ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022

AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo

escaping at night & protect us from

meteorites.
WEEK 7: BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
➢ Provide the air to carry the sound
waves in every direction.
➢ Movement of matter within or Layers of Atmosphere
between the ecosystem Are natural 1. Troposphere
occurrences that happen in our
➢ layer nearest to the earth's surface.
ecosystems
Nearly all the water vapor and about
➢ These occurrences are important in
3/4 of all the air in the atmosphere is
the cycling materials available to
in the troposphere.
living organisms for their
➢ Troposphere comes from the Greek
maintenance and survival.
word tropos which means "to turn" in
➢ Chemical cycle because of chemical
this layer air turns, twists, moves up
elements
and down & sideways to form wind
➢ Complete pathway that a chemical
clouds, rain and
element follows through the earth
➢ snow. Weather occur in this layer
system.
8-16km above earths system.

🍔Bio 2. Stratosphere
➢ 30km above the earth.

🍔Geo
➢ cycles that involve life
➢ It has very little vertical air
movement and weather is not so
➢ includes atmosphere, water, rocks
changeable.
and soil
➢ Large jet airplanes fly in this layer to
Atmosphere
avoid the weather in the
➢ Main Components of Air
troposphere.
● 78% Nitrogen
➢ Flying in this layer is generally
● 21% Oxygen
smooth and the visibility is always
● 1% other gases
excellent. The air is thin and offers
(hydrogen, water,vapor and
very little resistance to a plane.
CO2)
3. Ionosphere
➢ Without the atmosphere, the earth
➢ air is very thin in this layer.
would experience an intensely hot
➢ It is very hot because the nitrogen
temperature during the day and an
and oxygen atoms absorbs
unbearably cold temperature at night
unshielded energy from the sun.
like the moon.
some of the air in this region is
➢ It protects the earth from much solar
ionized or electrically charged.
radiation during the day and screen
➢ Ions-atoms that can lose or gain
out deadly UV rays.
electrons, these ions are produced
➢ It works as an insulating blanket
by powerful cosmic rays, UV
which keeps most of the heat from
radiation from the sun.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
➢ It acts like a mirror reflecting the
radio waves back to earth.
4. Exosphere
➢ highest layer of the atmosphere and
is almost free of matter. It is the
space that is now being investigated
by scientists.
➢ Very hot with a temperature of
approximately 4,500 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon Oxygen Cycle
➢ Nitrogen- is removed from the
atmosphere mainly by the action of
nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These
bacteria lives in the soil and roots of
legumes (mongo, soybeans, pea).
➢ Nitrogen fixation -a process were,
They take nitrogen from air and
convert it to ammonia (NH3) or
ammonium (NH4).
● A small portion of gaseous
nitrogen is fixed in the air by
lightning and the fixed
nitrogen is brought down to
the soil by rain.
➢ Nitrification- a process were,,
ammonia or ammonium is
concentrated to nitrites by nitrifying
bacteria in the soil.
● When ammonia and nitrates
that are released in the soil
are dissolved in soil water
they are absorbed by roots of
plants and become
incorporated into plant
proteins.
➢ Ammonification- a process were,
proteins returned to the soil through
excretion or by decay of their bodies
after death will be broken down by
decomposer releasing ammonia or
ammonium.
● This substance will then
undergo nitrification
converting them to nitrates
and nitrites.
➢ Denitrification- unused meteorites
plants are converted by denitrifying
bacteria to metrogen gas which is
released to the atmosphere.
➢ The C+02 elements are formed in
almost all substances like CHO,
proteins, fats which are important for
the survival and maintenance of
plants and animals.
➢ C02 in the atmosphere is converted
into plant tissue in the form of starch
and cellulose (glucose) by the
process known as photosynthesis.
➢ In the presence of sunlight, green
plants continuously remove C02
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
from the atmosphere and discharge
or give off oxygen.
➢ The animals eat plants and in the
process of respiration C02 is partly
returned into the atmosphere.
➢ Animals take 02 and release C02. it
is also liberated into the atmosphere
when plants and animals die or
decay.
➢ Decomposition of dead organisms
bring about the formation of fossil
fuels that contain carbon.
