Step 3.
⇒

= 3 .4564 Step 4.
~ A N O MANTISSA ⇒

Characteristic : The integrnl pa11 of logarithm is POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT CHARACTERISTICS

kJl(i" n as characteristic. 1. The characteristic of common logarithm of positive
Mantissa : The decimal part is known as mantissa and
number less than unity (i.e., 1) is negative .
., al":a,·s positive.
1 2. Th~ characteristic of copunon logarithm of a positiv e
• e.·£.. In log 0 x, the integral part of x is called the
aract;ristic and the decimal part of xis called the mantissa. number greater than 1 is positive.
113 3. If the logarithm to any base a gives the characteristjc
For example: In log 3274 = 3.5150, the integral part is 3
z. e.. characteristic is 3 and the decimal part is .5150 i.e.,
'n', then the number of possible integral values is
mantissa is .5 150. given by a 11 +I - an.
To find the characteristic of common logarithm For example log 10 x = n. abed, then the number of
1
logll X; integral values that x can have given by 1on + - 1o n
(a) When the number is greater than 1 i.e., x > 1 2 1 2
e.g., log 10 x =2 .abed gives 10 + - 10 = 900
ln this case , the characteristic is one less than the
nwnber of digits in the left of the decimal point in the integral values for x i.e. ,
given number. x =100,101,102,103, ... 998,999. For all these 900
(b) When the number is less than 1 i.e.,0< x< 1 integral numbers (100 - 999) all the characteristic is 2.
1n this case the characteristic is one more than the Similarly log 10 x = 3. abed give 10 3 + 1 -10 3 = 9000
number of zeros between the decimal point and the integral values for x i. e., x = l 000, 100 1, 1002, .... , 9999.
first significant digit of the number and is negative: For all these 9000 integral numbers (1000 - 9999) the
mill The characteristic may be positive or negative. If the characteristic is 3.
characteristic is negative, it is always represented by putting a 4. If the characteristic of log 10 xis negative (i.e., - n),
bar on the numberi.e .,
then the number of zeros between the decimal and the
-1 ➔ 1
first significant number after the decimal is ( n - 1)
-2 ➔ 2
f!.g., log 10 x = -3. abed has a =0 and b = 0.
-3 ➔ 3
i.e., first two places after the decimal point are filled
EXAMPLE
with zeros since characteristic is - 3.
Number Characteristic Number Characteristic Hence log 10 x = -3. abed= -3 .00cd
8.3145 0 0.457 1 IMPORTANT CONVERSIONS
74.8120 1 0.0546 2 (i) For a> 1, a =t:. 1, c> 0
j68. 3J 2 0.001324 3 ab > c <=> log a c< b
lumark: (1) Students must note that 2.784 is not the (ii) For 0< a< 1, a =t:. 1, c> O
same as - 2.784 ab>c <=> log " c > b
i.e. , 2 .784 = (-2) + (.784)
 59 '
- x =3
7

7
log b = k (c -
log c ;; k(a~
a)

log 8 128 := Let A ~ a-a . bb. cc

3
The n log A = a l0g-cr-,- b log b + c
log c
fi°xAMPLE 3 Fi.Rd the 'll(Uut of log s Js(12 5) _J = ak (b - c) + bk (c _ a)
+ ck (
SOLUTION Let lO&srs C125) = x = abk - ack + bck - abk
a , b)
+ cak ,
=- c':r!st = 12s Thus log A = 0 = log 1

- r§3/ 2)x = :', A =1

~,

- 3
- x= 3 -
2
x= 2 i. e.' aa . bb. cc =1
log 5 rs (l25 ) = 2 f'i'XAMPLE 8 Fin d the val ue of log
8 25, giv en tha t log
10 2 "'0-3(,,,
fcXAMPL£ 4 Find the valu e o/lo gs log (31
25) SOLUTION log s 25 = log10 25 =~ log 5 = 2 log10 (l0/ 2)
5 _j log 10 8
.,,
SOLUTION log s log 5 (31 25) = log s log s 55
= log s 5 log s 5
3 log 2 3lo g
10
2
= log s 5.1 = 20o g10 10 - log10 2)
(·: log s 5 = 1)
3 X 0.3 010
= log 5 5 = 1
log 5 log 5 (31 25) = 1 = 2(1 - 0.3 010 ) =l
0 .90 30 5482
.
~M PL £ 5 If log x - log 2
10 10 .fx = - - • find the val ue of x. r;X AM PL E 9 Fin d the val ue
log10 X _J ·
of log m + log 8 + log .Jioo5
SOLUTION log l20 ·
loglO X - loglO .fx = -2-
log10 x SOLUTION log (27 '/12 + log 23 + log (103
)112
2 log (3 x '2?- x 10)
10& 10 ( ~) =- -
-.J X log10 X
.! log 33 + 3 log 2 + .! log (10)3
log10(xy/2 = __2_ =2 2
10& 10 X log 3 + log '2?- + log 10
1 2 · 3
-lo g10 X = - log 3 + -3 • 2 log 2 + -3 log 10
2 log10 X =2 2 2
1 log 3+ 2lo g 2+ log lO
⇒
- (log10 xf
2
=2 3
- Oog 3 + 2lo g 2+
⇒
(log10 xf = 4 = ~ 2 ~ - - - - -log --
lO)
3
-
⇒ log 3 + 2lo g 2 + log 10- 2
log10 x= ±2
If loglO X = 2 ⇒ X = 10 2 ⇒ li"XAMPLE 10 Sol ve
X = 100 for x, if log x(B x - 3) - logx
4=2 J
If log10 x = - 2 ⇒ x = 10- 2 ⇒ x =-1-
SOLUTION
log x(B x - 3) - log x 4 = 2
100
x = 100 _l_
⇒ logx - -3) (Bx - =2
'10 0 4
⇒ Bx - 3
'a,."""-' I Find the val ue of log y X x log
s y x log x z.
X 2=-
-
(a) 0 4
(b) 1 (c) log x ⇒
(d) xyz 4x 2 Bx + 3= 0
-
SOLUTION log Y x x log s y x log x z _J
3
_ log x log y
⇒
x = - or -1
- - 0- X 9 log z 2 2
X 9
log a y log a z log a X 21
fi"XAMPLE 11 Fin d the val
rEXAMPLE 7 If log a. _ log b
ue of
xlog y - log• x ylog • - logx )
log ct ·x zlog x - logY_
b - c- M • a- b' thm /Ind
~-b b .cf. the v(llue of SO LU TIO N Let p = Xlo gy - log z x Ylo gs - logx log x - lo& Y
x Z 1og rJOil
The n log p = log xlog y - log z +
SOLUTION We hav e, log iog s - log x + log z
= (lo gy - log z) log x + (log x) 1og Y
log a _ log b log c z - log y) IoS 1
b - c-~= a - b = k +(log X - 10g
(say )
The n, \og a = k (b - c)
= log x log y - log z log x + log y log l0 g x 1og Y 0
z- i'
+ log z log x - tog j 108
 195
log P = 0 = log 1 10
= 2 x 0.4771 + log
p =1 2
= 0.95 42 + log 10 - log 2
rf xy log (xy) = yz log {ys) = &l" log (&l")
1 .,;J12 IJ x +y y+z s+x • then = 0.95 42 + 1- 0 .3010
1 _J = 1.653 2
f""~ f • 11 s~ .
nd
I ~ og(x y) _ yz log {_y%) = zx log (zx)
_ log 3 = 0.477 1. Fi the
- (say) 'i°XAMPLE 15 Given Jog 2 = 0.30 10 and _J
~ x +y Y +z z + x k ·
I ~U'''"'" value of log 0.00 75
xy log xy = k (x + y)
~ SOLUTION log O 0075 = log ~
1000 0
= log 75 - log 1000 0
.
log xy = k ( ; + ; ) 2 4
Ii = log 3 x 5 - log 10
= log 3 + 2 log 5 - 4 log 10
log x + logy = k (; + ; ) ... (1) = Jog 3 + 2[1og 10 - log 2J - 4 log
10
$

= 0.47 71 + 2[1 - 0.30 10] - 4

suiriJarlY, log y + log z = k (; + ; ) ... (2) = - 2.12 49
33
in 3 ? Given that
log z + log x = k ( ; + ; ) . . . (3) li°XAMPLE 16 What is the number of digits
aDd . _J
log 3 = 0.47 712?
Adding (1) , (2) and (3), we get Let
33
= 3 = (3)33
SOLUTION X

20og x +lo gy+ log z) = '21(_ (.!. + .!.y + .!)

X Z
Then log x = 33 log 3
= 27 X 0.47 712 = 12.8 8224
or log x + log y + log z = k (..!..
X
+ _!_ +
y Z
.!) ...( 4) Since the characteristic in the resultant valu
+ 1) = 13
e of log xis 12
:. The number of digits in xis (12
33
is 13.
Subtracting (1), (2) and (3) successively
from (4), we get Hence the required number of digits in 3

If log 3 = 0.4771,.find the number of digits in ~:.J

1 1 k
log z = k · - , log x = k · - , log y = -y
X [i°XAMPLE 17
Z
Let X = 343
=k SOLUTION
or z log z = k, x log x =k and y log y
log x = log 3 = 43 log 3 = 43 x 0.47 71
43

or x log x = y log y = z log z = 20.5 153

or log (xx) = log (yY) = log (zz ) num ber of digits
43
Sin~e the characteristic of log 3 is 20, then
Hence Xx =yY =Zz 43
in 3 is (20 + 1) = 21.

