ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION ( EC601 PC)

COURSE PLANNER
(MOOC-NPTEL)
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc19_ee19/
I. COURSE OVERVIEW:
The course covers the basics of the antenna parameters, retarded potential, radiated power,
radiation resistance, gain and directivity of thin linear wire antennas, VHF, UHF and
microwave antennas like Yagi - Uda, Helical antenna, reflector antenna, micro strip antenna,
and lens antenna, antenna arrays broadside and end fire, antenna measurements to measure
the antenna parameters, wireless communication maintained through ground, space and sky.
II.PREREQUISITE:
1.Basic knowledge of Electromagnetic Waves.
III:COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand the concept of radiation, antenna definitions and significance of antenna parameters, to derive and
analyze the radiation characteristics of thin wire dipole antennas and solve numerical problems.

2. To distinguish between UHF, VHF and Microwave Antennas, their requirements, specifications, characteristics and
design relations.
3. To analyze the characteristics of yagi-uda antennas, helical antennas, pyramidal horns, microstrip patch antennas and
parabolic reflectors and identify the requirements to facilitate their design.

4. To identify the antenna array requirements, to determine the characteristics of ULAs and estimate the patterns of
BSA, EFA, and Binomial Arrays.
5. To understand the concepts and set-up requirements for microwave measurements, and familiarize with the procedure
to enable antenna measurements
6. To define and distinguish between different phenomenon of wave propagation (ground wave, space wave and sky
wave), their frequency dependence, and estimate their characteristics, identifying their profiles and parameters
involved.
IV:Course Outcomes:
S.No. Description Bloom’s Taxonomy Level

1. Explain the mechanism of radiation, distinguish between different antenna

characteristic parameters, establish their mathematical relations,Distinguish
L2:Understand &
between short dipoles, half-wave dipoles, quarter-wave mono poles and small
loops, configure their current distributions, L4:Analyze

2. Characterize the antennas based on frequency, configure the geometry and

establish the radiation patterns of folded dipole, Yagi-Uda Antenna, Helical
L2:Understand &
Antennas, Horn Antennas, and to acquire the knowledge of their analysis,
design and development.
L5:Evaluate

3. Analyze a microstrip rectangular patch antenna and a parabolic reflector

antenna, identify the requirements and relevant feed structure, carry out the L2:Understand &
design and establish their patterns. L4:Analyze

4. Carry out the Linear Array Analysis, estimate the array factor and
characteristics and sketch the pattern for 2-element array, N-element BSA, L3: Apply &
EFA, modified EFA, Binomial Arrays L4:Analyze

5. Classify the different wave propagation mechanisms, identify their frequency

ranges, determine the characteristic features of ground wave, ionospheric L2:Understand &
wave, space wave, duct and tropospheric propagations, and estimate the L3: Apply
parameters involved.
V: HOW PROGRAM OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED:
PO’s Program Outcomes (PO) Level Proficiency assessed
by
PO 1 Engineering knowledge: Engineering knowledge: Apply the 2
knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
Assignments
problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and 2
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated Hands on Practice
conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and Sessions
engineering sciences.
PO 3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex 2
engineering problems and design system components or processes that
meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public Lab Sessions
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO 4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based -
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, Assignments
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to & Exercises
provide valid conclusions.
PO 5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, - Seminars,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and Discussions
modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

PO 6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual - Projects
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and
the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
PO 7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the - Projects
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO 8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and - ----
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO 9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and - Projects

as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO 10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering - Seminars

activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such /Presentations
as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO 11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and - Projects
understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply
these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO 12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation 1 Competitive
and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the Examinations
broadest context of technological change.
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None

VI: HOW PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED:

PSO’s Program Specific Outcomes (PSO) Level Proficiency

 assessed by

PSO 1 Professional Skills: An ability to understand the basic concepts in 2

Electronics & Communication Engineering and to apply them to various
Lectures,
areas, like Electronics, Communications, Signal processing, VLSI,
Embedded systems etc., in the design and implementation of complex Assignments
systems.
PSO 2 Problem-Solving Skills: An ability to solve complex Electronics and 2
communication Engineering problems, using latest hardware and
software tools, along with analytical skills to arrive cost effective and Projects
appropriate solutions.