➢ Burning of fossil fuels like coal and
volcanic eruption also releases C02
in the atmosphere.
➢ Diffusion from the ocean also
releases C02 in the atmosphere.
Water Cycle
➢ Water evaporates from the soil,
bodies of water (oceans, lakes) as
water vapor to the atmosphere.
➢ Then this water vapor condenses
into clouds which later on
precipitates down on earth as rain or
snow. Rain or snow finds its way to
ponds, rivers, lakes, oceans or as
ground water in the soil completing
the water cycle.
Phosphorus Cycle
➢ Weathering and erosion release
phosphorus from rocks and fossils.
➢ This phosphorus is washed into
bodies of water and ultimately to the
oceans where phosphorus become
insoluble deposits, Phosphorus is
also released to the environment
when dead plants and animals are
decomposed.
➢ The released phosphorus becomes
available and incorporated in nucleic
acids which are vital components of
living things.
➢ Overabundance of phosphorus can
stimulate excessive growth of algae
known as algal bloom and also
photosynthetic bacteria.
Weathering
➢ Is the breaking of large rocks into
smaller pieces
➢ Causes of weathering
● Change in temperature
● Water- freezing and thawing
of water that seep in the
crack of rocks cause rocks to
break
● People - mining, construction
of roads
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
● Burrowing animals- insects
that dig hole for their habitat
and to look for their food
Erosion
➢ Movement or transfer of weathered
materials from one place to another.
➢ Agents of erosion
● Wind/air
● Water
● Snow or glacier
● Gravity
Sulfur Cycle
➢ Sulfur is found in water, rocks and
soil. Decomposition of dead
organisms release sulfates in soil,
which then are taken by plants.
➢ Microorganisms also release
sulfates in soil as well as reduced
sulfur (H2S) which contributes to the
sulfates in the atmosphere.
➢ Combustion of fossil fuels such as
coal releases tremendous amount of
sulcontaining gas into the
atmosphere particularly sulfur
dioxide (S02).
➢ When S02 reacts with H20, H2S04
is formed known as acid rain.
➢ Acid precipitation is a great hazard
to our ecosystem.
Rocks
➢ naturally occurring mass of solid
inorganic or organic materials that
form a significant part of the earth's
crust.
Petrology
➢ study of rocks
➢ Classification of Rocks
● 1. Igneous rock - formed by the
solidification of hot molten materials
called magma.
➔ Kinds of Igneous Rocks
a. Intrusive - forms inside the earth. These
rocks are coarse textured with large crystals
because magma cools slowly. Ex: Granite
b. Extrusive - formed by cooling lava. Small
crystals because lava cools quickly. Ex:
Basalt Pumice
● 2. Sedimentary rocks - are formed
by the slow but never ending
process of weathering erosion. Ex:
Sandstone Limestone (sea shell,
skeleton of `marine animals)
● 3. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that
were originally either igneous or
sedimentary Metamorphism -
"change in form Ex. Slate
Changes of occur due to
● High temperature and pressure
● Movement of rocks themselves
● Due to chemical action
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
Rock Cycle
➢ Formation of igneous rock from
magma.
➢ Then igneous rock breaks down into
sediments by weathering and
erosion.
➢ Running water, wind air or ice carry
the sediments away and deposit
them in layers.
➢ The sediments will be compacted
and cemented forming sedimentary
rocks.
➢ By heat and pressure, they will be
changed into metamorphic rock.
➢ If the metamorphic rocks are
exposed to more heat and pressure
they may melt into magma. When
magma cools igneous rock form.
WEEK 8: BIOMES
● Major Biomes
1. Deserts
➢ uninhabited and uncultivated tract of
land (Middle East)
2. Grasslands or Prairies
➢ characterized by a deep fertile soil
with tall coarse grasses. (Central
States of America)
3. Forests
➢ large tract covered with trees as a
result of adequate temperature and
minimal precipitation of 75
centimeters or more.
4. Taiga
➢ Russian word which means
"Primeval forest also known as
boreal forest. Conifers that can
survive extreme cold on winters.