fu.t.£ 13 Ifloga bc=x , logb ca= y, loge ab =z,prove

that between the decimal
r;XAMPLE 18 How many zeros are there
point and the first significant figure in
(O.s:)1 00 ? Given that
1 +-1 -+_ 1_ =1
x+l y+ l z+l . _J 1 - _J
log
2 = 1.69 90
1 1 1
iiWTION - - + - - + - - SOLUTION Let x = (0.5)1 00
x+l y+l z+l
1 log x = 100 log (0.5) = 100 x 1.69 90
I 1
" ~ - - - + - - ca)+ -- + = 100 (- 1 + 0.69 90)
Oog 0 be)+ 1 (10gb 1 (loge ab)+ 1
1 l = - 100 + 69.9 0
1
b + 1 ab + log e c = - 31 + 0 .90 = 31.90
Ioga be + log 0 a + logb ca+ logb oge
00
31, the num ber of
1 1 Since the characteristics of log (0.5)1 is
_ l first signi ficant figur e is
--- -+ - -- + -- abc - zeros between the decimal point and the
logo abc logb abc log,
31 -1 = 30.
- z).
"' logabc a + logabc b + logabc c r:EXAMPLE 19 /fl X (y + z -x) = y (Z + X - y) - z
,
log x log y
(X + y
log z
r-- ::: logabc(abc) = 1 then :
- 0 4 771 find the (b) x Yyx = zYy• = xszX
:Ek.a..~ . (a) xy = yz = zx
;;;u 14 Given log 2 = 0 .301 0 and log 3- ·
'flog 45
' _J
(c) xyz = 1 (d) none of these _J
2 5_ 2 Jog 3 + log 5
lotut1 32 5 = log 3 + log -
OH log 45 = log .
 Hence y log x + x log = 2kxyz
y
.._ Z - X) y (Z + X - y ) y log z + z log y = 2kxyz
SOLUTION Let x ~ x -= log Y z log x + x log z = 2kxyz
og 1 (say)
x (x + Y - z) == - Thus y log x + x log Y = y log z + z lo
Jog z k &y
= z log x + x log z
log x == h (.)' + z - x) Jog (x Y y x) = log (z Y yz) = log cxzz-X)
log y "" k-y(z+x - y )
log z == kz (x + Y - z)

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE-16,l

12. The value of (log4 32 + log 9 243) :

1. If xY = k, then : (a) 5 (b) 4
(b) logx Y = k
(a) logy k == X (c) 3 (d) none of these
(d) logx k = Y
(c) logk X == y
13. The value of (log2 8 + log3 9 + lo& 25) is :
2. If logm n = p, then : (a) 5 (b) 6
(a) mn = P
(b) pn = m
(c) 7 (d) none of these
(c) mr, = n (d) nP = m
14. The value of log2 (log3 81) is :
3. loga(mn) is equal to : (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) n loga(m) (b) loga m x loga n
(c) 2 (d) 6
(c) loga m + loga n (d) loga m - loga n
15. The value of log2 log2 log3 lo&;(l25)" is:
4. loga ( ; ) is equal to : (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a) loga(m - n) (b) loga m - loga n
(c) (loga m) 16. The value of log2 log2 log2 log2 (65536) is:
(d) loga m + loga n
n (a) 4 (b) 2
5. The value -of log81 27 is : (c) 1 (d) 0
(a) 3 7 (b) i 17. The value of
3 log10 1 + log10 1O + log10 1OO + ... log10 1000000000:
3
(c) - (d) ~ (a) 10 (b) 11
4 3 (c) 11111111111 (d) 55
6. The va Iue of log36 l .1s : 18. The value of lo&; 5 + lo&; 52 + lo& 53 + ... + lo15s5°:
216 (a)n! (b)n2-1
2
{a) -
. 3
1
3
(b) - -
2 (c) (n +/) n (d) none of these
(c) - ( d) none of these 10~ 81
6 19. The value of 27 is :
7. The value of logJ6 216 is '(a) 27381 (b) 531441
1 . (c) 65631 ( d) none of these
(a) - (b) .ff,
6 20. The value of 216 1og6 49 is :
(C) 3 (d) 6 (a) 117694 (b) 117649
8. The value of lo~J2 5832 is : (c) 216649 (d) none of these
(a) 12 (b) 9 21. The value of 25
<-1/ 410gs 25) is :
(c) 6 (d) none of these
1 1
(a) 5 (b) - 25
9. The val 1Je of log(- 1/S) 625 is :
1 , (c) - 25 (d) none of these
(a ) - (b) - 5
4 22. (log10 500000 - log10 5) is equal to :
(c) - 4 (d) - 3 (a) 5 (b) 50
· 10. The value of log (0 .0001)\ is: (c) 49995 (d) 100000
10
l 23. If lo&[log3 (log2 x)] = 1, then x is :
(a) 1000 (b) - 3 234
(a) 2 (b) 243
(c) - 4 . (d) none of these (c) 2243 (d) none of these
The value of log <o.oii(l0000) is : 24. If log2 log10 4x :::: 1, then the value of xis :
(a) l/2 (b) __
2 (a) 1/25 (b) 25
(c) 1/4 (d) _
4 (c) 5 (d) none of these
 59 7

1 : JO + log,12J O) is :
rtrf1t11 4 then the val ue of x is : 38. The va lue of ( io& 2 JO + log 2
•' ,. ~,.- I
3 (b) 27 (b) 1
r10Sa 7 (a) 0

1(:) :~ ,f xl
1 )9 (d) none of the se
,, l
8
,:' (~) "' _ ½· the n the val u e of
2
xis :
39. ~:e ~:lue of [ - 1-
log a/ ti X
+
ogbfc
0
a/a ~
is :

-~• 9
' 16 (b) - 3 (a) O
(b) 1
(d) x3
/ 81 ( d) none of these (c) abc
Bl 10, then log2 1O is :
I . ),.-, 40. If log10 2 = 0 .30 (b) 1.5 050
,: 16 the value of x is : (a) 3.0 10
X"' _ 4 , then
(c) 3.3 222
(d) none of the se is
,t/08 1
1 Cb) c10r 4
0f X
the n the val ue
32x = 100 ,
41. If 2x .
-" oa1 r' ( d) non e of the se (log 2 = 0.3 010 , log 3 = O.4771)
(b) 1.5 9
.,l'(of (a) 2.3
(d) 1.4 1
(c) 1.8
,. =_. !.,t hen the val ue of xis 400 , the n the val ue of xis
:
~ t l08100 2 If log10 2 = 0.3 010 and 5x =
42.
(b) __!___ (b) 2.5 2
(a) 3.7 2
:a) o.001 10
(c) o (d) none of the se
20
(d) 10- 2 ber of dig its in 5 is :
2 = 0.3 010 , the num
'C) 0,()()001
' 1 43. If log
(b) 14
>HIOSi0.2) =- , the n the value of xis : (a) 16
(d) none of the se
4 (c) 8
(b) 0 .01 6
ra) 4-s
( d) non e of these 44. If log (m + n)
= log m + log n, the n :
. \ 54
(C, mn = l (b) m = - n
(a)
~ Thevalue of x sat isfy ing log243
x = 0.8 is : =n (d) non e of the se
(c) _m _
(a) 81 (b) 1.8 (m -1)
(d) non e of these of a is :
(c) 2.43 log10 b = c, the n the val ue
45. If log10 a + C
:1. lflog.(x -1) + lo&e x + lo&
e(X + 1) = 0, the n (b) b
1 (b) x3 -x -1 =O (a) be
(a) f+e - ·
(c) f + e - 1 = 0 ( d) x3 - x - e = 0 (c) (l.O f
(d) !Ob
C
9 is : b
l2. The value of 10&3 5 x log25 val ue of
of log 327 4 is 0.5 150 . The
(a) 0 (b) 1 46. The mantissa
: (c) 2
(d) 4 log (O.3274) is :
1.:..1 Thevalue of ( log 14 + log 11
22) .is :
- log 15 (a) I .51 50
(b) 1.5 150
(d) none of the se
5 3 (c) 2 .51 50
(1OOx) is :
(b) log l 1 675 , the n the value of log10
(a) log77 47. If log10 x = 1.9
(c) log 7 ( d) non e of the se (a) 196 .75
(b) 3.9 675

~ &. value of [ 3 log (:~ )+ 51og (~!) + 7 log Gm is:

(d) non e of the se

(b) log 5
(c) 2 .96 75

48. If 5x = (O.5)Y = 100

0, the n the value of
is G-~)
(a) log 3
(d) log 2 1 1
(c) log 7
(a). 4
(b) 3
IS. (log~ +log ti3ac + logab£) is equal to : (c)
1 (d) 1
I.II,;
2
(a) 1 (b) log abc
1 1 y + log 2 = log (x + y1 the n :
. (c) abc
(d) non e of the se 49. If 2 1Og x + 2 log
1 1 is equal to : (b) x = y
ll ~ 1 (a )x+ y= O
(log• be)+ l + (logb ac) + 1 + (log
e ab )+ (d) x = log y
(c) x= 2 , y == 0
is
(b) 2 wh ich one of the fo llow ing
(a) l
so. It p = lo& 5 and q = log 17 25,
(c) O
(d) abc
cor rec t~
1 (b) p = q
~- 1 is equ al to : (a) P < q
~ + 1 +
(d) can 't say
iii abc log abc log abc (c) p > q
ca
(a) O be

(c) 2 (b) 1
(d) 3
 ••
51 . It .,? + 4 y-'' = l 2xv, th en log (x + 2y
) is eq ua l t o : 58 . log y X "" 7
(a) ] _ (lo g --: + log
2
y + 2 log 2) (a ) x lo&n y lr1~
(b ) ~ -~'
(b) ! (lo g x + log y + 4
log 2) (c ) lo &,_x
lo&o y
2
lo 8e y (d ) ~
(c ) ) ( log x + log lo&, x
y - log 2) 59 . Th e va lue of
2
(d ) no ne of th e ab
52,. Th e value of (2 10 R3 7
(a ) 0
ov e
- 7'0i3 2 ) is :
log 10 2 + 16 log 1 o(~~J + 12 log 10 (~!)_. \
71 08 10 ~
. (b ) 1 (a ) 0
(c ) log 5 (b ) 1
7 (d ) log7 6 (c ) 2 8<i,'
1 1 (d ) 3
53 . - - + - - + - 1 · 60 . If lo g 10 x == a, lo
10&2 a log a log - + ... to nt er m s = -n (n + 1)
- - , th en·k
g10 Y == ba nd log
4 8 a an til og (p a + qb 10 z == c, the n
k - re) == ?
1s eq ua l to :
(a ) px qy
( a) 10&2 a2 rz (b ) px + qy - rz

(c ) log a 2
(b ) log2 (1) (c ) xPyP
z' (d ) xPfz '
( d) no ne of th es e
54 . l"h e va lue 61 . loglO aP . bq . c'
of (lo g ta n 1° + log == ?
is : ta n 2° + ... + log ta
n 89 °) (a ) pq r (lo g ab c)
10
(a ) - 1 (b ) p lo g10 a + q lo g
(b ) 0 10 b + r lo g10 c
1 (c )pq r (lo g a + lo g
(c ) -=
.J2 (d ) 1 10 10 b + lo g10 c)
(d )(lo g10 a) P + (lo g
10 b) q + (lo g
62 . If a, b, ca re in 10 c)'
55 . Th e va lue of x