PSO 3 Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: An understanding of social- 1

awareness & environmental-wisdom along with ethical responsibility to Experiments /
have a successful career and to sustain passion and zeal for real-world
applications using optimal resources as an Entrepreneur. Projects

VII:MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF PROGRAM

OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:

Program Specific
Program Outcomes (PO)
Outcomes

Outcomes (PSO)
Course

PO PO1 PSO
PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PSO1 PSO3
1 2 2
CO1 1 3 2 - - - - - - - - 1 3 1 2
CO2 1 2 3 - - - - - - - - 1 1 3 1
CO3 2 3 1 - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1
CO4 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1
CO5 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - 2 1 3 1
Aver 1.6 2.2 1.8 - - - - - - - - 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.2
age:
Roun 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1
ded

VIII: JNTUH SYLLABUS:

UNIT - I Antenna Basics: Introduction, Basic Antenna Parameters – Patterns, Beam Area,
Radiation Intensity, Beam Efficiency, Directivity-Gain-Resolution, Antenna Apertures,
Effective Height, Illustrative Problems. Fields from Oscillating Dipole, Field Zones, Front -
to-back Ratio, Antenna Theorems, Radiation, Retarded Potentials – Helmholtz Theorem
Thin Linear Wire Antennas – Radiation from Small Electric Dipole, Quarter Wave
Monopole and Half Wave Dipole – Current Distributions, Field Components, Radiated Power,
Radiation Resistance, Beam Width, Directivity, Effective Area and Effective Height, Natural
Current Distributions, Far Fields and Patterns of Thin Linear Centre-fed Antennas of Different
Lengths, Illustrative Problems. Loop Antennas - Introduction, Small Loop, Comparison of Far
Fields of Small Loop and Short Dipole, Radiation Resistances and Directivities of Small Loops
(Qualitative Treatment).
UNIT - II Antenna Arrays: Point Sources – Definition, Patterns, arrays of 2 Isotropic Sources
- Different Cases, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, Uniform Linear Arrays – Broadside
Arrays, End fire Arrays, EFA with Increased Directivity, Derivation of their Characteristics
and Comparison, BSAs with Non-uniform Amplitude Distributions – General Considerations
and Binomial Arrays, Illustrative Problems.
Antenna Measurements: Introduction, Concepts - Reciprocity, Near and Far Fields,
Coordinate System, Sources of Errors. Patterns to be Measured, Directivity Measurement, Gain
Measurements (by Comparison, Absolute and 3-Antenna Methods)
UNIT - III VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas - I : Arrays with Parasitic Elements, Yagi-
Uda Array, Folded Dipoles and their Characteristics, Helical Antennas – Helical Geometry,
Helix Modes, Practical Design Considerations for Mono filar Helical Antenna in Axial and
Normal Modes, Horn Antennas – Types, Fermat’s Principle, Optimum Horns, Design
Considerations of Pyramidal Horns, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT - IV VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas - II: Microstrip Antennas – Introduction,
Features, Advantages and Limitations, Rectangular Patch Antennas – Geometry and
Parameters, Characteristics of Microstrip Antennas. Reflector Antennas – Introduction, Flar
Sheet and Corner Reflectors, Paraboloidal Reflectors – Geometry, Pattern Characteristics, Feed
Methods, Reflector Types – Related Features, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT - V Wave Propagation – I: Introduction, Definitions, Categorizations and General
Classifications, Different Modes of Wave Propagation, Ray/Mode Concepts, Ground Wave
Propagation (Qualitative Treatment) – Introduction, Plane Earth Reflections, Space and
Surface Waves, Wave Tilt, Curved Earth Reflections. Space Wave Propagation – Introduction,
Field Strength Variation with Distance and Height, Effect of Earth’s Curvature, Absorption,
Super Refraction, M-Curves and Duct Propagation, Scattering Phenomena, Tropospheric
Propagation.
Wave Propagation – II: Sky Wave Propagation – Introduction, Structure of Ionosphere,
Refraction and Reflection of Sky Waves by Ionosphere, Ray Path, Critical Frequency, MUF,
LUF, OF, Virtual Height and Skip Distance, Relation between MUF and Skip Distance, Multi-
hop Propagation

