Direct-Current Circuits R1= 6Ω, 

R2= 3Ω,
DEFINITION OF TERMS VT= 20V
Resistor
 limits the flow of charge in the circuit.
Resistance
 a measure of the opposition to current flow in
an electrical circuit.
Series circuit
 where all components are connected end-to-end
to form a single pathway for current flow.
Parallel circuits 2. Compute  the  equivalent  resistance,  current 
 use  branches  to  allow  current  to  pass  aand  voltage  of  the parallel circuit below.
through  more than one path, unlike in
the series circuit.
Voltage
 the pressure from an electrical circuit’s power
source
 pushes charged electrons (current) through a
conducting loop, enabling them to do work such
as illuminating a light. Given:
Current R1= 2Ω, 
 the continuous movement of electric charge R2= 4Ω,
through the conductors of a circuit. VT= 15V
Voltage drop Solution:
 is the decrease of electric potential along the       Req = 1/R1+1/R2
path of a current flowing in a circuit.               =  1/2Ω + 1/4Ω
              = 2/4Ω + 1/4Ω
FORMULAS               = 3/4 = 1/ (3/4)
OHM’S LAW                = 1 33Ω
Voltage V= IR
Current I= V/R V1=V2=15V
Resistance R= V/I I1= V1/R2
SERIES CIRCUIT      = 15V/2Ω= 7.5 A
  I2= V2/R2
Voltage VT= V1+V2+V3+…Vn
     = 15V/4Ω= 3.75 A
Current IT= I1=I2=I3=…=In
Resistance RT= R1+R2+R3+…+Rn
Itotal= Vtotal/Rtotal
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
        = 15V/1.33Ω
Voltage VT= V1=V2=V3=…=Vn
        = 11.28 A
Current IT= I1+I2+I3+…+In
Resistance 1/RT= 1/R1+1/R2+…+1/Rn

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Compute the equivalent resistance, total voltage
and the individual values and total values of the
voltage in the series circuit below.

Given:
DEFINITION OF TERMS Apply Kirchhoff’s first rule:
Kirchhoff’s Rules I1 + I2 = I3+ I4
These rules are used by electrical engineers as they 5 + 3 = 6 + I4
compute the amount of current that goes through a    8 = 6 + I4
circuit regardless of its configuration.   I4 = 8 – 6
These statements were 1st discovered by GUSTAV   I4 = 2 Ampere
KIRCHHOFF, a German Physicist, in 1845.
2. Find the Current and Voltage over each
KIRCHHOFF’S RULES resistor.
KIRCHHOFF’S POINT/JUNCTION  RULE: 
The sum of all the currents entering a point  or 
junction  of  the  circuit  is  equal  to  the  sum  of 
all  the  currents leaving that point or junction.

Given:
V1= 10Ω, V2= 20Ω, 
V3= 40Ω V4= 20Ω
Formula:
Solution: 
KIRCHHOFF’S LOOP/CIRCUIT  RULE: 
      = -12+V1+V2-6+V3+V4=0
The sum  of  the  potential  differences across all
V1+V2+V3+V4= 12+6 
elements around any closed circuit loop must be
V1+V2+V3+V4= 18
zero.

  V1= 10Ω, V2= 20Ω, V3= 40Ω, V4= 20Ω

    
    10i + 20i + 40i + 20i = 18
            (90)i = 18
                   i= 18/90
                   i= 0.2A

V1=(R1)i= 10(0.2)= 2V
V2=(R2)i= 20(0.2)= 4V
V3=(R3)i= 40(0.2)= 8V
V4=(R4)i= 20(0.2)= -4V

Formulas:

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Based on figure as shown below, if I1= 5A, I2=
3A, I3= 6A, then I4=......
Solution:
Kirchhoff’s first rule states that the sum of all
currents entering the junction must equal the
sum of all currents leaving the junction.