(a ) 2
fo r wh ich log x-
9 lo g9 ( ~ +
10 9
!) = 1 is : (a ) GP
GP th en lo g a,
10
(b ) HP
log10 b, log care ir
10
(c ) AP
(b ) 4 (d ) no ne of these
( c) 9 63 . If lo g x, lo g
(d ) 10 10 y, lo g
56 . If 10 10 z ar e in AP then x, y, z are
(X
4
- 2x2 I + y4 t - 1 = (x - y'fa
(a ) AP ·
va lue of a is : (x + rr 2 ' th en th e (c ) HP
(b ) GP
(ct) no ne of these
( a) cx2 - /) (b ) X - y 64 . If a, b, ca re in GP
th en _ l_ , _ l_
,- 1
(c ) lo g( x+ y)
X + y loga x logb x log -a re i~
(a ) AP ex
(ct) lo g (x - y) (b ) GP
lo g (x - y) (c ) HP
lo g( x+ y) (d ) no ne of these
57 . log2 7 is : 65 . If lo g (x - 1) +
lo g (x + 1) = 3 log
( a) (a ) ± 1 2, then xis equal:.
an in te ge r
(b ) 4
( b) a pr im e nu m be r (c ) ± 3
(ct) no ne of these
(c ) a ra tio na l nu m be 66 . If a , b, c ar e th
r re e co ns ec ut ive
(d) an irr at io na l nu m integers , then log ;,
be r ha s th e va lu e
(a ) lo g b
(b ) (lo g b'f
(c ) 2 lo g b
(ct) log 2b
 (a) 1 _ log k - log a log a + log k
,11}rl the value oflog 10 ~·13 if log 10 13 =1. 1139 : (b ) ] + - - " ' - - ~
log r log r
t. ;31 0.!5913 (b) 0 .5119
(cl 1.1 59 13 (d) none of these (c)
1 + log k - log a (d) log r = log k - log a
log r
.., _ ,l the logarithm of 144 to the base 2✓3:
:, rwu 13. If a, b, c are in GP , then loga d, logb d, loge d are in :
ia l 8 (b) 4
·d 2, 3 (d) none of th e ~e (a) AP (b) HP
(c) GP (d) none of these
l. !f log., N = (10gb N) x P, then find Pin terms of a and b:
,a) be (b) a b 14. Find the value of x for logx 2. logx116 2 = logx/64 2:
, c} lo&a b (d ) none of these
(a) 4 (b) 4, 16 .)
4 (c) 4,8 (d) 4, 8, 32
-4- Toe value of log (abY - log (ac ) + log (bc ) - 3 log (be) is :
(a) O (b) log b 15. Find the value of x and y respectively for
c) iog c (d ) log a log 10 (x 2y 3 ) = 7 and log 10 (x/y) = 1 :
1
(a) X = 10, y = 100 (b) X = 100, y = 10
5. lf.log 2 x ... log 4 x + lcg r4 x = 5, find x:
(c) x = 10, y = 20 (d) none of these
(a) 8 (bJ 16
(c) 7
2 3
6. !f log (xy ) = 3 and logq(x y ) = 4, find the value of logq x :
(d) 2
16. If y = )
1 - 1: 8• x) and z = J 1 - 1: 8 • Y ) ,
then x is equal to :
0 1
(a) 4. (b) 5 (a) 1 + log yz (b)
1 - loga z
rcJ 3 (d) 2

7. If
log x logy
l+ m - 2n m + n - 21
- log
n +
---=-
l - 2m
. equal to :
z -, th en xyz 1s
(C) JI-l:g z) 0 (d) l...
z
fa) 0 (b) 1 17. If x = loge b+ logbc, y = loga c + log e a and
2 2 2
(c) lmn (d) 2 z = logb a + log 0 b, then x + y + z is equal co :
8. ff a, b, c be the p'Ji, <f', rt.h terms of a GP then the value of (a) 1 (b) 2
fq - r) log a + ( r - p ) log b + (p - q) log c is : (c) xyz (d) .ryz + 4
fa) 0 (b) 1 1 1 l .
18. Pind the value of -log :- e + -log- ,?·:- + -log J e4 + .. . 1s
(c) ( dJ pqr 1 3

9. If ri ' t/' z cf · '> b37 , the n the value of x log ( !) is : (a) Jog, 9
(t) 1
(b) 0
(d) log, 270
raJ log ri (bJ log b 19. If log 10 x'J. . loy, 10 Jy · I, find the vnluc of y , when x • 'l
kJ log Y. (d) 1 (a) 2/9 (bl 4/:lS
lO. ff,; , v/, w3 z4. then loi 11 (uvwz)it eq ual t{) : ( c ) 26/4 (d) 4/ 9

( d'' ) 1
# "'
l 1 J (b) 24 20. Find i:he v1tlu e of Ui )" 1"k' :
4
2 'i 4 (ll) f()' (bl \"
10
I 1 ·1 J (a) I.O x (d) x
fc i l , .. ,. fc1 J 24
l -~ 4
21. Find the v11lur ol (71 )
11 . p.... ,.., . I , .J l(I?, h7 1 lr,i J I>, It)~ ) J'l.S . ( ti) II ., (h) (> II
'""' ,,,,. v;;, •~ 'fl
''"t 6 lc1jf; t.; (c) II r, (d) IIOllf' ur tlW~('
( If)
i. ,,., }
22 . loY, 1:l900 111 N lt! tt l 111 ·
:, ( 11) '/,log J:tV (h} lul( l :lQ I l1111. J.
1 (11) oww ol thrsw
/(' J /d/ (l.t;r,r ot t tu,.,. (c J 4 , 1,>k I .'l.')
2
Jj . ),,JC O 7fU, Ill N jiUll to
12. '111\1' IIH1 ti-rrr, ,m(I 1h1• 11•~• ,.,.,,,, <,f it (ii' ;,ff' 11 11m l k (I,) )oif '7 H t) l111t l OH
( 11) lol( 11th In!{ J
'"~flrl'tively II riv· nu nd~ of tf'Clflfi lw 11, ,t ..·,n ,, Ii: ,·,,w.11 11, (1 11 lmtl1 (b) u11<l (t)
(t ' ) lt,j! '/Hfi '\
It ~ 1·t1'1jfJjtJI) titltl1)
600 1
(c) - - l
24. If loi ~ x - -" · Lh en Ss, ,s
·
equ a
I to · log, ,991 (d) - - -
. log ,, 100 !
x (h) Sx
(a) S 38. If log z(I -I :f 1) + 2 = log
2(32.x 2 + 7) , th en x .
d ) .\ ~
( (fl) 0
(c) \0 :-1, , S (b) 1 IS :
. h ich one of the (c) 2
25 . li A = log ,~ \89 anl1 B \oo 1 (d ) bot h (b) and (
- .:- 1:1.52 \ • tien
..i
w
foUov,rin R i~ l·on-e1..-t? 39. x 10 g ~ Y > 5 imp lies : C)
l "¼' A ' B ( a) x E (O, oo )
, (h) A = 13 f h (b) x e (l , -:r,)
(c) A ' B (d) non e o t csc (c) X E (l,2 ) (d) x e (0 , l / 5) 1.. .1 (5, .(,
lloR~ :.?. rn' ) d B - log . 218 . .
7, then whi ch one ot 40. Fin d x, if log x 3 - log 3x = 2 log 2 + log
26 . II <\ .., •· an - 243 3: J
s (a) 3 (b) 6
th e fullov.ri~ is coITect? (c) 9 (d) n one of these
(b) A = B
\ 3 ) A.._ 8 41. 1f x sati sfie s log 5. (2x + 3) < log
(d) can 't be de term ined 5 7 , th en x Ii~ in .
\l'. ' A -- B
2 7. lt ll SO)' =. 7 . then x is equ al ro:
log 7
(a) (--%,2) (b) (%•2) .
log 7
ta' (log 3) + (log S) + 1 (c) (0. oo )
(b) (log 3) + (log 6) (d) (0, 2)
log 7 42. Fin d x, if log2 x ✓x + log 2 .rx x = 0 :
( C) (d) non e of thes e
(log 3) + (log S) + 10 (a) 1, 2- 516 6 5
(b) 1, T /
(c) 4, - 2
28. The valu e of x satisfying the foll owi ng rela tion (d) non e of these
43. For a pos itiv e rea l x (x > l)
log 112 x = log 2 (3x - 2) , whi ch one of the folk,,.r
cor rec t?
1 1
(a) - (b) - - (a) _: ~ < x < log (x + 1) (b)
3 3 l+ x x <-
x - < log (x - 1
(c) 3 (d) non e of thes e l +x
(c) log (x + 1) < - X X
29. lf log 2 (x + y ) = 3 and log x + log - < x (d ) - - < log (x - l)<'
2 2 y = 2 + log 2 3 the n the l+ x l +x
valu es of x and y are •
( a) X = l. )' = 8 44. For x EN , x > l, if P = log x(x + 1) and Q = log, _ : 1-
(b) X = 4, y = 4
(c) X = 4, )' = 8 the n whi ch one of the foll m.v 2
(d) x = 2, y = 6 ing is corr ect ?
30. The set of all the solu tion s of (a) P < Q (b) P -= Q
the equ atio n (c) P > Q
log 5 x log 6 x log x = log x . log (d) can't be determined
7 5 6 x + log 6 x. log7 x 45. If a= 1 + logx yz, b = l +
- log 7 x . log x is : log y zx and c = 1 + log, .I)' :
5
ab + be + ca is :
(a ) {0, 1}
(b) {1, 210 } (a) 1
(c) {l, S, 6, 7, 210 } (b) O
(d) non e of thes e (c) abc
(d) non e of these
31. The valu e of 108 3 54 log 3 145 8 . 46. Fin d the valu es of x and y
log 486 3 lS : for the give n equa tion
log 18 3 2
xy -= 4 and log (log x) +
(a ) 0 3 2 log 113 (log 112 y ) = 1 :
Cb) 1 1
(c) 2 (a) X = S, y = 64 1
(b) X = , J = 48
(d) 3
32. The num ber of solu tion s of
log 9 (2x - 5) = log (x - 4) is : 1
4
(a) 0 3 (c) x = 64, y =- (d) non e of these
(b) 1 4
( C) 2
(d) 3 47. Fin d x if log (1/ v13)"F log (4x + l) . logi(➔x-
33 . lf log
3 2, log 3(t" - 5) and log (t" - (a) 0
1112 2 t .~
equal w : 3 7 / 2) are in AP the n x is . (b) 1 '
(c) 2 (d) none of these
fa ) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4
48. The valu e of x sati sfyi ng
(d) 5
log 3 4 - 2 log ✓ 3x + 1 == 1 -
3 4 . If l , l~g , x, log = y , - 15 logx
z are in AP, then 3 log 3(S.\- - -'J)
( a) z ' -' X (a) 1
(b) x = y - 1 (b) 2
I( J z 3
- y
(c) 3 (d) non e of these
( d) x = y - 1 .= z 3
35 . H loo ,, (1' ! '- - nd 1 49. The solu tion set of \ 3 - 4x
t,y... , d og b x a re m - G P, j > 2 is :
then x is e qua l to :
(a) log ,, (l ,,g ba J
fc) -- log <> (log 0 b)
Cb) log 0 (1og t a) -- log (log , b)
(d) both (a) a nd (b) 0
(a) ( : , oo) (b) ( - t ;) ,
36 . If 1, \og 90 ' x , 2) and
equ a l to :
log ; (4 . 3• - 1) are in AP then
'
x is (c) (-~.- 1Jv(:. ~) (cl) l-~.i)vl!J
(a) \o g 4 3
(b ) log .1 4 50. Solv e the foll owi ng equ atio
(cJ l + log -1 4 ns for x and Y ~
{d ) I
Og ,1 ('l."/i 4)
37. The valu e of _ _]. 10&l0o l x + Y I = l , log I 1-
1o Y - 1°& 10 x -
toS1~

ci•
l 1

( a) 1
log l(J(J n -.- log99 n -.- l~v- n • .
098
1
( b ) --- --
... + l- -
l
og :.! n
is : (a) ( t ~)(- 2
8, - 16) (b)
)
2~ • _(- 10,
~
log1 00, n (c) ( - ~~, - ~?\ (70, 20 ) (d ) non e of these
 601

