INFECTION CONTROL PT.

2
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (Lecture)
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE - LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES BATANGAS

Personal Protective Equipments PPE

Cephalosporin Cephalosporium
acremonium
“specialized clothing or equipment worn by an
employee for protection against infectious materials”
Cyclosporin Tolypocladium inflatum
Order for Donning PPE
Fumagillin Aspergillus fumigatus
Gown - Mask (make sure it covers nose and mouth) -
Gloves
Chaetomin Chaetomium cochliodes
Order for Removing PPE
Thermal Death Time shortest time wherein all
Gloves - Gown - Mask (touch only strings) (TDT) bacteria in a suspension is
killed

Thermal Death lowest temperature

Point (TDP) wherein all microorganisms
are killed within 10 minutes
in a standardized
suspension

Decimal Reduction time in minutes that an

Time (D Value) antimicrobial agent is able
to kill 90% of
microorganisms in a
standard bacterial
suspension; reduction of
bacterial population to 10%

Sterilization vs. Disinfection

Wash hands after removing PPE

Lab coats worn as PPE must NOT be worn on break,
in the cafeteria or other nonpatient areas, or outside Sterilization Disinfection
the hospital.
destroying all forms of destroying PATHOGENS
MICROBIAL life or unwanted organisms
Waste Management

A. All waste generated should be treated as clinical

waste SANITIZATION - Reduction of microbial populations to
levels considered safe by public health standards such
B. Biohazard labeling as those applied in restaurants.
C. Wear appropriate PPE when handling clinical waste

Color Coding for Waste Disposal Disinfectant Antiseptic

antimicrobial agent used antimicrobial agent used

Orange- radioactive wastes
on INANIMATE on LIVING TISSUE
Green- biodegradable wastes
Black- non-biodegradable wastes (NON-LIVING) objects
Yellow- infectious wastes - Cidal - Static
Yellow with red container (Puncture-proof containers)
with Biohazard label Bactericidal - kills bacteria Bacteriostatic - inhibits
bacterial growth
TERMS

TERM DEFINITION • Fungicidal

Antimicrobial Agent any agent whether physical • Fungistatic
or chemical that is used to • Algacidal
inhibit microbial life
• Algastatic
Antibiotic antimicrobial agent, prepared • Sporicide – kills spores
from another microorganism
• Virucide – kills viruses
Penicillin Penicillium notatum

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INFECTION CONTROL PT. 2
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (Lecture)
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE - LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES BATANGAS

Methods to Control Microbial Growth - Used on substances that could be damaged by heat
- plastic petri dishes
- plastic syringes
1. Physical- uses varying degree of temperature to kill
- catheters
microbial forms.
- surgical gloves
2. Chemical- uses a wide variety of chemical agents
to inhibit microbial growth. 6. Non-Ionizing Radiation

- Uses UV Light: disrupts DNA; for sterilization of

Physical Method surfaces
- Used to reduce microbial populations: hospital
1. Dry Heat rooms, nurseries, operating rooms

a. Microbial Oven
Chemical Disinfectants
160-165 C for 2 hours
170-180 C for 1 hour
b. Incineration TERM DEFINITION
> 300oC; used to sterilize biological materials Benzoic acid
antifungal agents

c. Cremation Hydrochloric Disinfection of toilet bowl and

reduces substances to ash acid sinks.
most often used for disposal of the dead bodies 37% Colorless fluid used for
prevent spread of diseases from dead bodies Formaldehyde preservation of bodies for
autopsies,
2. Moist Heat
Boric Acid eyewash, disinfectant for
a. Autoclaving (Principle: Steam Under Pressure)
minor burns and cuts
- kills both vegetative forms and spores
1% Silver
- most effective method of sterilization Nitrate (Crede’s for treatment of Gonococcal
prophylaxis) Ophthalmia Neonatorum
- used for sterilizing glasswares, lab gowns etc. (GON)
- 121 C at 15 psi for 15-20 mins (standard)
Hydrogen Used for cleaning wounds
Peroxide and removal of blood stains
b. Boiling