5. Tundra
➢ located between the arctic snow and
ice only mosses and low plants grow
6. Savannah
➢ a place characterized by a very hot
day and very cold nights Africa is an
example. Environmental Variable
Forest
A. Tropical Biomes
1. Tropical rainforest
➢ forest with high, fairly constant
rainfall
2. Tropical seasonal forest
➢ monsoon forest
➢ Seasonal rainfall is concentrated
during a certain part of the year after
which follows a pronounced dry
season
3. Tropical savanna
➢ consists of grassland dotted with
scattered small trees and shrubs
such as acacias.
4. Tropical thornwood, shrubwood and tropical
shrub.
B. Temperate Biomes
1. Temperate deciduous
➢ forest occurs in moderately humid
area where precipitation takes place
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo

throughout the year but winters are

WEEK 9 RAINFOREST
cold restricting plant growth to the
summers.
2. Temperate evergreen Rainforest
➢ forest occurs where condition favors ➢ Preserve life-giving species &
conifers or broadleaved evergreen protect millions of living creatures.
over deciduous trees. It has poor soil ➢ Regulate the flow of water on earth.
condition, frequent droughts and
forest fires. Play a crucial role in the global recycling
3. Temperate rainforest of carbon.
➢ occurs in cold climate near the sea Forest
with abundant winter rainfall and ➢ crowns of trees touch from a single
summer clouds or fogs. canopy Woodland trees grow apart
4. Temperate woodland so that the canopy is open
➢ occurs where the climate i too dry to Woodland
support a forest yet provides ➢ trees grow apart so that the canopy
sufficien moisture to support trees as is open
well as grasses.
5. Temperate shrub land Cause of Destruction of Rainforest
● Poverty
➢ is represented by the Chaparral
● Over Population
communities that occurs in all five
● World’s growing demand for wood
regions of the world having fairly dry
products
climate with little or no summer rain.
● Poor government policies
6. Temperate grassland
● Global increase in the demand for
➢ is also known variably as prairie
forest products for building
North America steppe in Asia,
Constructions furniture plywood
pampas in South America and veldt
charcoal firewood
in South Africa.
● Governments opening of the forest
➢ It covers extensive areas in the
frontiers as a way to bolster the
continents where there are enouah
economy and to relocate people in
moisture to suoport forest and
various settlement programs
woodland.
Environmental Variable affecting the
Types of Forest in the Philippines
Biomes
1. Dipterocarp
● Sunlight
➢ most common & most important of
● Oxygen
all types of forest but also the most
● Water & Dissolves salts
exploited forest in the Philippines.
● Nutrients
➢ famous for commercial Philippine
● Temperature
woods like yakal, apitong. tangile
● Metabollic
major source of timber & other forest
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
products sanctuary of the world's
rarest plants & animals & home of
our tribal ancestors.
2. Pine Mindoro Pine
➢ Benguet Pine
3. Molave
➢ falls under dipterocarp. Found in
Central Luzon
4. Beach
➢ Usually found in some coastal areas.
Dungon, Agoho & Banulad trees are
common.
5. Mangrove forests
➢ found in the tidal flats of the coastal
areas. Good source of charcoal,
firewoods and tannin.
6. Mossy
➢ found throughout the higher parts of
the mountains & inhabitated by
many of the endemic wildlife of the
Philippines.
Importance of Forest
● Provide us with food and medicine
● Source of lumber, furniture and
paper
● Stop Erosion
● Refresh air
● Control stream and river flows
Deforestation
➢ Large scale removal of forests.
Permanent destruction of forests
and woodlands.
Causes of Deforestation
➢ for commercial logging and burn
farming (kaingin system)
➢ For mining operations
➢ cattle ranching
➢ Conversion agricultural lands
➢ reconstruction of dams as a Source
of electric power
➢ for mining operation
➢ for development of housing
industries and roads
➢ Space for recreational purposes
Natural Causes of Deforestation
● Forest Fires
● Volcanic Eruption
● Typhoon
Effects of Deforestation in the
Philippines
● Soil erosion
● Water/food shortage
● Flooding
● Denuded upland
● Greenhouse effect
● Extinction of thousand specie
Reforestation
1. Natural Reseeding
➢ after clear cutting, few mature,
wildfirm tulls may be left intact as a
seed source within the otherwise
logged off-site. Seeds are scattered
by wind, birds, and runoff water. The
seeds are eventually dispersed
throughout the denuded area.