J,,g., '.I r 4 :
y x
. . 1~ diagra m 9. The st·I of nll va lu es of x sutis fyinR (ti) {J , 5}
adJ~~~ curvnt ure
1i,e 3 ( a) ch.2) Cb) CJ , 5) (c> I
f Ih
J, u) )
exp ress ion ~,1 t1 'i fy 1n,!
111 re , ... ~
, ~ a . 1(l~ xand loR ,, x 10. The num her of solu tion s o c
~ n,~,ol , o() lf (a. h) .., 0
1· r for x .., ·
2 logb x 4 x 2 I l - 9 . z-•2I 2 + 8 = 0
Is :
~111'11., /I -;. 1. t11en : (b) l
(a) 0
,nJ a (c) 2 (d) non e of th ese
,, ) O'bb x 6
,~l a,,, be derenni ned '""'.o~ - 71-- +-- -il---
11. The num be r of solm ions sa
tisfylnf' for x H
2 3
:,l ,an of the abov
.
e ) (log ,1 .d ~ lor.1 -" ' 5 j = JJj
&> ,,one
.· di<' adjoi ning diag ram grap hs of
loga x and log b x are
(d) 3
, m 1- r \' > o and O < a < 1, then : (c) 2
(a) 0 ( b) 1
I ~1).1\<,n Q •
ing
12. Find the va lues of x sa tisfy (x 2 - 2x) = 0 dis :
lo . Jog i 3
4
g.,2 .. 6x ➔- e ix . 2x ➔- 3
(c) 2 ( ) -
(a) O (b) - 1 of th e
3
g real num ber the solu tion set
13. For ever y p bein
2 ineq uali ty
log 10 p + (log 10 l0p) 2 + (1og 1010or
)2 <; 1og 10 (10)9
1/ 2
(a) p ~ 10-
4 (b) p > 10
4---1► X
OL---l,r---+---,3--+ (c) 10- 4 ::; p ~ 1011
2 (d) non e of thes e
tion s of the equ atio n
14. The num ber of real solu 2x) = 1 is :
log 8 x 21og log 2 x + log 112 1og 2 (2✓
2
(b) 2
(a) 1 than 3 (d) mor e
(c) 3
logb x the equ atio n
(b) a > b 15. The num ber of solu tion s of 3
ta) a< b 2 .Jx - 14 log 16.,. x . == 0 is :
(d) non e of thes e logx/z x + 40 log 4.,
can't be dete rmin ed
tc) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

r r r
(a) 0
1 Find the sum of 'n' term s of the serie
s. the give n ineq uali ty logm n > l .
16. Find the solu tion set of x , for ) - x
2
(5)2 - (xi d 2(12 -x - - :
1~{~J + log 4 ( ~ + Jogs (~ + log1 6(~ + -- · : w h ere m = - - -- an n == - - 14
(4)2
--

(b) {- 3, 3}
(a) (- 5, 4)
(b) n ( log 2 fJ (c) (- 3, 1) u (3, 4) (d) non e of thes e
17. Find the valu es of x satis fyin g
the follo win g sysrem of

(c)
n-
log 2 _x_ I) l
(d) - log 2
2
(X)n(n+
-
y
l)
ineq uali ties
(2___ x_ )_(_x ___8_)
J,-
'}!
( y n-1
>0 and - - (25 - 1) > O
2 + log m 3 + . . . + log m" : 8
t Find the value of log m + log m Jog3;10 ~O [ logz rn) ] -
(a) n (n + 1) (b) mn
2 2 (c) 4 (ct) (2. 8 )
2 (a) 6 (b) 8
fc) n (n + l)
· ~ log m (d) n (n + I) Jog m 18. :nie leas t valu e of expr essi on 2 log 10 x - logx
O/ l00 ) fo r x > 1
8 JS;
if 9" < 10 given
The greatest possible valu e of n could be
,
I. (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) s
: (a) 2
that log 3 == 0.4 771 and n e N
(d) 10 10 &ix - (S/ 4 )) = ✓ 2 h as :
2
19. The equ atio n xlC / J(log2xJ +
3 4
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9

I. Tbe set of solutions for all x satis fyin g the equ atio n (a) at leas t one real solu tion
x Iox 3 x 2 + (l<'g 3 x) - 10-
l - l is •. (b) exac tly thre e real solu tion s
- x2
(c) exac tly one irrat iona l solu tion
(a) O, 9} (b) {1 , 4 , 16} (d) all of thes e
'} . . ·
20. The valu es of x for whi ch the 0oive n c.:qu .u,o n sar 1sty
(cJ o , 9, 8]} (d) { 9, - 1 , l IO - 2 .
81 &c2x + 3) (6x +·23x+
, • 7 J (4 "...- •r 12.\ · ; 9 ) :lft' ·;
21) == 4 - log (..,.,. 2
1
• ( 3) > 1 1
- xJ x - - (c) _ 4 , _ _!_ (cl ) l :2
· The Set of 11
~: a the solu tions of the ineq uah ty 1og(2 (a) ( - 8, 5) (b) -
4
only
4
I 4
(oJ >: < 2
21. Fi nd all real va lues of x satis fyin g equ atio n
I

~ ~ (b) x > 3
i < 2) v (x > 3) (d) non e of thes e .. . X - ] /Jogx ~ l 1011, 9
·· =< (x - l f
, If log 3 3 1 I
O:c. - and log 5 30 =~ then the val ue of 3 log 30 2 i s · (a) (2. 9)
a b (b) (9, 81)
faJ 3
fc) 3g+ a+ b) (b) 2(1 - a - b) (c) (2. 81) (d) non e of thes e
- a - b) (d ) 3(1 ➔- a - b)
 ◄

~ Answers
IM'11tODUCTORY ntRCISE~16:. t '. -
1 (d ) 2. {C) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9 . (c)
10. rr
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (bJ -
~
21. ( a ) 22. ( a ) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) ~
ao. ra
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (a) ~
40. fc1
I 41. (b) 42. ( a) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. fc 1
51. (b) 52. ( a) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (d) 56. Cd) 57. (d) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (~
61~ (b) 62. (c) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (d) 66. (c)

I
1 (a ) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a)
-
10. (c,
I
j
I 11. ( c ) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. fd'
21. (c ) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (b;
~

31. (d ) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (b'

I
41 . { a ) 42. (b) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (D
.,.. fSOS
t

So-,ution s
,fl;nts & TRoouc czse 16. 1
IN : .~~T~O~RY ExeR
,--:...: (Z ) 6
lo g 2 1og 2 lo g 2
g (6 5 5 3 6 ) = lo g 2 = lo g 2 lo g z
4
1 6 10 2 lo g 2 lo 2 lo g 2 1 6
P Jog,. k = y · & 2 lo g = lo g 2 lo g 2
p
•• t =n
r ,.p c:> m
=1og 2 2 = 1o g 0
0000000
00 0
1oga n + J 1 1
. ,-)
•

., (; }:: 1o8a m
-
<=> log a m +

loga n l i' . lo g lO ] + JogJO

1 0 + Jo g 10
== lo g10 (1
x 10 x 1
]0
0
0
0
+
x
. .
..
.
. x 1000
3 + .... IO )
2 +
0000000
)

10 (0 + J +
io 3 3 == Jo g 1 0
== 3 lo g
~= log10 33
~ =4 == log10
10ss =5 5
81 lo&10 3 4 :
• 1! "1og10 A J te r n a ti v e J y g 1 01 0
2 + . . . + lo 10
lo g 6 - 3 g 1 0
6- 3 - - 1 log10 1 0 + lo 10
I ) = 1og36 -lo g 3 6 log10 + + 10 = 55 .. + n
(- + 4 + .. . +3 2+ 3+.
1'- 216
_ - 3 lo g
6 3 =0 +2 1 + 23 . .. + lo g 5
5n = 1 +
-2 g 5 + )
- 2 lo g 6 = 18 lo g s 5 +
lo 5
n (n + 1
· logs 5 +
g✓ 6 2
(✓ 6)6 = 6 lo
216 = lo g
6 lo g ✓6-== 6
. _216 = log lo g ✓ 1 9 . 2 7 lo g
38l == 3 3 lo g 3
8l
= m)
log ,/ 6 1441 ( ·. · a lo g a
m
~."
8 )3 = lo g¥ i [(
3J°i)2J 3
=3log3(8 l)3
= (8 1 )3 = 5 3
g3 12 (1
~ 5832=- lo
2 == m )
,., ~ 6 6 (·.· loga am 9 = 6 Jl o g 6
49
>v2) = 2161og64
-l o g 3J i (. 20. 17649
9) 3 (4 9 )3 1
= =
5=X 6 (4
/t bfc- 1/S) 62 =61o g
1
J/4)1og 5 2s
(-¾r = 625 21. 2 s£ (- J/
4Jlog52SJ = s£ 2 (-