I1 and I2 are entering the junction, whereas I3

and I4 are leaving.
DEFINITION OF TERMS t= time (s) V0= initial p.d
RC circuit RC= resistance (Ω) × across the
 A circuit containing a capacitor and resistor capacitance capacitor (C)
(F) = the time
connected in series
constant τ (s)
Differential equation
e= the exponential
 An equation involving the derivatives of a function
function.
Capacitor TIME CONSTANT
 an electric  component that  temporarily stores T= RC tau= time constant
charges within  a  circuit.
(s)
Capacitance
R= resistance of
 the ability of a system to store electrical
the resistor (Ω)
charges.
C= capacitance of
Discharging capacitor
the capacitor (F)
 When a charged body comes into contact with a Current
body which is not charged, the electric charges I=V/R
jump from the charged body to the uncharged RESISTA
body till the charges on both the bodies become NCE
equal. R= V/I
Charging capacitor
 The capacitor is fully charged when the voltage
of the power supply is equal to that at the
capacitor terminals.

FORMULAS
Charging Discharging
Capacitor Capacitor
Charging
Capacitor
Q= the charge on
the capacitor at Q = charge on
time t the capacitor
CR= the time plates (C)
constant Q0 = initial
ϵ= the emf of the charge on the
battery. capacitor plates
(C)

Current

I= current (A) I= current (A)

I0= initial current I0= initial
before discharge (A) current before
e= the exponential discharge (A)
function e= the
t= time (s) exponential
RC= resistance (Ω) × function
capacitance t= time (s)
(F) = the time RC= resistance
constant τ (s) (Ω) ×
capacitance
(F) = the time
constant τ (s)

Potential
Difference
V= p.d across the
ε= iEMF
capacitor (C)
MAGNETIC FIELD
 a vector field in the neighborhood of a magnet,
electric current, or changing electric field in
which magnetic forces are observable.
 produced by moving electric charges and
intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary
particles associated with a fundamental
quantum property known as spin.
 Typically, a magnetic field can be illustrated in
two different ways.
LORENTZ FORCE
 defined as the combination of the magnetic and
electric force on a point charge due to
electromagnetic fields
 It is used in electromagnetism and is also known
as electromagnetic force.
 In the year 1895, Hendrik Lorentz derived the
modern formula of Lorentz force.
Lorentz Force Formula:

1. Magnetic Field Vector

 The magnetic field can be mathematically
described as a vector field.
 The vector field is a set of many vectors
that are drawn on a grid.
 In this case, each vector points in the
direction that a compass would point and
has a length dependent on the strength of
the magnetic force.
2. Magnetic Field Lines
 a visual tool used to represent magnetic
fields.
 They describe the direction of the magnetic
force on a north monopole at any given
position.
ILLUSTRATION
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Force
THE MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN
THE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD
Suppose if a charged particle is in motion, then the
directional component of the force towards motion
and the force on the particle performs some
amount of work.  Let us consider this particle has a
charge q and it moves in the direction of magnetic
field B (motion in a magnetic field). And the velocity
of the particle experiences a perpendicular
magnetic force. In this case, the magnetic force
does not perform any work on the particle, and
hence there is no change in the velocity of the
charged particle. Considering the velocity to be v
and representing the mathematical equation of this
particle perpendicular to the magnetic field where
the magnetic force acting on a charged particle of
charge q is
F = q(v x B).

Magnetic field and electric field are both

interrelated and are components of the
electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental
forces of nature.
Electric Field Magnetic Field
Measured as newton Measured as gauss or
per coulomb, volt per tesla
meter
REMEMBER
Proportional to the Proportional to the
Magnetic Flux Density
electric charge speed of electric
 The strength of magnetic field
charge
 measured in units of Tesla One Tesla (1 T)
Perpendicular to the Perpendicular to the
 defined as the field intensity generating one
magnetic field electric field
newton of force per ampere of current per
Measured using an Measured using the
meter of conductor.
electrometer magnetometer
Magnetic Force
 measured in units of Newton (N).
MAGNETIC FORCES ON CURRENT CARRYING
WIRE
The magnetic field exerts a force on a current-
carrying wire in a direction given by the right hand
rule 1 (the same direction as that on the individual
moving charges).
This force can easily be large enough to move the
wire, since typical currents consist of very large
numbers of moving charges.
The force on a current-carrying wire in a
magnetic field is F = IlB sin θ. Its direction is
given by RHR-1.

The thumb in the direction of the current I.

Then, with the fingers in the direction of B,
 a perpendicular to the palm points in the 
direction of  F.