2. Seedling
➢ by Foresters aerial seeding using
planes flying slowly just above the
treetops is employed in rugged
terrains. In a logged-off site that is
flat, powerdriven seeding machines
are used. These machines plant up
to 3.3 hectares per day, and
simultaneously fertilize the soil and
apply herbicide to prevent weed
encroachment.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
3. Planting
➢ actual planting of young trees from
plantation stock is a better and more
successful means of reforestation.
Onflat lands, three workers, a
tractor, and a planting machine can
set 1,000 to 2.000 trees per hour.
WEEK 10: POPULATION
The Natural Environment of Man
3 layers of the earth
● Crust- covering the earth like a thin
ski8n made up of density rocks.
● Mantle - 80% of the earth’s total
Volume, the thickest layer.
● Core - Innermost region
All forms of life depend for their
existence on the materials that
comprises the spheres of the earth:
1. Atmosphere- composed of gases
➢ Nitrogen - 78%
➢ Oxygen -21%
➢ Other gases- 1%
2. lithosphere - earth’s crust and a portion of
the upper mantle. (SOLID)
3. Hydrosphere - water (LIQUID)
Four Major Occurs
● Pacific Ocean- Largest and Deepest
● Atlantic Ocean
● Indian Ocean
● Arctic Ocean
4. Biosphere - “ecosphere” part of the earth
where life exist.
Earth as a system
Open system
➢ Natural system is not self-contained.
Closed system
➢ Self- contained. Shut of from the
surrounding.
System
➢ Ordered, interrelated sets of
objects, things, components, parts
and their attributes as distinct from
their surroundings.
5 Layers of Organization of Matter
1. Organism - any form of life
2. Population - same Species living together
in the same area.
➢ Habitat - Specific place where
organisms live
➢ Niche - space An organism
occupies the functional roles in the
place they live.
3. Community- a group of organisms living in
the same area.
4. Ecosystem- interaction between the
organisms and environment. It includes
population community habitats.
5. Biosphere - world of life
Characters of population
1. Size - Pertains to the number of individuals
in a population.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
Factors that contribute to the size of the
population :
A. Natality - Numbers of species that
are born.
B. Morality- members of the species
that die.
C. Immigration- number of species that
entered the land.
D. Emigration - numbers of that is the
land.
2. Density - number of individuals in a
population per unit area. Varies one place to
another.
3. Distribution - arrangement of the
individuals within a particular Space. it tells
how these individuals are located in a
particular area.
Three patterns of distribution
A. Random - No specific order, the
organism Is spread throughout the
area without an overall pattern
B. Uniform- organism are evenly
distributed over an area.
C. Clamped - organisms are
concentrated in an area
Determining the size of a population.
1. Counting all the individuals of the
same species living together in a
given area is a long and tedious
method but accurate.
2. Sampling method
● PSA - philippine statistics authority
● NSO / CENSUS - national statistics
office
➢ give the complete account of
the human population of the
philippines includes the total
population of the
town,age,sex.
Human population facts
➢ 2000 years ago the estimated
human population was 150 million.
➢ By 1850 human population was 1
billion.
➢ by 1930 it was to billion
➢ the human population is now
growing at a rate of about 3 people/
second or 260 thousand/ day or
1.8 million/ week or 93 million/ year
➢ Every three years, the global
environment must support another
285 million people.
As a result of this rapid growth:
● Approximately 1.3 billion of the
world's people are impoverished.
● Some 60% of the 4.8 billion people
in developing countries lack basic
sanitation and almost one-third have
no access to clean water.
● Nearly 1 billion people in the world
are illiterate, two-thirds of them are
women.
● Supplies of water for irrigation are
declining around the world as
underground water reserves,
aquifers become depleted faster
than nature can fill them.
● Nearly half the earth's land mass
has already been changed by
human activity. Among the ocean's
200 major fish stocks, 35% are in
decline and another 25% are
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
being fully exploited.
● Species are going extinct at a faster
rate than ever before, including the
time when dinosaurs were dying out.
Philippine population
Manila, a case of Over population
Daytime - Over populated
➢ some people Are working or
studying.