= :f. - 1/ 2) log5 25 = 5
lo g s( 2 sr
1/2

(-¾r = (5 )4 =2s-112 =.!5

(5 )4 = (
- 5 )4 ( 5 0 0 0 0 0 ') 000
lo g 10 5 =
(- 5rx = lo g 00
500000 - s ) == log10 1
=- 4
X 2 2 . 1og
10 lO
0J) = x = lo g lO 1
0 5 == 5
g10(0.00
lo
0 0 J == 10 -
4 == 1 = lo g s S
IOX = 0 .0 23. 0og2 x )J
logs[log3 lo g J J5
X =- 4 x ) == S ==
⇒ log30og2
s == 2 4 3
!tr Oo) = x log2 X == 3
logo .oiClOO
⇒

0000 i2 4 3 = x

y = 10000
.0 1 Y = 1
(0 ⇒

4x == 1 == Iog 2 2
ao -
4
2
24. 10
log2 8 1 0
10810 1
0 2 == lo 1 0 ()
10 - 2x == 10 ⇒
10810 4 x == 2 == 810
5
X=-2 ⇒ 4 x == 1 0 0 :: :) X :: : 2
,
== ~ g 3 2
+ lo g 2 4 3 1 08 2 7 X == ~
2 5 . If
'tcl2+ log9 243 log 4 lo g 9 3
(2 7 )~ 3 ==
X
3
+ 5 lo g 3
⇒

==~ 2 lo g 3
3 ⇒ CJ3J~3 ==x
2 lo g 2 2
3'4 ==x
_ 5 5 ⇒

- -2+ -2= s ⇒
X:::: 8J
,~ •Jog
~
3
J2 + Jo g s 5
2
=3+ 2+
2=7
lo g 3 3 )
2 6. logx(i) == - ~
) 81 ) - J g3 3 '4 ) = lo g 2 (4
o
=log2 i2 =
- o g 2 0 2 ~
\ x - 1/2 ::::
= lo g 2 4 ⇒
9
.,i Jog
2 S )3 == Jo g2 lo g 2 lo
g 3 lo g s
59
I 4
J Jogs0
g lo g 3 9 ⇒ :: in - " "9-
== lo g 2 Io 2
X
g 1 =0
g (2 ) =lo 2
== lo g2 lo 2
 ee, loo.
1 - +--- 1 - + - -1-
- - - )~
36 . (lo ga be )+ 1 (logb ac) + 1 (lo ge ab
-
604

⇒
(;f2=; 1
- - -- - : - - - + -:----~
- log 0 be + log 0 a log
1
b ac + Jogb b + ~
&cab ~k
1
⇒ ; =(ir ⇒ x=:; 1
--- + --
Jog 0 abc Jog b
1
-
abc
+ -
log ,
-
abc
1

27 .
)08 1 00 X =- 4
= logabc a + logabc b + logabc c
ooor '4 = x = logabc abc = 1
⇒
2
X = 0 0 f '4 = 10-
B
1 1
1 --
--- 1 37 . - - - + - - - + -
ca abc
X= =- lo&ab abc logbc abc log
=- 108
1x(ca)
= log 0 bc(ab) + log 0 bc(bc) + log 0
.!. ⇒ (100f1/ = x
2

28 . log100 x = -
2 = log 0 bc(abc)2 = 2
1 1
oo2r112= x 38 .
1
+ + ---
0
7 21
⇒
log
10 - l =X log s 21 0 log 6 21 0
⇒
1 =log 210 5 + log 210 6 + log 210 7
⇒ X=10- = log 210 (5 x 6 x 7) =
log 210 210 == 1
1 1
logx 0.2 = -- 1 1
29 . 4 ---+---
39 . - - - +Iog
loga/b x q', x loge/a x
⇒
x- 1/ 4 = 0.2 = 2 a b c
10
= log x -b + logx -c + logx -a
-1_(102) -
4

⇒ X -
= logx (!!:b x !!_c x ~)a = logx 1 = O
⇒ X=eir ⇒ X= 54
40 . log 2 10
1
loglO 2
1 .
0.3 01 0 = 3.3 22 2
30 . Iog243 x = 0.8
⇒ 243°·
8
=X 41 . '2! · J2x = 100
100
⇒ (,Y)4/5 =X ⇒ x log 2 + 2x log 3 = log
(0. 30 10 + 2 X 0.4 77 1) =
2
⇒ J4 = X ⇒ x = 81 ⇒ X
Ioge(X + I)= o 1
31 · loge(X - 1) + loge x + ⇒ X =- -= 1. 59
loge 1 1.2 55 2
⇒ loge(x - 1) xx (x + I)=
log e(X - I)x = loge 1
2
42 . lo& 10 2 = 0.3 01 0
an d 5x = 400
⇒
(x -I )x =I ·
2
5x =4 00
⇒
⇒
x 3 -x -I = o ⇒ x log 5 = log 4 + log 100
. log 3
2
⇒ x (lo g 10 - log 2) = 2
log 2 + 2
- -5 x - -2
_ log
32 . log 3 s x log 25 9 -
log 3 Jog 5 ⇒ X (1 - 0.3 01 0) =
2 (0.3010 + I)
= log 5 x 2 Jog 3 _ 1 ⇒ X = 3.7 2
log 3 2lo g s - 43 . 520 = 20 log 5
14 11 log _22
33 • log - + Jog __ 20 lo g( ~) = 20 (Jog IO - log 2)
3 5 15 =
4 11 15 ) = Jog 7
=Jog (13 x 5 x 22 = 20 x( l - 0.3 01 0]
= 20 X 0.699Q 13 .98=
+ 7 I 16
34 . 3lo g 81 + Slo g 25 og 15 Ch ara cte ris tic = 13
80 ~ 24
1) = 14
Nu mb er of digits = (13 +
clog[(:~)' xG!J' xG ff] 44 .
⇒
log (m + n) = log m + log
log (m + n ) = log (m n)
n

= log ( J1
2
x5
10
x i28 J ⇒ m + n == mn
53 X i 5 X 35 X 'J1 X 57
i2 X m = n(m - 1)
= log 2 m
⇒ n
a3 b3 3 a3b 3c3 ) (m - 1)
c (
35 . log _be + log _ + 1og - == log
ac ab ab• bC · QC 45 . log10 a + log 10 b = c
= log abc ⇒ log 10 (ab )= c
 10< =ab
i"3·11 - i10,27lu g •, 7,
a= ooy
'l
b 2'"S 17 ,. 7 "'~ J l
~ gives charac teristi c T. The refor•-"' Va 1Ue of ::::, 2'"~•7 710-, 2 - 0
., O.J274 ' 1 n (n , I )
~ - 3274) ::: -1.5150 53 11
t' · - + - - + - - ·1 . .. 1· lo)'( ,, a k
~.,: lt). log 2 a log ◄ a lol{ 11 a 2
· \ (.X).r) == Jog 10 100 + log 10 x , n ( r, ,. I )
1
2 +- 1.967 5 = 3.967 5 log(, 'i ,. k
, (~ !: :::
= logu 2+ log" 2'), + logo 2~ 1 ••• +
csr = 1000 · n (n ► 1)
S = 103/x - -
(log" 2)(1 + 2+ 3 + . .. . + n ) - : -k·
... (1 )
(0.5}" "' 1000 n (n + 1)] n (n + 1)
(log 2) [ --'--- -'- = - - - -
2 k
l1~r =
a
103
1 1
⇒ log 0 2 = k
sY = 10
3
X l0Y 2
(3 + y) log 2 =~
⇒ k a
5= 10 Y
... (2)
k
log 2 a =
~ eq.. (1) and (2) ⇒
2
( 3 + y)
2 log 2 a = k
5 = 10 3/x =lO_
Y_ ⇒
2
⇒ log 2 a = k
~=3 +y
X y 5_4 . log tan 1 °·+ log tan 2° + . .. + log tan 89°
tan 88°)
= (log tan 1 ° + log tan 89°) + (log tan 2° + log
1 1 1 + ... . + log tan 45°
= X y 3
_
.....,,_.. ....~

+ .. . log 1
= log (tan 1 ° • tan 89° )-i; •l9& (tan 2°. tan 88°)
1 1 = log (tan 1° • cot 1°) + log:(ta h 2°', cot 2° ). + • . . log 1
Iog r + log y + log 2 = log (x + y)
2 2 = log 1 + log 1 + ... + log 1
2 2 = log (x + y)
log (x1/ y 1/ x 2) (·: tan (90 - 0) ~ 'cot e and tan 45° = 1)
2/xi =(X+ y) =_0
= 4.xy =(x+ yf
55. log 9 x - log 9 ( ~ +.!.l = 1=lo g9 9
(x+ yf - 4.xy = 0 10 9}
(x -yf = 0
x- y =0 ⇒ x=y
⇒
log 9 (~
X
+ l) = log 9 9
10 . 9
q = log17 (Sf =2 log 17 5
X
1 1 ⇒ -,-- --= 9
- =- logs 17
q 2 ( ~+
.!.1 .
10 9)
1 1
- = logs 3 =- x (2 logs 3) ⇒
X x90
---=9
p 2 9x + 10
=.!.(l ogs 9) ⇒ l0x = 9x + 10
2
⇒ X = 10
1 1
- <- ⇒ p>q Alter nadv ely: Go throu gh option s. ·
p q
56 • [(x 2 -_ y 2)21" - 2
= (x - y) " ( x+y r 2
1 •
2 2
x + 4y = 12xy ⇒ (X2 -- y 2 )2 (a - l ) - ( x )2a ( _ -J