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Antennas and Wave Propagation – J.D. Kraus, R.J. Marhefka and Ahmad S. Khan, MC
GRAW HILL EDUCATION, New Delhi, 4th ed., (Special Indian Edition), 2010. 2.
Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems – E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, PHI, 2nd
ed., 2000.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Antenna Theory - C.A. Balanis, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Ed., 2005.
2. Antennas and Wave Propagation – K.D. Prasad, Satya Prakashan, Tech India Publications,
New Delhi, 2001.
MOOC-NPTEL LINK:
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc19_ee19/

IX: LESSON PLAN-COURSE SCHEDULE:

LESSON PLAN (ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021 - II SEM )

Subject: Antennas and Propagation (EC601PC)

w.e.f : 26.03.2021
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of Pyramidal characterist
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J.D. Kraus, R.J. Marhefka and Ahmad S.

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MOCK TEST
50
– II
V Unit-V: Wave To
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1. Antennas and

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Waves by
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discussion
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Mid-II
Examinations

X:QUESTION BANK: (JNTUH)

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS:
UNIT-I
ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

S.No QUESTION Blooms Course

taxonomy Outcom
level e
1 Define an antenna? Remember 1
2 Describe the meant by radiation pattern? Remember 1
3 Define Radiation intensity? Analyze 1
4 Define Beam efficiency? Remember 1
5 Define Directivity? Analyze 1
6 Describe the different types of aperture? Remember 1
9 Define different types of aperture? Understand 1
10 Define Aperture efficiency? Remember 1

11 Describe the meant by effective height? Analyze 1

12 Describe the field zones? Understand 1
13 Define antenna efficiency? Understand 1

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 Explain the retarded vector potential in detail? Understand 1
Derive an expression for the power radiated by the current element and
2 Analyze 1
calculate the radiation resistance?
Derive an expression for the far field component of a half wave dipole of
3 Analyze 1
an antenna?
4 Derive the total power radiated by half wave dipole? Remember 1
1
5 Show that the radiation resistance of a half wave dipole is 73Ohms? Understand 1
Derive an expression for the electric field and magnetic field due to a
6 Remember 1
current element at a distance point in free space? 1
7 Derive an expression for the gain of half wave dipole? Understand 1
8 Derive FRIIS transmission formula and explain its significance? Understand 1
1
9 Derive an expression for power radiated by an isotropic antenna? Understand 1
10 Derive the relation between directivity and beam solid angle? Remember 1

S. Question Blooms Course

No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Describe the the Special feature of folded dipole antennas? Remember 2
2 Describe the Advantages of folded dipole? Understand 2
3 Describe the Application of folded dipole? Remember 2
4 Describe the a axial mode of helix antenna Remember 2
5 Discriminate the axial mode with Normal Mode Understand 2
6 Describe the parameters to be considered for the design of a helical antenna Apply 2
7. Describe the characteristics of Yagi uda antenna? Understand 2
8 Describe the different types of horn antennas used in practicalapplications Understand 2
9 Describe the mean by fermat’s principle Remember 2
10 Describe the advantages horn antennas Remember 2