Evening- less Populated
➢ People who work in daytime go
home to the nearby provinces
🍔 30-35% population are living in slums or
🍔The city has a total of 83 squatter
squad dwellings
🍔 20% of pollution street by diseases
colonies
🍔 problems regarding land use
🍔 Almost all the major rivers are polluted.
➢ The population of the Philippines in
the year 1995 was 68.6 million.
➢ At present (2022), the Philippine
population is 112, 604, 142 million.
➢ There are 225 Filipinos square
kilometers of land.
➢ Population growth would be between
2.1 to 2.3% yearly.
➢ Out of 7,107 islands only 1,000 are
populated. The 16 largest most
populated islands in the Philippines
are: Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan,
Mindoro, Panay, Samar, Negros,
Leyte, Cebu, Masbate, Bohol,
Catanduanes, Basilan, Marinduque,
Basuanga and Sulu.
➢ Luzon has the highest populated
area, about 56%, Mindanao 23.7%
and Visayas 20.3%
➢ The National Capital Region is the
most populated with 15,617 persons
per square km.
Reason why Filipinos have an immense
growth of population
1. Tradition of having big families.
2. Question of gender.
3. The male macho image
4. Unsatisfactory/Ineffective family
relationship
5. Economic reasons - in poorer family, the
children are often an asset because they
help the
family to raise food, haul water & work for
wages outside the home.
6. Educational background - the less
educated the people, the more children they
have. The more
educated people, the fewer children they
want.
7. Religion
5. Economic reasons - in poorer family, the
children are often an asset because they
help the
family to raise food, haul water & work for
wages outside the home.
6. Educational background - the less
educated the people, the more children they
have. The more
educated people, the fewer children they
want.
7. Religion
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
Other factors contributing to population
explosion
1. Advance in medicine
2. Industrial revolution
3. lack of awareness in birth control/
Lack of access to contraception or
reproductive health.
Effects/ in continued Growth in human
population
1. Food supply - increased
hunger/starvation.
2. Environment problem - increase in
waste materials thrown on the
environment. There is a greater
degradation & deterioration of
nature.
. take in too few calories to sustain
3. Social problem - prostitution, drug
addiction, crime, juvenile,
deliquency, suicide due lack of job,
competition.
4. Economic problem - hinders the
country's effort to satisfy the needs
of the citizens.
5. Health - emerging diseases,
epidemics, undernourishment.
6. Education - the government can't
provide enough classrooms, school
facilities, educational materials, and
qualified teachers.
7. Spiritual & moral Problem - people
become more materialistic &
liberalistic.
8. Destruction of nature - destruction
of forests, conversion of agricultural
lands into subdivision & industrial
sites.
Earth's carrying capacity
It can tell if the earth is overpopulated, It can
tell the number of organisms an
environment can support
● Food production
● living space
● Resource availability
● Waste Assimilation
WEEK 11: FOOD AND HUNGER
Hunger
➢ Starvation means death from lack of
food.
➢ Most people who are inadequately
fed do not actually die because they
life.
➢ The problem is not merely obtaining
enough calories but maintaining a
balanced diet, one that contains a
mixture of macronutrients needed to
keep the body healthy.
Malnourishment
➢ a nutritional imbalance caused by a
lack of specific dietary components
or an inability to absorb or utilize
essential nutrients.
Classification of Food Nutrients
1. Macro-nutrients
➢ these are nutrients needed in large
quantities.
➢ These include - carbohydrates, fats
and protein which are sources of
energy that we need to survive.
2. Micro nutrients
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
➢ are substances that an organism
must have in the diet in small
quantities.
➢ These include vitamins and
minerals.
❖ Aside from calories, we need
specific nutrients in our diet, such as
proteins, vitamins and minerals
Nutrition needs
Proteins
➢ Make up most of the metabolic
machinery and cellular structure
essential to life.
➢ The average adult human needs
about 40 grams of protein per day.
➢ Pregnant women, growing children
& adolescents needs up to twice as
much to build growing tissues.
➢ Proteins & amino acids should
compose about 20% of the food we
eat.
➢ It is used for making& repairing our
skin, muscles, fingernails, hair &
connective tissues.
Amino acids
➢ building blocks of protein.
➢ There are ten amino acids which we
can't made for ourselves but can be
acquired on our diet.