2
- -Y X + Y) -
X + (2y)2 + 4.xy = 12x)' + 4X)'
⇒ (x - y )2<a - 1J (x+ y)2Ca - IJ "" (x - y)°l·a (x + -)') '.!
(x + 2y f = lt>X)' (x - y )2a - (x + y)2o - 2
2
-(x-- -- - 1
+ y r,2 -
~
(x + 2y)2 = cz4) xy ⇒ (x - y )
2 log (x + 2y ) = 4 log 2 + log x + l_og y 2
(x + y )2a
⇒ (x - y) 1 :.:
log(x + 2y ) = .!. (log x + \og y + 4 log 2) ⇒ - 2 log (x - y ) + 2.li log (x + y ) = log l
2
2. ⇒ 2Li log (x + y ) "' 2 log (x _ y)
log3 7 = log2 7 = (log 2 7) (1og3 2) a ,: log (x -- y)
log 2 3 .
)og 3 2 log (x+y )
log 3 7 = (1og 3 2) (1og2 7) == 1082 7
 Lo~a,
61. 10&10 aP. bq· c' = log10 aP + log10 bq + log10 C,
= p log10 a + q log10 b + r log 10 c
. G
57. Let log 2 7 be a rationa l q~O 62. ·: a, b, care m P
10&2 7 == ( ~ ) ⇒ b2 = ac
⇒ 2 log b = log a + log c
i p/q ) == 7 :::> 2P == 7q
⇒ . cannot satisfy the above ⇒ logx a, logx b, logx c are in AP
Here p and q being the integer s ⇒ log 10 a, log 10 b, log 10 e are in AP
relation . 63. log 10 x, log 10 y, log 10 z are in AP
Hence log 2 7 is an irration al number .
(Clearly (a) and Cb) are wrong) 2 log 10 y = log 10 x + log 10 z
2
⇒ log 10 y = log 10 (xz)
lo ~ == logt x (see the theory)
58. gy log,y 7 ⇒ y2 = .xz
12
(81) ⇒ x, y, z are in GP
59. 10&10 2 + 10&10 (~!) + Iog10 (25)
16
24 + 10&10 80
64. ·: a, b, c, are in GP
4
5 : . logx a, logx b, logx e are in AP
, log,, 2 + log,,( 3'62:'s") + log ( 2"6 : 312 ) 1 1 1 .
--'--•--aremAP

log(z!:s' l
⇒
loga x logb X loge x
+
65. log (x - 1) + log (x + 1) = 3 log 2 = log i3
⇒ log [(x - 1) (x + 1)] = log 8
265 X 328 X 524
2
⇒
log (x - 1) = log 8
= }oglO ;t4 X 328 X 523
x2 - 1 = 8 ⇒ x = 9 ⇒ x = ± 3
2
⇒
= log10 (2 x 5) = log 10 10 = 1
But at x =- 3 logarit hm equatio n is not defined.
60. (pa+ qb- re)= p log 10 x + q log 10 y - r log 10 z Hence, x =3
= log 10 (xP) + log 10 (yq)- log 10 (z')
66. a, b, e are consec utive integer s
xPyq) b = a+ 1 and e = a+ 2
= log 10 ( ----;,-
:. log (ae + 1) = log [a(a + 2) + l]
x Py q =log[ (b-l)( b-1+2 )+1] (·:a =
⇒ antilog (pa+ qb - re)= - , - . 2
z = log b = 2 log b

••49§•
1. log 10 2/13 ⇒ log 10 (13)1/7 ⇒
10
=5
6 logx(2)
1 1
⇒ - log 10 13 = - x 1.1139 = 0.1591 3 1
7 7 ⇒ logx(2) = -
3
2. log 2 ./3 144 = log 2 ../3 (2✓3)4 = 4
⇒ log 2 x = 3
3. log 0 N = logbN xP
⇒ logaN =P ⇒ z3 = X .. x=8
logbN Altem advel y: Go throug h options .
2 3
1 6. logq(x y)=3 and logqCx y ) == 4
logN a
-1-=
p logq(x 2y 3 ) = 4 ⇒ Iogq(C.xyJ2 · y )
⇒ logq(xy )2 + logq y = 4
logN b
⇒ 2 logq(x y) + Iogq y = 4
logN b =p ⇒ loga b = P 2 x 3 + logq y = 4
⇒
IogN a
⇒
Jogq y = - 2
4
4. log (ab)2 - log (ac) + log (bc ) - 3 log (be) logq(x y) = logq x + logq y == 3
Again
= log (ab )2 + log (be4) logq x + (- 2) == 3
⇒
ac (bc)3
⇒
logq x == 5
(be 4 )]
= log [ - -
(ab)2
ac
x--3
(bc)
= log a ,. log x
l+m - az
_ log y
m+n - 21
log z == k (say)
n+l - 2m
5. log2 x + l~g4 x + log 64 x = S ⇒ log x = k (l + m - 211)
1 1 1
⇒ -- + --- + --- - 5 logy = k (m + n - 2l)
logx(2) 2 logx(2) 6 log ... (2) -
log z = k (n + l - 2m)
 607

tnrfl I
i''' Jog y + og z 13 • ·: a. b, car e in GP
' t + . k (n + 1- 2m)
~ ::: k (I+ m - 2n) + k (m + n - 21) + b2 = QC
log (.ry:z) = 0 ⇒ 2 log b = Jog a + Jog c
log .ry:z = log 1 :. log a, log b, log car e in AP
.ry:z = 1 AP
i • e., logd a, logd b, logd car e in
:: the first term and k be the com mon rati o of .-. log 0 d, logb d, log, dar e in HP
a = mk p- 1 GP, then
~t,etm i,e ons
14. Best way is to go thro ugh opti
b = mkq - 1 ons
1
15. Best way is to go thro ugh opti 2 3
c = mk ' - log x y =7
Alt em adv ely : 10 . .. (1)
q) log c ⇒ x2y 3 = 107
(q_r) log a+ (r - p) log b + (p -
,,1og[mk(p- l )]q - r + log b[m k<q
- l)r - p

+ log[mk<r - l)]p - q
and log10 (~ J= 1
, iog(mq - r• r - p+ p-q ) (kp -1 )q - r (kq - 1 r-p (k' - l)p-q ⇒
~= 10
. . . (2)
y
0
,, Jog m0 k = log 1 = 0
= er + s. b3x x2y3 107 ⇒ ys = 10s
a3 -x . bsx
(x/y )2 c: (10)2
a3- x b3x
er +s = bsx ⇒
y = 10 :. X = 100
a- 2cx + 1) = b- 2x
16.
y = J 1 - l:ga X) .
a- 2x . a- 2 = b- 2x 1 (tak ing log of bot h side s)
--- -
(1r2x = a-2
⇒ lo ga y=log
1-
1
0 X
... (1)

(~r ⇒
---
log x = 1loga
a y
=a
J y)
(~r z = 1 - l~ga
Again
= log a 1
log ⇒ · log 0 z = ----
l - log y0
1 . . . (2)
x log ( ~) = log a ⇒ log 0 y = 1 - - -
log0 z
= u1f2, w =u1f3, z =ulf4
il v :. From eq. (1) and (2), we get 1
I 1) .
UVW Z=U
(l+-I+-+ 2
-
3 4 log0 x =1, - ( 1 )
1---
( 1 1 1) loga z
logu uvwz = logu u t + 2 + "i + 4 1
= ----
1 1 1) - (1 ! + .!_ + .!.) ⇒ loga X
(1 - log 0 z)
~ (1 ~ 2+ 3+ 4
,• . ~og _::-. : 2 . 3 : . 1
=al -log z
IL?!!ff +log ✓8 - log ..Jus. Jog (33/2 X z3/2)- log cs)3f
X 0

⇒
eric al valu es sup pos e
log 6 _ log 5 log 6 - log 5 Alt em adv ely : Consider som e num
Jog 6 3/2 - Jog 53/2 a=l Oa ndx =M
= log 6 - log 5 y = J 1 - l~g 0 x)
1 (i)
log = ~ y = 10( 1 - loal10 Ji'o)
- Jog (6)5 2 y =10 0
il
' 4st
. ~rm k == a . ,-n - 1, r ➔ com mon rau
t
.
o
.I and
z= J I - l~sa y )

log k = Jog (a. r" - )

• _ 10 L- k>;10 100 J
log k - log a = n _ 1
log r
1
log k = Jog a + (n - ) Jog r_
... _ 1
10
Jog k - Jog a)
n = l+ ( ~
 Lt'l u - , , ., · •· ·
17. I0 81 3 - /
= -J I08 ·1(?.J )
7
x = Jog iooo(lOO) + log1oo(lOOO) = 6 5
•
I

5 5
10 _ logl...2187 _ log 3 j
_v = 1081 0 1000 + log1<)()(1 10 = 3
and B = log:t43 2187 - ·1 . 243 - Iog3 J
og 3
--s --75
5
z = lo&ioo 10 + 10810 100 = 2 A -== B
2 2 2
osot = 7
x 2 + ·" 2 + z'
.,
=
( 13)
6 +
( 10)
3 +
(
25) -_ 794
36 27.
log150 7 =x
13 10 5 650 Jog 7 = X
.\)'Z = - x - x - = -
and 6 3 2 36 log 150
.ryz + 4 = ( 650) + 4 = 794 log? _ log 7
36 36 x = log (3 x 5 x 10) - log 3 + log 5 ... log 10
Hence choice (d) is correct. log 7
= - - - -- -
1 1 1 log 3 + log 5 + 1
18. - - + - -2 + - - 4 +
...
log 3 e log 3 e log 3 e
1 1 1 28. log 11 2 x = log 2 (3x - 2)
= - - + - - - + - - - + ... - log 2 x = log 2 (3x - 2)
log 3 e 2log 3 e 4 log 3 e ⇒
1
= log 2 (3x - 2)
= _1 - (1
log e 3
+ .! + .! + . . .)
2 4
⇒

⇒
log 2 (x -
x-
)
1
= (3x - 2)

⇒ 3x 2
- 2x- l =0
=log, { I _\/ 2J ⇒ 3x 2
- 3x + x - l =0
⇒ 3x(x -1)+ l(x -1)= 0
(Using sum of infinite GP) (s = _a_; I r I < 1J 00
1-r ⇒ -1/ 3 X = 1,.
= 2 loge 3 = loge 3
2
= loge 9 but at x = -1/ 3 , log xis not defined
2
log 10 Ji= 1 The only admissible value of x is 1.
19. log 10 x -
Alternad vely : Go through options.
⇒ log10 ( $] ~ log 10 10 29. log 2 (x + y) = 3
and log 2 x + log '> y = 2 + log 2 3
- a
log 2 (x + y) = 3 = log 2 'i3 == log?
⇒ x + y = B,
Hence option (c) is wrong.
.
Again, log x + log y = 2 + log 3' = log:! 4 + log:
2 2 2

⇒ log 2 (xy) = lo~ 2 12

⇒ .xy == 12
Hence option (d) is rnrrecr.
21. C7 3r 2 log7 8 = T 6 log7 8 = 7 {1og7 a· 6)
30. Go through option.
= 8 6 =I.
86
at x - 0 , log x is noc defined .
a t x =- 1, both sides are equal.
22. log 12900 = log (] .29 , _ 10000) Again ar x :,: l X · 10g• .1
10 6 1
= log 1.29 + Jog 10000 log 5 x log 0 x log 7 x -- log 5 x logb x + 8 t- 1os• ·
= log 1.29 + 4
1 1 I
....:.:> I = - - - + - -- + -
23. log 0.786 = log ( _786 .) = log 786 - log 1000 log7 x log s x logo x
1000
1087 ;<)
(By dividing both sides by log 5 x log6 x
= log 786 - 3
1 = logx 7 + logx 5 + IO&x 6
 1 ~ Jogx(7 · 5 · &) = log " 210
log '" 210 = 1 36. I , log (3' Y I ) arc in AP
9 , 2) . log 1 ( 4-:l'
X = 2 10 I, loo (3' ,
M 1
,1, ~t l)MC In AP
2) , log 1 (4 •
X == {l, 2 10} 10R1 ~\ log , (31 2y 0 , top, 1 (4.~~ I }, ;ire in AP
'1