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

S. Question Blooms Course
No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Explain the special features of various types of Horn antennas Evaluate 2
2 With a suitable diagram, discuss the construction and operation of aYagi-Uda
antenna? Analyze 2
3 Explain in detail the working principle of Helical antenna in Normal mode Evaluate 2
4 Explain the principle of operation and applications of folded dipoles? Evaluate 2
5 Draw The Helical Antenna With Neat Geometry. Evaluate 2
6 Explain in detail the working principle of Helical antenna in Axial mode Evaluate 2
7 Explain About the Design Considerations Of Pyramidal Horn Antenna. Analyze 2
8 Explain the Working Principle of Horn Antenna. Analyze 2
9 Derive the Voltage and Current Relations in Parasitic Elements. Analyze 2
10 Classify the Types of Horn Antennas with neat Geometry Analyze 2

UNIT-3:
VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS - II
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
S. Question Blooms Course
No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Describe the features of Patch antennas Remember 3
2 Describe the different types of reflector antennas Remember 3
3 Define F/D ratio? Understand 3
4 List Out the advantages of strip antennas Understand 3
5 Describe the drawbacks of parabolic reflector antenna Remember 3
6 Write the formula for centre frequency of patch antenna Understand 3
7 List out all the Microwave Antennas Understand 3
8 List the Applications of reflector antennas Apply 3
9 Describe the features of micro strip antennas Understand 3
10 Discuss the effect of Substrate on the radiation of Patch antenna Understand 3

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

S. Question Blooms Course
No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Describe the features of micro strip antennas? Evaluate 3
2 Describe the advantages and limitations of strip antennas? Understand 3
3 Explain the characteristics of micro strip antennas? Understand 3
4 Explain advantages and disadvantages of corner and flat sheet reflectors? Understand 3
5 Explain feed methods of parabolic reflector in detail? Analyze 3
6 Describe types lens antennas? Explain? Analyze 3
7 A parabolic reflector antenna with diameter 20 m, is designed to operate at
frequency of 6GHz and illumination efficiency of 0.54. Calculate antenna Apply 3
8 Estimate the diameter of a parabolic reflector required to produce a beam of5
width at 1.2GHz. How would you make this reflector? Appl 3
9 Describe the feed methods of rectangular strip antennas? Remember 3
10 Calculate the directivity and power gain of an optimum horn antenna with asquare
of 10 λ on a side. Apply 3

UNIT-IV
ANTENNA ARRAYS& MEASUREMENTS
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
S. Question Blooms Course
No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Write short notes on various forms of arrays
i. Broad side array ii. End fire array ii. Collinear array iv. Parasitic array? Apply 4
2 Explain the Radiation Pattern Measurement with Neat Sketch. Analyze 4
3 Explain the Gain Measurement by 3-Antenna Method with Neat Sketch. Remember 4
4 Explain the Sources of Error while doing the Measurement. Remember 4
5 Explain the Directivity Measurement with Neat Sketch. Evaluate 4
6 Write detail notes on Binomial arrays Evaluate 4
7 Explain the principle of Pattern multiplication? Apply 4
8 Derive the expression for the far field pattern of an array of 2 – isotropic point
sources i) Equal amplitude and phase ii) Equal amplitude. Apply 4
9 Explain the Gain Measurement by Comparison Method with Neat Sketch. Remember 4
10 Generalize the Concept of Dolph Tchebyscheffs Array. Remember 4

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

S. Question Blooms Course
No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Define Ground wave? Understand 5
2 Describe the types of Ground waves Understand 5
3 Describe the Space Wave in detail Understand 5
4 Describe Surface Wave in detail Remember 5
5 Describe the Ray Path. Understand 5
6 Explain Skip Distance? Remember 5
7 Describe the Scattering Phenomena. Understand 5
8 Define LUF? Understand 5
9 Describe maximum Usable Frequency? Remember 5
10 Describe The concept of Virtual Height. Understand 5
S. Question Blooms Course
No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Describe the point source. Remember 4
2 Describe the meant by array. Understand 4
3 Describe the meant by uniform linear array. Remember 4
4 List out the types of array Understand 4
5 Describe the Broad side array Understand 4
6 Describe the End fire array Understand 4
7 Describe the collinear array Understand 4
8 Describe the parasitic array Remember 4
9 Describe the Sources of Error in brief Remember 4
10 Differentiate broad side and End fire array Understand 4