- partial sterilization Tincture of Used as disinfectant for

- kills vegetative cells only Iodine minor cuts and wounds
- 100 C for 30 mins
Alcohol (70%)
c. Pasteurization (colorless) Used for disinfecting blood
collection site; has
- Disinfection procedure (not sterilization) bactericidal and fungicidal
- kills vegetative cells only effect

Merthiolate (red Used as preservative and for

Batch Method (LTH) – 63 C for 30 mins orange) the disinfection of skin and
Flash Method (HTH) – 72 C for 15 secs mucous membranes
Ultra High (UHT) – 74 C increased to 140 C then
reduced to 74 C in less than 5 secs Gonococcal Opthalmia Neonatorum
3. Salinity

- disruption of the plasma membrane

- used for preservation of foods (salting)

4. Freeze-Drying

(Lyophilization) for drugs, vaccines

5. Ionizing Radiation

- gamma rays & x-rays

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INFECTION CONTROL PT. 2
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (Lecture)
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE - LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES BATANGAS

Qualities of a good disinfectant Components of Wellness

• It should have a wide or broad antimicrobial
spectrum.
• It should be fast-acting
• It should leave a residual antimicrobial film on
the treated surface.
• It should be non-toxic to human tissues
• It should be soluble in water and easy to apply.
• It should be inexpensive and easy to prepare.
• It should be stable both in concentrated and
diluted forms.
• It should be odorless.

Factors that affect Antimicrobial Activity

1. Temperature
2. Contact Time
3. Concentration of Antimicrobial agent
4. Type of Microbe Personal Hygiene
5. The bio-burden of microbes • Shower/bathe regularly & use deodorant
• Brush teeth & use mouthwash several
PERSONAL WELLNESS times per day
• Hair clean & neat
“The doctor of the future will give no medicine but
• Fingernails clean, short, neatly trimmed
will interest his patients in the care of the human
frame, in diet and in the cause and prevention of • No heavily scented lotions or colognes
disease.”
Phlebotomists should pay special attention to personal
– Thomas Edison
hygiene not only for optimal health but also because
their job involves close patient contact.
Wellness - The quality or state of being healthy in
body and mind, especially as a result of deliberate
effort. Proper Nutrition

✔ Encompasses the body and mind • Plant-based diet rich in variety of

vegetables, fruits & legumes
✔ Result of specific efforts
• Avoid processed, starchy staple foods
✔ Those efforts are deliberate
• Balance of carbohydrate, fat, protein,
✔ It is a PROCESS. vitamins, minerals & fiber

Rest and Exercise

Requires a HOLISTIC approach, or one that meets
the different components of wellness: • Lack of rest and sleep can lead to fatigue
& other medical problems
Physical Environmental • Stay fit to be healthier & live longer
Emotional Career/Livelihood • Focus on strength, flexibility & endurance
Social Intellectual Back protection
Spiritual Financial • Use proper lifting techniques
Stress management

STRENGTH – the ability to carry, lift, push or pull a

heavy load
FLEXIBILITY – the ability to bend, stretch and twist
ENDURANCE – the ability to maintain effort for an
extended period of time

Healthcare workers are at risk for back injury

because of activities they are required to do and
because of the stressful environment often
associated with healthcare today.

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INFECTION CONTROL PT. 2
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (Lecture)
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE - LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES BATANGAS

Stress
• Condition or state that results when physical,
chemical or emotional factors cause mental or
bodily tension
• Challenges our ability to cope or adapt
• Sometimes useful, keeping us alert and
increasing our energy when we need it
• Persistent or excessive stress, on the other
hand, can be harmful

Ways to Control Stress

• Identify your problem and talk about it with a
close friend, partner or the person at the source
of the problem
• Learn to relax throughout the day – close your
eyes, relax your body and clear your mind
• Exercise regularly – develop a consistent
exercise routine that you can enjoy
• Avoid making too many changes at once – plan
for the future to avoid simultaneous major
changes
• Spend at least 15 minutes a day thoroughly
planning the time you have
• Set realistic goals – be practical about what you
can accomplish
• Avoid procrastination by tackling the most
difficult job first.