:\ (3' ' 1 2)1/J, (4 3' l )art: In GP

1('31 • I 2)) /) 1) ] (4 'f ))
':J 1 • I 2 - 1 • 'f ' I ".\

4 · ]' ' I '.J 1 • 5

Solving we gN x - log i r43 )

Alter nativ ely : Go throug h option s . Consi der 0puon
( d)

3 3
x - log 3 ~ 3" -
4 4

⇒ 1, log 9 ( ~
\ 3/4
t- 2)' log , (4 34
⇒ 1, log 9 6, log 3 2
log 3 (2x - 5) = l? g 3 (x _ 4)2 ⇒ log 9 9, log 9 6, log 9 4 are in AP

(2x - 5) = (x - 4 )2 Since 9 , 6, 4 are in GP

2 1 1 1
, ~ (2x - 5) = x + 16 - Bx 37. + - - + ... + - -
log 100 n log 99 n log 2 n
2
x - l Ox + 2 1 = O ~ log ,, 2
= log " 100 + log,, 99 + . . .
(x- 3)(x- 7)= 0 = log n (100 x 99 x 98 ,< ••• ,, 2)
x = 3 or x =7 1
= log ,,1 00 1= --
log 3 ( x - 4 ) is not defin ed since (x - 4) becomes log ,00, n
·:: at x = 3.
:.":'"?!fi"e 38. Best way is to go •hroug h option s.
·.ence x = 7 is the only possi ble soluti on. At x = 1,
a, log b
: 5mct we know that when a, b, care in GP, then log log i(l + 3°) + 2 = log 2 (3° + 7)
od log c are in AP. Jog 2 2 + 2 = log 2 8 (-: x 0 = l )
⇒
]1erefore 2, (~ - 5) and (2" - 7 / 2) must be in GP 1 + 2 = log 2 :fl
\ow. going throug h optio ns, we get 3=3
;: r = 3 the three terms 2, (2" - 5)and (2" - 7 / 2) are in
GP ⇒

Similarly, at x =2
~ log 2, log c:ir - 5) and log (2" - 7 / 2) are in AP.
log 2 (1 + 3) + 2 = Jog 2 (9 + 7)
Mtmiatively: ⇒ (log 2 4) + 2 = log 2 (16 )
r,t have 2log 3 (:ir - 5)= log 3 2+ log 3 (:ir - 7/ 2) ⇒ 4=4
=. log 3 c:ir - 5)2 = log 3 2 (2" - 7 / 2) Hence (d) is the correc t answe r
:: (? - 5)2 = 2 cix - 7 I 2) 39.
xlog 5.x > 5

::, ''l f - 10 - :ir + 25 = 2 · 2" - 7 2 Taking logari thm with base 5 we have
·,·' o 'l ~ 2-~ = 12 ~] b)2 2 2ab + b ] (log 5 x) (log s x) > 1
[·: (a - =a -
⇒
(log 5 x)1 > 1
(~ f - 12 · :.t + 32 = 0 (log s X )2 - 1 > 0
⇒
c:ir - s)(:ir - 4 ) == o ⇒ (log s x - l ) (log 5 x + 1) > 0
x = 3, x = 2 ⇒ log s x > 1 Or logs x .._
l
oUi at x == 2, log c:ir - 5) is undef ined x > 5 or
⇒
s
. fience X ::c 3
~ (' Also, x must be greate r chan zero
Ii "°th.rough option s . x E: (0, l 5) 1.. lS. ,_)
A! log , a, u..J./· 2 , log b x are in GP . Alter nativ ely· Go thtoug h opu ons
(c( !L i
) = log _.. a • log b x Lee us assum e x - 25
which is cme
cf = log~ Jog x = ~ a ,:=log ba rhen
log x . log b log b Hen(.'e op uon (d ) l!> co1rec1.
Agam consid e1 x - S. 1hen
ct = log b a Slvg \ 5 - 5, w h 1c .
' h 1s 1101 greate r than 5.
x = log 0 Oog b a)
Hence choices (a) and (b) a te wrong .
= lo ( log e a) Thw. option (d) is coirec t.
8a l log, b
= log o (log t a) - Jo g a (logt b)
 = Iogx x + log x yz = Iogx ·vhz ~', b;,
~ I
45, a =
1 + logx yz
b = log Y xyz I
Simi larly
Jog x3 - log 3x = 2log 2 + log 3 c = logz xyz
and

[1 1 1b]
x2
lo~ _= log 12
3 Now , ab + be + ca ::: abc ~ + ; +
2
~ ::: 12 ⇒ X = ± 6 1
3 = abc [ - - - +-;-L_
.,., d log x :i are 110 1 defin ed . logx xyz logy ,X)'i -+ ~ I
But at x = - 6. log ..>..~ an 1
Hence x = 6 is the only con-ect answ er. ==abc [Jogxyi x + logxyi y -+ 1 '~
log 5(2\' ➔ 3) < logs 7 == abc rto&xyz xyz] = abc O&," z:
41.
(2\' + 3) < 7
46. log 3 (log 2 x) + logv 3 0og 112 y ) = 1
2x < 4
⇒ log 3 (1og 2 x) - log 3 (1og 112 y) = 1
x <2

+ 3) > 0 => X > -

3
2 ⇒
log2
log 3 ( - ~ -
x)
= 1 = log 3
But (2x log 112 y 3

Jog 2 X
⇒
--" --= 3
logl/ 2 y
go throu gh optio ns.
42 . Best way is to ⇒ log 2 x = 3 log1; 2 y = - 3 log 2 y
Alte rnat ively : Supp ose log 2 x = t, then X= y - 3
}og 2 X _ _ t_ ⇒
log 2Jx x c - t xy3 = 1
log 2 2"1/X l+- ⇒
2 2 "'!
Again divid ing eq. (1) by xy = 4,' we get y 4
1
c -log 2 x __t12
_
log 2 "1/X 2
and log Jx = = +~ -- x = 64, [From,
2x log 2 2x 1 log 2 x I + t
2t t Alte rna dve ly : Go thro ugh options.
log 2 r x + logzx ✓x = - - + - + 2t = 0 47. Best way is to chec k the options.
,; x • 2+t 2
Alte rna dve ly :
2t (2 + 2t) + t (2 + t) = 0 1
4'
4t + 4t2 + 2t + t2 = 0 log( t/"'2 ll/.J s)= log 2(4x + 1) - log 2 (4..r+ -
!1-2 + 6t = 0 log 2C1/.Js) =lo (4x + 1)- lo (4x• 1 ~4'
t (!1- + 6) = 0
⇒
log2(l/✓2) 82 &2
)]
6 ⇒ 3 = [log 2 4 + log 2(4x + 1)] [log 2 (4x + l
t = 0 or t = - -
5
⇒ (2 + t) t = 3, where r = '.og_
log 2 x =0 ⇒ x = 2° =1 ⇒ t=- 3,1
6 is noc pa
and logz x = - - ⇒ x = 2-6/s If log 2(4x + 1) = - 3, then 4x = - 7/ 8 which
5
61 5 If log2(4x + 1) = 1, then 4x + 1 ⇒ 2 ⇒ 4x = l
x = I and x = Z-
⇒ x=O
43. Clearly optio n (b) is wrong 3
--<X
X
for every x > I 48. log 3 4- log 3 (3x + 1) = log 3 - --
(5.x - 2)
l+x
4 3
X log 3 = log 3
Again - - <log (x + 1); x > I 3x + 1 (Sx - 2)
1 +x
4 3
Henc.e option (c) is also wron g ⇒
(Sx - 2)
(3x + 1)
and log (x + l)< x
Option (d) is correct. ⇒ 20x - 8 = 9x + 3
k k+1 ⇒ llx = 11
44. > T;T for (k, l) > 0 and k>I
1 ⇒ x =l
Let Alte rna tive ly : Go thro ugh options.
k = x + l and / ;:;; x
X + l (X + 1) + 1
- 49. I3 - 4x I> 2
- - >- - -
+1 - (3 - 4x) >
2
x (x) ⇒ (3 - 4x) > 2 or
1 5
+ 1) > X
(X x <- or x > -
⇒
log (x + 1) > log (x + 2) 4 4
logx log( x +l)
xe( -00 ,¾)u(¾, 00 )
⇒ log.r(x + l)> logx+ 1 (x + 2)
 ,11
1
)08100 X + I y I=2 I/ =10
Hence we have / x + 2 j x
e
/ x +y /= 10 · ·
(- 10 15 Now, if x > 0, the n we hav 10
Lnadrnissible) x =-
3x = l0 ⇒
IOS10 y - Jog10 / x I=l0&100 4 3

]0810 (
1
~ 1
) = log 10 2 and if x < 0, then
l- x /= 10
⇒ X = - 10
20
L = 2 ⇒ Y =2 / x /
10 y =-
Thus, X = - 3
I XI 3'
X = - 10, y = 20
and

~ ~ r y of this ch ap ter ⇒ a= log 30 3 and log 5 30 = i

!)
' flt _f + log 4
>.1i- l ~J Y
2

(!_ ] + log 8 (~J y

3

+ .. .
8. log 3 30 =~

⇒
b= 1o g 30 5
J log 30 2 = 3[l og 30 (30
/15 ))

"Jog, (f) + log , (~ ) + Jog, (f) + ...