UNIT-V
Wave propagation
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

S. Question Blooms Course

No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Describe and Distinguish between the terms – (i) Critical Frequency &MUF (ii)
Understand
Virtual Height and Skip Distance. 5
2 Derive the Relation Between Skip Distance and MUF Analyze 5
3 Explain the Effect of Earth’s Curvature and Absorption Analyze 5
4 Explain the Concept of Refraction and Reflection of Sky Waves by Ionosphere Understand 5
5 Sketch and Explain the Field Strength Variation of Space wave with Distance and
Apply
Antenna Height 5
6 Explain the duct propagation and M-Curves in detail? Apply 5
7 Explain the Significance of E And F Layers of Ionosphere,And Account for the
Analyze
Multi Hop Propagation 5
8 Derive the Curved Earth Reflections in Ground Wave Propagation Remember 5
 9 Derive the Plane Earth Reflections in Ground Wave Propagation Understand 5
10 Describe the Following Terms in Detail (i)Critical Frequency(ii)Super Refraction Remember 5

XI :I-ASSIGNEMNT QUESTIONS

S. Question Blooms Course

No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Derive an expression for power radiated by an isotropic antenna? Understand 1
2 Explain the retarded vector potential in detail? Understand 1
3 With a suitable diagram, discuss the construction and operation of aYagi-Uda
antenna? Analyze 2
4 Explain About the Design Considerations Of Pyramidal Horn Antenna. Analyze 2
5 Describe the features of micro strip antennas? Evaluate 3

II- ASSIGNEMNT QUESTIONS

S. Question Blooms Course

No. Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Explain feed methods of parabolic reflector in detail? Analyze 3
2 Derive the expression for the far field pattern of an array of 2 – isotropic point
sources i) Equal amplitude and phase ii) Equal amplitude. Apply 4
3 Write short notes on various forms of arrays
i. Broad side array ii. End fire array ii. Collinear array iv. Parasitic array? Apply 4
4 Describe and Distinguish between the terms – (i) Critical Frequency &MUF (ii)
Understand
Virtual Height and Skip Distance. 5
5 Describe the Following Terms in Detail (i)Critical Frequency(ii)Super Refraction Remember 5
UNIT – 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Antennas convert ----------------------to---------------------
a) Photons to electrons b) Electrons to photons c) Both a and b d) None
2. Antennas are of -------------- types
a) Two b) Four c) Infinite d) None
3. Which of the following is true
a) Time changing current radiates b) Accelerated charges radiates c) Both a and b d) None
4. Radiation pattern is ---------------- dimensional quantity
a) Two b) Three c) Single d) None
5. ------------- is also called as 3-dB bandwidth
a) FNBW b) HPBW c) Both a and b d) None
6. One steradian is equal to --------------- square degrees
a) 360 b) 180 c) 3283 d) 41,253
7. --------------is independent of distance
a) Pointing vector b) Radiation intensity c) Both a and b d) None
8. The minimum value of the directivity of an antenna is..........
a) Unity b) Zero c) Infinite d) None
9. Directivity is inversely proportional to.........
a) HPBW b) FNBW c) Beam area d) Beam
width
10. Gain is always -------------than directivity
a) Greater b) Lesser c) Equal to d) None