➢ These amino acids are: arginine,
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
methionine, phenylalanine,
threonine, tryptophane and valine.
2 most widespread human protein
deficiency diseases are:
1. Marasmus
➢ Caused by a diet low in both calories
and protein.
➢ A child suffering from severe
marasmus is generally thin and
shriveled like a tiny, very old starving
person.
2. Kwashiorkor
➢ Occurs when people eat a starchy
diet that is low in protein even
though it may have plenty of
calories.
➢ Child with kwashiorkor often have
reddish-orange hair and puty,
discolored skin and bloated belly.
➢ They become anemic, listless &
have low resistance to diseases &
infections. Some are likely to suffer
from stunted growth, mental
retardation or develop mental
problems.
Carbohydrates
➢ are our body's main source of
energy. Carbohydrates include the
different types of sugar, starch (rice,
bread, sweet potato or kamote,
potato)& the like. Carbohydrate
should compose about 60% of the
food we eat. It is mainly used for
energy & can b converted into some
fats, oils & amino acids.
Classification of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
➢ carbohydrates made of one simple
sugar unit.
Disaccharides
➢ two simple sugar units.
Polysaccharides
➢ made of more than two simple sugar
Lipids
➢ are fatty acids & their esters.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo
Fatty acids
➢ are chemically carboxylic acids.
➢ They are found in our cells and are
reserved form of food in our body.
➢ Fats should compose about 20% of
the food we eat. It is used as energy
reserves.
➢ A layer of fat under our skin serves
as a protective cushion & insulator.
➢ If you eat too much, the food you
overeat will be converted into &
stored as lipids in you adipose
tissues.
➢ These lipids stored in your tissues
make us fat. But if we eat less and
exercise a lot, the stored lipids will
be used up to release the energy we
need for our work out. As we use up
to the stored lipids. We begin to lose
weight
Minerals
➢ are inorganic nutrients needed in
small amounts for building cellular
structures & for regulating many
cellular reactions.
➢ Common minerals deficiencies
are:
● Calcium deficiency causes
irritability, muscle cramps and
bone defects.
● Iron deficiency leads to
anemia (low level of
hemoglobin in the blood).
● Iodine deficiency are goiter
(swollen thyroid glands) and
hypothyroidism (low thyroid
hormone levels)
Vitamins
➢ are organic molecules needed by
the body that can only be obtained
through the food we eat. These are
assigned alphabets& numericals
because little was known about their
chemicalcomposition in the early
days.
➢ Vitamins and minerals without these
two our body will suffer from
deficiency disorders.
➢ The appropriate consumption of
protein, carbohydrates, fats vitamins,
minerals & water is needed for a
healthy body.
➢ Because of this nutritionists have
classified food into groups& have
recommended the amounts to be
taken regularly.
1. Milk &Milk Products
➢ milk is perhaps the most complete
food.
➢ It contains galactose w/c is important
in the diet of children & infants for
the synthesis of cerebrosides
(glycolipids in the brain).
➢ There are many types of milk.
➢ Milk obtained directly from animals
are called raw milk
➢ After homogenization ( process
wherein milk is forced through small
opening by applying pressure) &
pasteurization (heating the milk to
kill harmful bacteria), it becomes
whole milk, it becomes skim or
non-fat milk.
➢ If vegetable oil is added to skim milk
as a substitute for milk fat, it
becomes filled milk.
2. Meat fish, poultry
3. Vegetables and fruits
4. Bread and Cereals
➢ Food Additives are chemical
substances added to serve as
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
WEEK 7-11 | MIDTERMS | SEM 1 2022
AB Political Science | I1AC| Professor Nimfa Mercelo

flavour enhancer, preservatives,

colorings, emulsifiers or thickeners.
➢ Examples of these are MSG,
Sodium nitrate or salitre, benzoic
acid BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)
etc. Most additives do not have
nutritional values.
➢ Some of them may even be
unhealthy.
➢ Food excessively treated with MSG
or vetsin can cause "Chinese
restaurant syndrome" w/c is
characterized by facia &chest
pressure & burning sensation on the
skin.
➢ Salitre is suspected carcinogen &
should be added at a controlled
dose