=3 [Jog
g
=3 [lo 30
30 30
30
- log 30 15]
-0 og 30 3+ log30 5))
= 3[1 -a - bJ
=log 2 ( ~ x~ xf x... ntimes] 9. Xlo gx / 3 -x /2
2
=4

/ 3- X / =4
⇒

I 3- x / = 2 (- 2 is ina dm iss ibl e)

⇒
(3 -x) =- 2 or -(3 -x )= 2
⇒
l2 3
+ . . . + log mn
or x= S
~ k)g m+ log m + og
m x= l
2 3 .• • mn ) ⇒
= log (m . m . m 2

mo +2 +3 + ... n) 10 . Let ZX +
2
=t, the n
= log 2
n(n + 1) 4x
2
+
2 - 9-2'1" +
2 + 8 = 0 bec om es
= log (m ) 2 t2 - 9t + 8 = 0
n (n + 1) og m t = 1, 8
= 1 ⇒

2 '}!2 + 2 =1
⇒
8
x2 + 2 = 0 bu t this has no sol uti on
i. Giffll that 9" < 10 ⇒
Taking log to bo th sid es 8 ZX
2
+
2
=8 ⇒ x2 + 2 = 3
log 9n < log 10 If
2
x =l ⇒ x= ± 1
~
2n log 3 < 8 log 10 ⇒
es, we get
2Jl X 0.4771 < 8 11 . Talcing log of bo th sid
=~
~
n X 0.9 54 2< 8
8 [ Oog 3 xf - ~ log 3 x +
5] log 3 x
n<-
0.9 54 2 + 10 0o g 3 x) - 3 = 0
⇒ 20o g3 x)3 - 9 Oog 3 xf
n < 8 .38 39 (2 log 3 x - 1) = O
(·: n eN ) ⇒ Oog 3 x -1 ) Oog 3 x - 3)
g x= 1
n=B ⇒ log 3 x =1, log 3 x = 3, 2lo 3
wi th ba se 3 we hav e, X = 3, X = 27, X
= ✓J
i. Taking log of bo th sid es :::::>
x =- 2 log3 x X = (✓ J, 3, 27 )
{log3 x 2 + Oog 3 xi -1 0] log 3 i.e ., 2
log 3 x= 0 2 2x + 2x + 3 > O
12 . x + 6x + 8 > 0 and

( 12) 45
2
=O
or Oog 3 xi + 2lo g 3 x -B (x +4 )(x +2 )> 0 and x+ + >0
=0 ⇒
~X :::J , 0o g 3 x+ 4) (1 og 3 x- 2) ... (1)
log 3 x =2 xe (-o o,- 4) u(- 4
00 )
~ x::: 1, log x = - 4 an d
3
⇒
be wr itte n as
x = _!_ an d x =9 The given equation can 2
. 2.r, ,(x - 2x ) = 1

:l, 9}
81 2.r2 log< 3

x2 - 2x = 2x2 + 2x +
3
X ={1, ⇒
⇒ x + 4x + 3 = 0
2

3) > 0 ⇒ X > J X = - 1, - 3
'· (X -
x ~
1
but at x = - 3, log (x z + 6.r .. 8)
is no t def ine d
111d (2 - x) > o an d 2 -
the se inequalities x=- 1
.. x < 2 an d x ~ 1 hich Hence,

~ y the re is no sin
gle va lue for is emPlY· "!
its sol un on s
'&atisfied . Th us the set of
111. Let u = log10 p, ihen the given inequality reduces to 24 - 2x x2 25 x2
<
(2 + u)2 u)2 ➔ u .,, 9
-t (1 -t 14 16
x ➔ l6x - 17 > o
2
211 2 + 7u ➔ 5 <; 9
2,/ ➔ 711 4 s 0 ( x ➔ l7)( x . l ) > O

2 11 2 ➔ &l ll 4 c., 0 > 17 or x ~ 1

⇒

2u (u + 4) ]( ri ➔ 4) s0 From (l) a nd (2) , w e havf'

⇒
(11 j 4) {2 11 - \ ) <... 0 x r (3, 4)
l 25 - x 2
⇒
4 :S II S. Case 2. If m > l , i . e. ,
2 16
l
- 4 ~ log 10 p $ ⇒ x e: (- 3, 3)
⇒ 2
The given inequality reduct:s to
10 4 :s p :s 101/2 2
24 - 2x X 25 - y 2
----- >
14. Let u = log 2 x. then 14 16
2 log 2 log 2 x + log 112 log 2 (2✓2x) = 1 2
x + 16x - 17 < 0
312 ⇒
⇒ 2 log 2 u + log l/ 2 (1og 2 2 + u) = 1
- 17 < X < ]
⇒
⇒ log 2 11 2 - log 2(4" 2 + u) = 1
Thus combinin g with (3), w e get
⇒ log 2( 112 ) = 1
4" 2 + u
X E(- 3,1)
but x E{- 5, 4)-{ - 3, 3} by (1)
⇒ u =2(%+u)
2
thus XE(-3,1 )
Hence the required value of x should tie in (- 3. : .
u2 ~ 3= 0
- -

u = -1, 3 17. log 2 (1)= (1og 2 5)-1

1
X =-• 8 but ·: (log 2 5) - 1 > (1og 2 4)-1
2
] 10 < logr; '.
:. log 3110 [ 10 (log 2 5 - 1) < log 3/1 0 =
but at x = \ 2 log 2 log 2 xis undefined
2 7 7
Hence, x=B (·: loga x < loga y if x > y for 0 < a < 1)
10
15. By changing the base to 2 the given equation becomes Since (log 2 5 - 1) < O
log 3110 -
x 7
log 2 x + 40 log 2 ✓
3
2
log 2 x =
14 0 _

log 2 x/ 2 log 2 4x log 2 16x Hence, the first inequality is true only if
2 log 2 x + 20 log 2 x _ 42 log 2 x = 0 -Jex-
8)(2 -x) = 0
⇒
log 2 x - l 2 + log 2 x 4 + log 2 x ⇒ x = 8 or x = 2
'i: 0
Lett= log 2 x , then we have If x = 8, then --ci>-1 )=1>
8 .
2t (4 + t)(2+
t)-42t (t -l)(t + 2)
+ 20 t (t - 1 )(t + 4) = 0 If x = 2then -r -cz5 -1)=.! -ct - l)<O
2 2 8 2
⇒ 2t [t + 6t + 8 - 21t - 21t + 42
2
+ 1~ + 3~ - 40] =0 Hence x = 8 is the required value.
1 1081010- !
⇒ t [2t 2 - :l - 2] = 0 18. 2 log 10 X - logx - = 2 log 10 X - .
100 108 10 ,l
⇒ t = 0, t =4 t = - -1 2
2 = 2 log 10 x + - -
1 10& 10 X
⇒ X= 1, X = 4, X= ✓2 1
= 2 ( log 10 x+ - ;}
16. m>0 and and m ¢ 1
n >0 108 10
2
i. e. , 25 - x > 0 and x ¢ ± 3 Since x>1 ⇒ log 10 x > O
and 24 - 2x - x 2 > O But since AM ?. GM
⇒ - 5 <X<5, X¢ ± 3 1
- - - ) - - - 1 --
and x 2 + 2x - 24 < 0 ( log 10 x + lo& 10 x .fl xx __-
2 --- ~ V o&10 . to& 1ox
- S<x < S, X 'ot±3
and - 6 <X<4 l
⇒ log 10 x + - - - ~ 2
XE(- 5, 4) - {- 3, 3} . .. (1) log 10 x
0 < m < 1 ⇒ 9 < x < 25
2
Caae 1. 2 ( Jog 10 x + l )~ 4
⇒ X E ( - 5, - J) U (J. 5) .. . (2) l log 10 x
 613

:"f!l 2 ( 10810 X +1 1 ) ~ 4
' , JO, 0810 X Puttin g log (2x + 3) = yin eq. (1), we get
,o1f. ~ • log (3x + 7)
· Jeast value of ( log 10 x - logx __..!_) is 4 2y + ..!_ - 3 = O ⇒ 2y 2 - 3y + 1 =0
eJlce die 100 ·
y
2
H
1c3/')(lo g z .r) .. log z .r - (S/ ◄ ) J = ✓2
(2y - 1) (y - 1) = 0

;:~~,Iz•¾
.,e r
Oog , x )' + log, X -m ⇒

1
1
y = - and y = 1
2

Now, when y =-
~ =~ (log 2 x)2 + log 2 x - ( ~) 2
I : jogX 4 4 log(2 x + 3) _ !
• log (3x + 7) - 2
, Jog /2 • log x [ ¾(log, xf + log, x -(¾)] ⇒
(2x + 3)2 = (3x + 7)
2
4x + 9x + 2= 0
, Jog, /2 • log, x [ ¾Oog, xf + log, x-(¾ )] (4x + l)(x + 2)= 0
1
X=- -,-2
(say a = 1og2 x) 4
::
!2 = a [~4 a 2 + a - ~]
4
Again if y = 1, then
log (2x .+ 3) = 1
2= 3cx3 + 4cx2 - Sa
log(3 x + 1)
3cx3 +4cx 2-5a -2=0
⇒
2x+ 3=3 x+7
2
(a - 1)(3cx + 7a + 2)= 0 X=- 4
a = 1 ⇒ log 2 x = 1 ⇒ x=2 3 7
2 Since we know that x > --2 and x > - -3
Again 3cx +7a +2= 0
1 therefore x =- 2 and x = - 4 are not admis sible value s
a= - 2,--
3 Again since x * - 1 and x 2 *-
-1
log 2 x = - Hence x ~ - 2 is also inadm issibl e value
log 2 x = - 2 and 3
Thus, x = - .!. is only possible value.
1 2- 1/3 4
X=- ⇒ X=
4 :. Option (b) is correct.
Alter nativ ely: Go throu gh optio ns
Hence
=2 !.
' 4'
2- 1/ 3
X 21. X > 0, X'I:, 1
, so we
Since expon ential function assum es positi ve value
Thus option (d) is most appro priate .
must have (x - 1)7 > 0 i.e., x > 1.
le. 2x + 3 > O and 2x + 3 * 1 Taking logari thm on both sides, we get
x >- -
3
and x *-1 (log 3 x 2 - 2 logx 9) log (x -1) = 7 log (x -1)
:::,
2 Either log (x - 1) = 0 i.e., x = 2
log 3 x - 2 logx 9 = 7
3x+ 7*1 2
And 3x+ 7>0 and or
-7 ⇒ 2(log 3 x) - 4 logx 3 = 7
X> - ⇒ X*- 2

2
3
⇒ 2t-i =7,
t
(": t = log 3 x)
Now, l0&c 2.r.- 3 i(6x + 23x + 21)
2 9
4 - log (3.r+7 ) (4x + 12x + ) 2x 3)2
= ⇒ 2t
2
- 7t - 4 =0
:::, ~". 3i(2x + 3){3x + 7) = 4 - logc3..r +7 >(
+ ⇒
t =4
'
_!2
7
:::, log(h, 3)(2x + 3) + logc2..r + 3)( 3 X + ) 2x + )
3 log 3 x = 4 ⇒ x = 81
= 4 - 2 logc3x+ nC
1 case
Iflog 3 x = - - ' then x = 3- < 1, which is not the
112
:::- 1 (2x + 3) - 4 = 0
+ l0&c2x. 3>(3x + 7) + 2 lO&c3..r + 7) 2
2log (2x + 3) log (3x + 7) _ 3= O ... (l)
::> Hence, X= 2, 81

log (3x + 7) + log (2x + 3)