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS

1) The Eθ Component of current element is given by------------
2) The Er Component of current element is given by------------
3) The HΦ Component of current element is given by----------
4) The main application of Loop Antenna is----------------------
5) The Directivity of Loop Antenna is_---------------------------
UNIT – 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Alternating current element is given by
a) I dl b) I dl cosωt c) I dl sinωt
d) I
2. ---------potential is used to find the field components of current element
a) Scalar Potential, V b) Vector Potential, A c) Both a and b
d) None
3. -------- is basic building block for any practical antenna
a) Current element b) Monopole c) Dipole
d) Loop
4. The H Φ Component will consists of----------field.
a) Radiation b) Induction c) Both a and b
d) All
5. The E θ Component will consists of----------
a) Radiation b) Induction c) Electro static
d) All
6. The E r Component will consists of----------
a) Induction b) Electro static c) Both a and b
d) All
7. The induction and radiation fields of current element are equal at distance of ------
a) λ/2 b) λ/4 c) λ/6
d) λ/10
8. The radiation resistance of current element is given by
a) R r = 80П 2 (dl/λ) 2 b) R r = 20П 2 (dl/λ) 2 c) R r = 10П (dl/λ)
d) None
9. The radiation resistance of short dipole is given by
a) R r = 80П 2 (dl/λ) 2 b) R r = 20П 2 (dl/λ) 2 c) R r = 10П (dl/λ)
d) None
10. The radiation resistance of short monopole is given by
a) R r = 80П 2 (dl/λ) 2 b) R r = 20П 2 (dl/λ) 2 c) R r = 10П (dl/λ)
d) None

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS

1. Hansen-Wood yard Array is a -----------------array
2. The currents in Non linear are --------------
3. Binomial array was invented by-
4. The amplitudes will be ----------- in the resultant pattern using principle of multiplication of Patterns
5. The phases will be ----------- in the resultant pattern using principle of multiplication of Patterns.
UNIT – 3
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. If the individual antennas of the array are spaced equally along a straight line.
Then It is ------------array.
a) Linear. b) Non-Linear. c) Both a and b. d) None.
2. Linear array is a system of ------spaced elements.
a) Un equally. b) equally. c) Both a and b. d) None.
3. In a Uniform Linear array all elements are fed with current of ----------amplitude
a) Equal. b) Unequal. c) Both a and b. d) None.
4. In a Broad side array the radiation is along-----------
a) X-direction. b) Y-direction. c) Both a and b. d) None.
5. In a end- fire array the radiation is along -----------
a) X-direction. b) Y-direction. c) Both a and b. d) None.
6. In increased end- fire array the radiation is along-----------
a) X-direction. b) Y-direction. c) Both a and b. d) None.
7. Which array is also called as Hansen-Woodyard array.
a) Broad side. b) End-fire. c) Increased End-Fire d) None
8. Which array is also called as Stone’s array.
a) Broad side. b) End-fire. c) Increased End-Fire. d) Binomial.
9. Hansen-Wood yard array is a --------array
a) Linear. b) Non-Linear. c) Both a and b. d) None.
10. Stone’s array is a --------array
a) Linear. b) Non-Linear. c) Both a and b. d) None.
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS
1. Radiation pattern of Yagi-Uda array is--------directional
2. Helical antenna was invented by----------
3. The path difference in horn antennas must be--
4. The horn antennas are used in the frequency range of
5. The impedance of wave guides will be ----------than Transmission lines.

UNIT – 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Microwave frequency range is-------
a) Above 30MHZ b) Above 300MHZ C) Above 00MHZ d)2000MHZ.
2. Yagi-Uda antenna consists of-----
a) Folded Dipole b) Reflector C) Director d) All above
3. The radiation resistance of folded dipole of equal radii is----------
a) 657Ohms b) 292 Ohms C) 300 Ohms d) 277 Ohms
4. The radiation resistance of folded dipole of unequal radii (r 2 =2r 1 ) is----------
a) 657Ohms b) 292 Ohms C) 300 Ohms d) 277 Ohms
5. The helix is having the geometry of ------------
a) Straight wire b) Circle C) Cylinder d) All above.
6. The radiation pattern of helix in Axial mode is-----------
a) Bi directional b) Uni directional C) 4 lobed d)Omni directional
7. The radiation pattern of helix in Normal mode is-----------
a) Bi directional b) Uni directional C) 4 lobed d) Omni directional
8. In Normal mode of operation the length of the helix is-------------
a) >λ b) <λ C) =λ d) None
9. In Axial mode of operation the length of the helix is-------------
a) >λ b) <λ C) =λ d) None
2. 10. Horn antennas used in the frequency range of----------
a) VHF b) UHF C) SHF d) MW
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS
1.Frii’s transmission formula is_____________
3. Comparision method for measurement of antenna gain is also called as ___
4. The formula for gain of an antenna using comparision method is___
5. In two antenna method the assumption is ____
6. In the case of circular or elliptical polarization's the total antenna gain is given by_____

Unit – 5
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Micro strip antenna was first introduced by .............
A). Marconi B). Hertz C). Munson D). Cassegrain
2. The widely used shape for patch antennas is .............
A). Rectangular B). Circular C). Elliptical D).Parabolic
3. The efficiency of Micro strip antenna is ......................
A). High B). Very high C). infinite D). Low
4. For square corner reflector the flaring angle is.........................
A). 30 degrees B). 60 degrees C). 90 degrees D). 180 degrees
5. The no. of images formed for a square corner reflector, using method of images are...
A). 3 B). 5 C). 7 D). 6

6. The no. of images formed for a 30 degrees corner reflector, using method of
Images are...........
A). 3 B). 5 C). 7 D). 6
7. The no. of images formed for a 60 degrees corner reflector, using method of Images is...........
A). 3 B). 5 C). 7 D). 6
8. A single narrow beam of radiation results in square corner reflector for
Spacing of s=...........
A). 2λ B). λ C). 3λ/2 D). λ/2
9. Two narrow beams of radiation results in square corner reflector for
spacing of s=.........
A). 2λ B). λ C). 3λ/2 D). λ/2
10. Three narrow beams of radiation results in square corner reflector for
Spacing of s=...........
A). 2λ B). λ C). 3λ/2 D). λ/2

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS

1. The horizon of the earth, d0 is given by-----
2. In ground or surface wave propagation the electric field at the receiving point is given by is given
by………….
3. In free space the power received is given by Pr=…
4. The basic path loss for general communication is given by
5. The relation between Critical Frequency and MUF is…
XII. WEBSITES:
1.https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/
2.https://india.oup.com/product/antennas-and-wave-propagation
3.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
4. https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/antennas/

XIII: EXPERT DETAILS:

1. Prof.Girish Kumar-IIT-Bombay
2.Prof. M. Gopal, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi
3.Prof. S.D. Agashe, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay
4.Prof. S. Majhi, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Guwahati
5.Dr. Indrani Kar, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Guwahati

XIV:JOURNALS:
1. Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation
2. International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP)
3. Journal of Modeling and Simulation of Antennas and propagation
4. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
5. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

XV: LIST OF TOPICS FOR STUDENT SEMINARS:

1. Different types of antennas and their application
2. Basic antenna parameters
3. Natural current distributions and far field patterns of thin center fed antennas of different
lengths
4. Arrays of two isotropic sources-different cases—Principles of pattern multiplication
5. BSAs with non-uniform amplitude distribution-Binomial arrays
6. Yagi-Uda array-Its characteristics and design equations
7. Helical antennas—Its characteristics, uses, and design equations
8. Horn antennas—types, Fermat’s principle, equations for optimum horns
9. Micro strip antenna –characteristics-impact of different parameters on its characteristics
10. Paraboloidal reflector antennas-Its geometry ,design considerations and its uses
XVI:CASE STUDIES/Mini PROJECTS:
1. Designing of Helical Antenna.
2. Designing of Horn Antenna.
3. Designing of Dipole Antenna.
4. Designing of Micro strip Antenna.
5. Design a lens structure